84 results on '"Metham sodium"'
Search Results
2. Effects of Different Fumigants on the Replanted Soil Environment and Growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings
- Author
-
Ran Chen, Weitao Jiang, Haiyan Wang, Fengbing Pan, Hai Fan, Xuesen Chen, Xiang Shen, Chengmiao Yin, and Zhiquan Mao
- Subjects
apple replant disease ,dazomet ,ard ,fusarium oxysporum ,metham sodium ,plant morphological properties ,soil physicochemical properties ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) has been reported in all major fruit-growing regions of the world and is often caused by biotic factors (pathogen fungi) and abiotic factors (phenolic compounds). Soil chemical fumigation can kill soil pathogenic fungi; however, the traditionally used fumigant methyl bromide has been banned because of its ozone-depleting effects. There is thus a need to identify greener fumigant candidates. We characterized the effects of different fumigants on the replanted soil environment and the growth characteristics of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. All five experimental treatments [treatment 1 (T1), metham-sodium; treatment 2 (T2), dazomet; treatment 3 (T3), calcium cyanamide; treatment 4 (T4), 1,3-dichloropropene; and treatment 5 (T5), methyl bromide] promoted significantly the biomass, root growth, and root respiration rate of M. hupehensis seedlings and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N) contents of replanted soil. Metham sodium (T1) and dazomet (T2) had stronger effects compared with 1,3-dichloropropene (T4) and calcium cyanamide (T3). At 172 days after T1, the height, root length, and root respiration rate of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings, and the NH4+-N and NO3–-N contents of replanted soil increased by 91.64%, 97.67%, 69.78%, 81.98%, and 27.44%, respectively, compared with the control. Thus, dazomet and metham sodium were determined to be the optimal fumigants for use in practical applications. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
3. Take-All Decline and Beneficial Pseudomonads
- Author
-
Weller, David M. and Lugtenberg, Ben, editor
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Assessment of the potential of a reduced dose of dimethyl disulfide plus metham sodium on soilborne pests and cucumber growth.
- Author
-
Mao, Liangang, Jiang, Hongyun, Zhang, Lan, Zhang, Yanning, Sial, Muhammad Umair, Yu, Haitao, and Cao, Aocheng
- Subjects
- *
DIMETHYL sulfide , *METHAM sodium , *PLANT growth , *SOILBORNE plant pathogens , *FIELD research , *PHYTOPHTHORA - Abstract
Methyl bromide (MB), a dominant ozone-depleting substance, is scheduled to be completely phased out for soil fumigation by December 30th 2018, in China. The combined effects of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) plus metham sodium (MNa) were assessed in controlling soilborne pests for soil fumigation. A study was designed in laboratory for the evaluation of the efficacy of DMDS + MNa to control major soilborne pests. At the same time, two trials were conducted in cucumber field located in Tongzhou (in 2012) and Shunyi (in 2013), respectively, in order to assess the potential of DMDS + MNa in controlling soilborne pests. Laboratory studies disclosed positive synergistic effects of almost all four used combinations on Meloidogyne spp., Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp., Abutilon theophrasti and Digitaria sanguinalis. Field trials found that DMDS + MNa (30 + 21 g a. i. m−2), both at a 50% reduced dose, effectively suppressed Meloidogyne spp. with a low root galling index (2.1% and 11.7%), significantly reduced the levels of Phytophthora and Fusarium spp. with a low root disease index (7.5% and 15.8%), gave very high cucumber yields (6.75 kg m−2 and 10.03 kg m−2), and increased income for cucumber growers with the highest economic benefits (20.91 ¥ m−2 and 23.58 ¥ m−2). The combination treatment provided similar results as MB standard dose treatment (40 g a. i. m−2) or DMDS standard dose treatment (60 g a. i. m−2) in pest control and yield, but was more effective than MNa standard dose treatment (42 g a. i. m−2). Usage of all chemical treatments gave better significant results than the untreated group of control. Considering the economic benefits, the DMDS plus MNa combination (30 + 21 g a. i. m−2) could be used for soil fumigation in cucumber production in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Chemical Control
- Author
-
Eizenberg, Hanan, Hershenhorn, Joseph, Ephrath, Jhonathan H., Kanampiu, Fred, Joel, Daniel M., editor, Gressel, Jonathan, editor, and Musselman, Lytton J., editor
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Replacing methyl bromide with a combination of 1,3-dichloropropene and metam sodium for cucumber production in China.
- Author
-
Sial, Muhammad Umair, Yu, Haitao, Mao, Liangang, Jiang, Hongyun, Zhang, Lan, Zhang, Yanning, and Cao, Aocheng
- Subjects
- *
BROMOMETHANE , *DICHLOROPROPANE , *METHAM sodium , *CUCUMBERS , *SOIL fumigation - Abstract
The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and metam sodium (MNa) is a potential resource to replace methyl bromide (MB) as a soil fumigant. The efficacy of 1,3-D+MNa as a crucial factor to limit soil-borne pests was evaluated in one laboratory experiment and two cucumber greenhouse studies conducted in commercial operations. Laboratory results revealed that 1,3-D and MNa (10+20 mg a.i. kg−1 soil) provided the best complementary control of the root-knot nematode, Fusarium oxysporum and two species of weed seeds. Greenhouse trials revealed that the blend of 1,3-D and MNa (10+20 g a.i. m−2) greatly inhibited the ability of Meloidogyne incognita to form root galls. In addition, the number of colony-forming units of F. oxysporum declined substantially after growth on media, resulting in higher fruit yields and greater economic benefits. The combined use of 1,3-D and MNa exhibited a higher control efficacy than when 1,3-D or MNa was utilized alone. The ability of this chemical combination to control soil-borne organisms did not differ significantly from the MB treatment and maintained high cucumber yields, enhancing the income of the farmers. Compared to the untreated control group, all the chemical treatments prominently improved the control of the pests. These results show that applying a combination of 1,3-D and MNa provides a promising alternative to MB that enables the sustained growth of cucumber production in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Effects of Different Fumigants on the Replanted Soil Environment and Growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings
- Author
-
Hai Fan, Ran Chen, Fengbing Pan, Zhiquan Mao, Xuesen Chen, Haiyan Wang, Weitao Jiang, Chengmiao Yin, and Xiang Shen
- Subjects
biology ,Plant culture ,Horticulture ,metham sodium ,biology.organism_classification ,ard ,SB1-1110 ,apple replant disease ,dazomet ,fusarium oxysporum ,soil physicochemical properties ,Malus hupehensis ,plant morphological properties - Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) has been reported in all major fruit-growing regions of the world and is often caused by biotic factors (pathogen fungi) and abiotic factors (phenolic compounds). Soil chemical fumigation can kill soil pathogenic fungi; however, the traditionally used fumigant methyl bromide has been banned because of its ozone-depleting effects. There is thus a need to identify greener fumigant candidates. We characterized the effects of different fumigants on the replanted soil environment and the growth characteristics of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. All five experimental treatments [treatment 1 (T1), metham-sodium; treatment 2 (T2), dazomet; treatment 3 (T3), calcium cyanamide; treatment 4 (T4), 1,3-dichloropropene; and treatment 5 (T5), methyl bromide] promoted significantly the biomass, root growth, and root respiration rate of M. hupehensis seedlings and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–-N) contents of replanted soil. Metham sodium (T1) and dazomet (T2) had stronger effects compared with 1,3-dichloropropene (T4) and calcium cyanamide (T3). At 172 days after T1, the height, root length, and root respiration rate of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings, and the NH4+-N and NO3–-N contents of replanted soil increased by 91.64%, 97.67%, 69.78%, 81.98%, and 27.44%, respectively, compared with the control. Thus, dazomet and metham sodium were determined to be the optimal fumigants for use in practical applications. more...
- Published
- 2021
8. Pest control in Asia
- Author
-
Muraleedharan, N., Willson, K. C., editor, and Clifford, M. N., editor
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Drinking Water and Related Samples
- Author
-
Fielding, M., Gibby, S., Moore, K., Angeletti, G., editor, and Bjørseth, A., editor
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Efficacy of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) applied alone or in co-application with metham sodium in controlling carnation root rot infection in Antalya (Turkey)
- Author
-
E. Kûkürt, N. Le-Roch, and T. Fouillet
- Subjects
Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metham sodium ,biology ,Chemistry ,Root rot ,Dimethyl disulfide ,Carnation ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Use of metham sodium to eliminate Phytophthora spp. from roading gravel
- Author
-
S. McDonald, N. West, Elaine Davison, B. Warton, S. Kazemi, Francis Tay, and S. Paton
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Biocide ,Metham sodium ,biology ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Pesticide ,Phytophthora cinnamomi ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Plant disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Methyl isothiocyanate ,chemistry ,Phytophthora ,Application methods ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Lateritic gravel is used for road building in Western Australia, with about 8 million m3 required annually. The introduced, soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, which is associated with mortality of native plants, has been widely spread by using gravel from infested pits. Uninfested gravel is in demand, and in short supply. The biocide metham sodium is registered by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority (APVMA) as a soil fumigant, but the registered application method is unsuitable for treating gravel. In moist soil metham sodium decomposes into the fumigant-like pesticide, methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). Field experiments in which metham sodium was applied during the construction of 4 m3 gravel stockpiles, showed Phytophthora spp. are killed within 2 weeks of treatment with 80 mL m3–1 metham sodium. MITC is sealed within the stockpile by surface crusting; it was only detected 5 m downwind within the first 24 h of treatment. It was not detected in gravel 28 days after treatment. This application method that can safely eliminate Phytophthora spp. from infested gravel has been registered by the APVMA, allowing scaling-up trials to be considered. more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The response of properties of soil cropped with shell beans and treated with disinfectant and fertiliser during the plant growing season.
- Author
-
Kapagianni, Pantelitsa, Monokrousos, Nikos, Stamou, George, and Papatheodorou, Efimia
- Subjects
- *
NEEM , *AMIDASES , *NEEM cake , *ESSENTIAL oils , *METHAM sodium , *ACID phosphatase - Abstract
Disinfectants and fertilisers exert strong impact on soil processes by affecting the structure and the activity of the soil microbial community. Most relevant studies examined these impacts independently, under laboratory conditions and without crop cover. In this study, we have monitored the response of soil chemical, microbial, and biochemical properties to disinfectant and fertiliser treatments in field plots cultivated with beans. The measured properties comprised microbial C and N, asparaginase, gultaminase, urease, and acid phosphomonoesterase activities and contents of organic N, organic C, inorganic N, and inorganic P. We ran four different treatments using different combinations of chemical (metham sodium) and biological disinfectant (a mixture of neem cake and essential oils) and fertilisers (NPK 8-16-24 and cow manure) in plots cultivated with shell beans, while the control soil was neither treated nor cropped with beans. The data were expressed as percentage (%RC) in relation to the control values. The disinfectant and fertiliser treatments had less impact on soil properties compared to bean crop growth (except for microbial C and N, and content of organic C). In comparison to the control, higher activities of urease and asparaginase and content of inorganic N were recorded in bean cropped plots at the stage of seedlings (June), while higher activities of acid phosphomonoesterase and glutaminase and content of organic N were recorded at the stage of plant flowering (August). In October, the values of all properties were higher in the control plots compared to the treated plots. The joint effect of disinfectants x fertilisers affected the response of content of organic C and N and extractable P and glutaminase activity. The %RC of the properties exhibited more negative values in plots treated with chemical disinfectant and chemical fertiliser than in the other treatments. We suggested that the response of soil properties to disinfectants and fertilisers were influenced by the growth of P. vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Sustainable Alternatives to Methyl Bromide in Romanian Horticulture.
- Author
-
BOGOESCU, Marian, DOLTU, Mădălina, SORA, Dorin, and IORDACHE, Bogdan
- Subjects
BROMOMETHANE ,HORTICULTURE ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,MEDICAL microbiology ,GARDENING - Abstract
Soilborne pathogens are very destructive in vegetable crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmer's income. Their management worldwide has been based on pre-plant soil fumigation with methyl bromide, a compound whose phase-out procedure was initiated in the Montreal Protocol (1992) due to its hazardous effects on the environment. Since the adhesion to the Montreal Protocol, Romania government decided to phase out methyl bromide use beginning with 2005. During the last seven years, the research was focused on investigating methyl bromide alternatives for controlling soilborne pathogens, mainly in protected area vegetable crops. These substitutes have been based on using other registered chemical compounds, and non-chemical methods (soil steaming, solarization, cultural practices, plant resistance). All the current methyl bromide substitutes and control measures for controlling soilborne pathogens in protected area vegetables crops have limitations, compared with methyl bromide. The aim of this paper is to describe the current methyl bromide alternatives for controlling soilborne pathogens in Romania horticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2012
14. The network of interactions among soil quality variables and nematodes: short-term responses to disturbances induced by chemical and organic disinfection
- Author
-
Kapagianni, P.D., Boutsis, G., Argyropoulou, M.D., Papatheodorou, E.M., and Stamou, G.P.
- Subjects
- *
SOIL quality , *SOIL nematodes , *CHEMICAL biology , *ANTHROPOGENIC soils , *SOIL composition , *CHEMICAL structure - Abstract
Abstract: Anthropogenic pressures that involve different kinds of inflows (chemical vs organic) to soils are likely to induce different responses of individual soil components as well as to affect the web of interactions between them. The aim of this paper was to explore whether chemical or organic disinfection constitute two different types of disturbance, regarding both their severity on individual soil components and the structural changes they induce on the network of interactions among soil biochemical variables and nematode functional guilds. Network analysis, a novel approach in the context of soil ecology, was used to explore these interactions. Different plots within a field cultivated conventionally with Phaseolus vulgaris for many years were disinfected either with metham sodium or with a mixture of plant-based alternatives (neem and essential oils). Control plots receiving no disinfectants were also included in our study. One month after the treatments were applied, we estimated microbial C and N, activities of asparaginase, glutaminase, urease and phosphatase, organic C and N, inorganic N and P as well as the functional diversity of nematodes. Chemical disinfection had a direct lethal effect on all nematodes, while the effect on the microbial community was less obvious, implying that at the time of sampling, microbial populations, especially bacterial ones had started to recover from disturbance. Urease and phosphatase activities were inhibited, which may partly be responsible for the reduced amounts of inorganic N and P. Organic disinfectants reduced microbial populations, mainly the fungal ones, but they did not inhibit enzyme activities. The availability of N and P increased and nematode abundance was not affected significantly. The results demonstrate the usefulness of network analysis in providing insight into the structure and robustness of the soil network and its response to disturbance. Despite the pronounced reduction in nematode numbers due to chemical disinfection, the importance of nematode guilds within the interaction network was amplified and a more compact network was formed. On the other hand, interactions within organic plots were found to be primarily dictated by soil biochemistry. Finally, the analysis showed that both types of disinfection increased the vulnerability of the interaction network and this was more pronounced in chemically treated plots. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Methyl bromide alternatives for nematode and Cyperus control in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum).
- Author
-
Gilreath, James P., Santos, Bielinski M., Motis, Timothy N., Noling, Joseph W., and Mirusso, John M.
- Subjects
HERBICIDES ,BROMOMETHANE ,FUMIGANTS ,PESTICIDES - Abstract
Abstract: Three field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of fumigant and herbicide combinations on nematode and Cyperus control in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Various in-bed, broadcast and drip-applied fumigants were combined with napropamide, trifluralin, and a non-herbicide treated control. Results indicated that during all the three bell pepper seasons, metham sodium plus chloropicrin (MNa+Pic), and both the gas and emulsifiable formulations of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus Pic provided equal or better Meloidogyne control than methyl bromide (MBr) plus Pic. For Heterodera and Belonolaimus control, MNa+Pic and both formulations of 1,3-D+Pic were equally effective as MBr+Pic during the three bell pepper trials. For Cyperus control, the herbicides failed to improve weed control. For the fumigants, MBr+Pic consistently controlled the weed better than the others. However, most of the MBr alternatives reduced Cyperus populations with respect to the non-fumigant control. For bell pepper yield, the application of MNa and MNa+Pic provided similar fruit weight as for MBr+Pic in two of the three seasons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Enhanced biodegradation reduces the capacity of metham sodium to control soil pests.
- Author
-
Matthiessen, John N., Warton, Ben, and Shackleton, Mark A.
- Subjects
- *
INSECT pest control , *BIODEGRADATION , *BEETLES , *INSECTS , *ENTOMOLOGY , *PESTICIDES - Abstract
Enhanced biodegradation of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), the toxin produced by the broad-spectrum biocide metham sodium, substantially reduced its toxicity to whitefringed weevil, Naupactus leucoloma (Boheman), in laboratory tests using metham sodium-treated field soils. A level of enhanced biodegradation in a highly degrading soil that reduced MITC production and persistence to approximately 10% of that in a mildly degrading soil caused a doubling of the LC90. Given the very high acute toxicity of MITC, this superficially limited effect in reality demonstrates the dramatic impact that severe levels of enhanced biodegradation can have in reducing the efficacy of metham sodium for control of soil-borne pests and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Cross-enhancement: enhanced biodegradation of isothiocyanates in soils previously treated with metham sodium
- Author
-
Warton, Ben, Matthiessen, John N., and Shackleton, Mark A.
- Subjects
- *
BIODEGRADATION , *SOILS , *BRASSICA - Abstract
Rates of degradation of 2-propenyl isothiocyanate (PrITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BeITC) and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2-PeITC) in a soil known to biodegrade methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) at an accelerated rate, but never previously exposed to the other ITCs, were higher (persistence in soil increased by 1150, 80 and 100%, respectively,) than in a similar non-degrading soil. The rate of degradation of the same three ITCs was significantly lower in sterilised (autoclaved) soils than in the degrading soil. These results indicate that the three ITCs are susceptible to enhanced cross-biodegradation in soils where enhanced biodegradation of MITC has been induced by use of metham sodium soil fumigant. When Brassica plant tissue containing sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) as the predominant glucosinolate (GSL) was added to the degrading soil, the amount of PrITC present after 24 h was significantly lower than in the non-degrading soil at the same amendment rates. The toxicity to an insect test organism of the PrITC produced from the biofumigant plant tissue was correlated with the concentration of PrITC measured in the two soils, with 67% more plant tissue required in the degrading soil to cause 100% mortality as in the non-degrading soil (3.0 vs 5.0 mg g−1). The effectiveness of biofumigation using ITC-producing Brassica plants may be diminished in soil suffering from enhanced biodegradation of MITC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Soil Fumigants to Replace Methyl Bromide for Weed Control in Ornamental.
- Author
-
Uhlig, Robert E., Bird, George, Richardson, Robert J., and Zandstra, Bernard H.
- Subjects
FUMIGANTS ,BROMOMETHANE ,WEED control ,ORNAMENTAL plants ,DISINFECTION & disinfectants ,BROMINE compounds - Abstract
A field study was conducted to evaluate fumigant alternatives for methyl bromide (MB). Iodomethane (IM), chloropicrin (CP), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), metham sodium (MS), and MB in various combinations were applied to a sandy soil field site in Sept. 2002. Some treatments were tarped. Plant injury, plant growth, fresh weight, and dry weight were evaluated for seven ornamental species: cushion spurge (Euphorbia polychroma), globe thistle (Echinops bannaticus 'Blue Globe'), common lavender (Lavandula angustifolia 'Hidcote Blue'), hosta (Hosta 'Twilight PP14040'), silvermound artemisia (Artemisia schmidtiana 'Silver Mound'), shasta daisy (Leucanthemum xsuperbum 'Snow Lady'), and thread leaf coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata 'Moonbeam'). Weed control was evaluated in Apr. 2003, July 2003, and May 2004. All treatments gave almost complete control of all annual weeds, except for IM 50% + CP 50% (200 lb/acre, tarped) and MS (75 gal/acre, 1:4 water, not tarped), which did not give adequate control of common chickweed (Stellaria media), mouseear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), or common purslane (Portulaca oleracea). None of the treatments caused visual injury to any crop species. Treatments did not affect plant size in Nov. 2003. However, some treatments resulted in larger thread leaf coreopsis and silvermound artemisia plants in May 2004. There was no difference in dry weight at harvest between treatments for all species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Preplant Drip-applied Fumigation for Calla Lily Rhizome Nursery.
- Author
-
Gerik, James S., Greene, Ian D., Beckman, Peter, and Elmore, Clyde L.
- Subjects
ALKALI metals ,SODIUM ,BROMOMETHANE ,FUMIGANTS ,INSECTICIDES ,TEAR gas ,CHLOROPICRIN ,LILIES - Abstract
SUMMARY. TWO field trials were conducted from 2002 until 2004 to evaluate several chemicals as alternatives to methyl bromide for the production of calla lily (Zantedeschia sp.) rhizomes. Various rates and chemical combinations were tested. The chemicals were applied through a drip irrigation system. The chemicals included iodomethane, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, metham, sodium furfural, and sodium azide. None of the treatments reduced the viability of seed of mallow (Malva parviflora) previously buried in the plots. Propagules of nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and seed of mustard (Brassica nigra) were controlled by iodomethane + chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, chloropicrin alone, 1,3-dichloropropene alone, and furfural + metham sodium. Propagules of calla were controlled by all of the treatments except sodium azide and furfural + metham sodium. In the first trial, all treatments reduced the populations of soilborne plant pathogens, including Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., and Fusarium oxysporum, except for sodium, which did not reduce the population of Phytophthora spp. In the second trial, all treatments controlled Pythium spp. but only a high rate of iodomethane + chloropicrin reduced the population of F. oxysporum. For all treatments, the incidence of disease caused by soilborne pathogens was reduced compared to the nontreated control. The number and value of harvested rhizomes were greater among all of the treatments, except for sodium azide, compared to the control. The harvested value of the crop for the best treatments increased significantly compared to the control. A successful crop of calla rhizomes can be produced by combinations of iodomethane, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and metham sodium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Allyl Isothiocyanate and Metham Sodium as Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Weed Control in Plasticulture Tomato
- Author
-
Jason K. Norsworthy and Pratap Devkota
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Plasticulture ,Metham sodium ,Chemistry ,Chloropicrin ,Amaranth ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plant Science ,Allyl isothiocyanate ,Weed control ,01 natural sciences ,010602 entomology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,Bromide ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) were evaluated as an alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) for control of Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge; reduction of tuber density; and increase in marketable tomato yield in low density polyethylene (LDPE)-mulched tomato production. Allyl ITC was applied at 450, 600, and 750 kg ai ha−1; metham sodium (methyl ITC generator) was applied at 180, 270, and 360 kg ai ha−1; and MeBr plus chloropicrin (mixture of MeBr and chloropicrin at 67 : 33%, respectively) was applied at 390 kg ai ha−1. A nontreated weedy check was included for comparison. There was no injury to tomato plants following allyl ITC, metham sodium, or MeBr application. Allyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1or metham sodium at 360 kg ha−1controlled Palmer amaranth ≥ 79%, large crabgrass ≥ 76%, and yellow nutsedge ≥ 80% and was comparable to the weed control with MeBr. Highest rates of allyl ITC and metham sodium reduced yellow nutsedge tuber density (≤ 76 tubers m−2) comparable to the MeBr application. Total marketable tomato yield was ≥ 31.6 t ha−1in plots treated with allyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1or metham sodium at 360 kg ha−1. Marketable tomato yield from the highest rate of allyl ITC or metham sodium were similar to the yield (38.2 t ha−1) with MeBr treatment. Therefore, allyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1and metham sodium at 360 kg ha−1are effective alternatives to MeBr for Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge control in LDPE-mulched tomato. more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Root-Knot Nematodes Control in Tobacco Transplant Production
- Author
-
Fan Yu Kong, Chengsheng Zhang, Jing Wang, and Yu Qin Zhang
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,biology ,business.industry ,Nicotiana tabacum ,General Engineering ,Pest control ,Environmental engineering ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Dazomet ,Bromide ,PEST analysis ,business - Abstract
Field studies were conducted to evaluate potential methyl bromide alternatives against nematods in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Metham-sodium and dazomet were evaluated respectively under a polyethylene cover as alternatives for methyl bromide in tobacco transplant production over a two-year period (2009-2010). One genera or species of nematodes, tobacco root-knot nematod (Meloidogyne spp.), was evaluated in Qingzhou, Shandong province of China. All of the fumigant candidates were successful in controlling the pest. Another Parameter, plant vigor, was measured too. Metham-sodium 60g/m2, dazomet 80g/m2 and methyl bromide were not significantly different (P=0.05) from each other in the parameters evaluated. Results of this study indicate that Metham-sodium and dazomet are potential methyl bromide alternatives available to growers for use in tobacco parasite nematods control. more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Diseases of elm (Ulmus spp.)
- Author
-
Phillips, D. H., Burdekin, D. A., Phillips, D. H., and Burdekin, D. A.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The mutagenicity in procaryotes of insecticides, acaricides, and nematicides
- Author
-
Wildemauwe, Christa, Lontie, Jean-Francois, Schoofs, Louis, Van Larebeke, Nicolas, Gunther, Francis A., editor, and Gunther, Jane Davies, editor
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Effects of agriculture on earthworm populations
- Author
-
Edwards, C. A., Lofty, J. R., Edwards, C. A., and Lofty, J. R.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Soil disinfestation with dimethyl disulfide for management of Fusarium wilt on lettuce in Italy
- Author
-
A. Garibaldi, Maria Lodovica Gullino, and Gianfranco Gilardi
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Metham sodium ,Plant Science ,Fusarium oxysporum f. p. lactucae ,Lactuca sativa ,Pre-plant treatments ,Soil-borne pathogens ,Weeds ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Horticulture ,01 natural sciences ,Pathosystem ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fusarium oxysporum ,Dimethyl disulfide ,Cultivar ,2. Zero hunger ,biology ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Fusarium wilt ,Northern italy ,010602 entomology ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Dazomet ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The efficacy of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) applied in pre-planting treatment by shank injection was investigated on the lettuce Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL) pathosystem in Northern Italy (Piedmont), in three experimental trials. DMDS was tested alone or in combination with metham sodium at 35.9 g/m2, on lettuce cultivars showing different levels of susceptibility to the pathogen. DMDS, at 60 g/m2, reduced FOL symptoms on the highly susceptible butterhead type of 70, 97 and 99%, and of 87, 97 and 100% on the moderately susceptible cultivar, respectively. DMDS at 30 and 40 g/m2 showed a only partial efficacy on both lettuce types used in naturally infested soil, with a disease reduction from 30.3 to 64.5%, significantly comparable with dazomet. The results provided by DMDS at 40 g/m2 plus metham sodium at 35.9 g/m2 were statistically similar to those obtained with DMDS alone at 60 g/m2, and better than those provided by dazomet alone. A positive effect on lettuce yield and weed control by DMDS, at the highest dosage tested and by DMDS plus metham sodium, was also observed. more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi örtü altı domates yetiştiriciliğinde fusarium kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğü hastalığının entegre mücadelesi
- Author
-
Mehmet Biçici, Ayşegül Çolak, and Çukurova Üniversitesi
- Subjects
Fusarium ,Soil depth ,Metham sodium ,Trichoderma harzianum ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Disease control ,Solarisation ,Çevre Bilimleri ,Horticulture ,Fusarium oxysporum ,Root rot ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi örtü altı domates yetiştiriciliğinde Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL)’nin neden olduğu domates kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğü ekonomik kayıp oluşturan en önemli hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada FORL ile entegre mücadele için Solarizasyon (S), Metham sodium (MS), kompost (KOM), Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (BS) ve Trichoderma harzianum (TH-T ve TH-G) uygulamalarının yalnız başına veya değişik kombinasyonları araştırılmıştır. S+MS uygulamasının 5, 15, 25 ve 35 cm toprak derinliğinde patojen inokulumunun canlılığı üzerine etkisi azaltıcı yönde olurken, yalnız başına S uygulamasında 35 cm’de bu etki patojeni öldürücü sıcaklığa ulaşamamıştır. Her iki yıl sera denemelerinde hastalık oluşumu S+MS uygulanmamış toprakta birinci yıl en az % 21.3 ile BS uygulamasında, ikinci yıl ise % 20 ile TH-T uygulamasında saptanmıştır. Biyolojik ajanlar içerisinde her iki uygulamada FORL ile mücadelede en ümit var sonuçlar BS ve TH-T uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir. Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) is the most important disease that causes economically important losses on greenhouse-grown tomato in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Solarization (S), Metham Sodium (MS), compost (KOM), Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (BS) and Trichoderma harzianum (TH-T and TH-G) applications on integrated disease management of FORL, alone and in their combinations. S+MS application reduced the viability of the pathogen inoculum at 5, 15, 25, and 35 cm soil depth while application of solarization, alone did not reach the lethal temperature for the pathogen at 35 cm soil depth. The least disease incidence (21.3%) was observed in BS application in the first year of two-year greenhouse experiment in soil without S+MS application while it was determined in TH-T application with the disease incidence of 20% in the second year. Among biological agents, the best results in disease control of FORL were obtained with applications of BS and TH-T in both experiments more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Effectiveness of fumigants and grafting against tomato brown root rot caused byColletotrichum coccodes
- Author
-
M. Baudino, Angelo Garibaldi, Maria Lodovica Gullino, and Andrea Minuto
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,biology ,Chloropicrin ,Fumigation ,Plant Science ,Colletotrichum coccodes ,biology.organism_classification ,Grafting ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Insect Science ,Root rot ,Dimethyl disulfide ,Rootstock - Abstract
In an attempt to find effective control measures againstColletotrichum coccodes, an emerging pathogen causing root rot on tomato in northern Italy, four experimental trials were carried out during the years 2005 and 2006 in Piedmont and Liguria in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of different rootstocks (Beaufort F1, He Man F1, Maxifort) with various fumigants. In the presence of medium to high disease incidence, the best results were obtained by combining the use of a resistant tomato rootstock with soil fumigation with dimethyl disulfide at 40 or 80 gm−2 or metham sodium at 192 g m−2. Chloropicrin, applied at 20 g m−2, and the tested rootstocks alone, did not enable effective control of the pathogen. The need to monitor the appearance of new diseases and the resurgence of old ones is stressed. more...
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Evaluation of chemical strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in greenhouse cultivated crops
- Author
-
I. Anastasiadis and Ioannis O. Giannakou
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,business.industry ,Greenhouse ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nematode ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Bromide ,Agriculture ,Chemical control ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Cropping - Abstract
If methyl bromide is phased out for greenhouse use by 1 January 2005 it will cause many difficulties in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were conducted to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Methyl bromide was used as a reference treatment and was consistently superior to all the other treatments and combinations of other fumigants with contact nematicides. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root-galling index was observed in plots treated with either metham sodium and cadusafos or 1,3-dichloropropene and cadusafos. Nematode decrease was greater when these three chemicals were applied in the same plots. Good nematode control based on the use of different chemicals combinations can be achieved only for one cropping season and therefore nematode management measures must be employed for the next cropping season more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Drip-applied Soil Fumigation for Freesia Production
- Author
-
James S. Gerik
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,Metham sodium ,chemistry ,Ornamental plant ,Chloropicrin ,Fusarium oxysporum ,Fumigation ,Pythium ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification - Abstract
Field trials were conducted to test fumigants as alternatives to methyl bromide (MB) for production of hybrid freesia (Freesia × hybrida). One trial compared rates of 1,3-dichloropropene (DP) combined with chloropicrin (CP); the second trial compared iodomethane (IM) together with CP, DP:CP, and furfural with and without metham sodium; and the third trial compared rates and formulations of IM:CP to the standard MB:CP treatments. Most treatments reduced populations of Pythium spp. and controlled weeds compared to the untreated controls. Formulations of IM:CP reduced the incidence of disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Treatments of IM:CP performed as well as MB:CP, and treatments of DP:CP performed as well as IM:CP. Presently only the DP, CP and metham sodium formulations are registered for use on ornamental crops. Registration of the IM formulations will improve the options available to cut flower growers for management of plant pathogens and weeds. more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Effect of Soil Fumigation on Volunteer Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Tuber Viability1
- Author
-
Martin M. Williams and Rick A. Boydston
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,Agronomy ,Fumigation ,Plant Science ,Integrated approach ,Biology ,Solanum tuberosum ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Volunteer ,Incubation - Abstract
Management of volunteer potato is difficult and requires an integrated approach. Soil fumigation is one tactic known to reduce population densities of certain weeds and may be a method to improve the management of volunteer potato. The effect of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and metham sodium on potato tuber viability was tested in sealed glass jars at various doses, incubation temperatures, and times of exposure. Tuber viability data were fitted to a logistic model, and I90 doses (90% suppression) were calculated for each combination of temperature and time of exposure. I90 doses for 1,3-D ranged from 41 to 151 kg/ha and from 96 to over 480 kg/ha metham sodium. Both nondormant and dormant tubers were injured by exposure to metham sodium. Soil fumigation with 1,3-D and metham sodium has the potential to greatly reduce the number of viable potato tubers. Nomenclature: 1,3-dichloropropene; metham sodium; potato, Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Russet Burbank’. Additional index word: Groundkeeper. Abbreviations: 1,3-D, ... more...
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Chemical and non-chemical alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation of soil for strawberry production
- Author
-
José M. López-Aranda, F. Flores, J. López-Medina, J.J. Medina, and L. Miranda
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,Chloropicrin ,Fumigation ,Horticulture ,Polyethylene ,Solarisation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Dazomet ,Bromide ,Plant production ,Botany ,Genetics - Abstract
SummaryStrawberries have been the target of research to find alternatives to methyl bromide (MB) as this crop is the largest single consumer of the chemical in Spain using 800 tonnes for fruit production and 237 tonnes in mother plant production. Electromagnetic waves (EW), Solarization (Sol), Biofumigation (Bio), Metham Sodium (MNa), Dazomet (Daz), 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) and Chloropicrin (Pic) were evaluated alone or in combination as alternatives for Methyl Bromide (MB) in strawberry production over a three-year period at two locations. The GGE biplot method was employed to study the MB alternative by environment two-way data. This method graphically displays MB alternative by environment data and hence facilitates the pattern of MB alternative performance across environments. 1,3-D plus 35% Pic (Telone C35), Pic alone, MB shank-applied to preformed beds under black polyethylene films and under black virtually impermeable films performed as well as the standard methyl bromide treatment and resulted... more...
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The effect of fumigants on earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and soil microbial communities / Tanya Christina Fouché
- Author
-
Fouché, Tanya Christina
- Subjects
Cadusafos ,Earthworm biomarkers ,Biolog™ ,Microbial community ,Phospholipid fatty acid ,food and beverages ,Metham sodium ,Biofumigation ,Comet assay - Abstract
Biofumigation is an important crop protection practice that uses a plant’s natural defence mechanisms to control agricultural crop pathogens and diseases. Glucosinolates are volatile compounds found in most Brassica species and when hydrolysed, it forms a range of natural toxins including isothiocyanates that act as biofumigants. Research suggests that biofumigation is a good alternative to chemical fumigants as it is effective in controlling plant pests but with lower health and environmental risks. Several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the breakdown products, especially isothiocyanates, as fungicidal, bactericidal and nematicidal products against a series of plant pests. However, very little information is available on the effects of glucosinolates and its breakdown products on non-target and beneficial soil organisms. Negative effects on beneficial soil organisms can have serious negative impacts on soil quality especially when essential ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and soil bioturbation are affected. Three biofumigants, broccoli, mustard and oilseed radish, and two chemical fumigants, metham sodium and cadusafos, were investigated for possible effects on non-target and essential soil organisms such as earthworms and the soil microbial community. Sublethal endpoints, including growth and reproductive success of the earthworms, were monitored. The genotoxicity of the biologically active compounds found in the fumigants, towards earthworms, was evaluated by means of the comet assay. The DNA damage was quantified by tail intensity parameters. Furthermore, the changes in the soil microbial community function and structure were evaluated by means of community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses respectively. All exposures were done in artificial soil prepared according to the OECD standard guidelines. In the biofumigant treated soils, results varied and different effects were observed on the non-target soil organisms. Broccoli reduced cocoon production and the number of hatchlings while mustard induced more DNA strand breaks in earthworm cells compared to the control. All the biofumigants stimulated microbial growth but broccoli and oilseed radish changed the microbial functional diversity. Mustard had no lasting effect on the functional diversity but altered the microbial community structure. The chemical fumigants had a marked negative impact on the survival, growth, reproduction and the genotoxicity of the earthworms with metham sodium causing greater harm than cadusafos. The effects on the microbial community varied. Both chemicals had an inhibitory effect on the microbial growth in terms of the viable biomass determined by PLFA and the average well colour development in the Biolog™ Ecoplates. No lasting effects were observed in the community structure. Overall, cadusafos had a more pronounced effect on the microbial community functional diversity than metham sodium. Results indicated that each bioindicator species illustrates effects at their own level of organisation MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015 more...
- Published
- 2015
33. The effect of fumigants on earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and soil microbial communities
- Author
-
Fouché, Tanya Christina, Claassens, S., Maboeta, M.S., 11935952 - Claassens, Sarina (Supervisor), and 12407216 - Maboeta, Mark Steve (Supervisor)
- Subjects
Cadusafos ,Earthworm biomarkers ,Biolog™ ,Microbial community ,Phospholipid fatty acid ,food and beverages ,Metham sodium ,Biofumigation ,Comet assay - Abstract
MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015 Biofumigation is an important crop protection practice that uses a plant’s natural defence mechanisms to control agricultural crop pathogens and diseases. Glucosinolates are volatile compounds found in most Brassica species and when hydrolysed, it forms a range of natural toxins including isothiocyanates that act as biofumigants. Research suggests that biofumigation is a good alternative to chemical fumigants as it is effective in controlling plant pests but with lower health and environmental risks. Several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the breakdown products, especially isothiocyanates, as fungicidal, bactericidal and nematicidal products against a series of plant pests. However, very little information is available on the effects of glucosinolates and its breakdown products on non-target and beneficial soil organisms. Negative effects on beneficial soil organisms can have serious negative impacts on soil quality especially when essential ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and soil bioturbation are affected. Three biofumigants, broccoli, mustard and oilseed radish, and two chemical fumigants, metham sodium and cadusafos, were investigated for possible effects on non-target and essential soil organisms such as earthworms and the soil microbial community. Sublethal endpoints, including growth and reproductive success of the earthworms, were monitored. The genotoxicity of the biologically active compounds found in the fumigants, towards earthworms, was evaluated by means of the comet assay. The DNA damage was quantified by tail intensity parameters. Furthermore, the changes in the soil microbial community function and structure were evaluated by means of community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses respectively. All exposures were done in artificial soil prepared according to the OECD standard guidelines. In the biofumigant treated soils, results varied and different effects were observed on the non-target soil organisms. Broccoli reduced cocoon production and the number of hatchlings while mustard induced more DNA strand breaks in earthworm cells compared to the control. All the biofumigants stimulated microbial growth but broccoli and oilseed radish changed the microbial functional diversity. Mustard had no lasting effect on the functional diversity but altered the microbial community structure. The chemical fumigants had a marked negative impact on the survival, growth, reproduction and the genotoxicity of the earthworms with metham sodium causing greater harm than cadusafos. The effects on the microbial community varied. Both chemicals had an inhibitory effect on the microbial growth in terms of the viable biomass determined by PLFA and the average well colour development in the Biolog™ Ecoplates. No lasting effects were observed in the community structure. Overall, cadusafos had a more pronounced effect on the microbial community functional diversity than metham sodium. Results indicated that each bioindicator species illustrates effects at their own level of organisation. Masters more...
- Published
- 2015
34. Fumigation of regrowth karri stumps with metham-sodium to controlArmillaria luteobubalina
- Author
-
Robert H. Smith and Richard M. Robinson
- Subjects
Colonisation ,Armillaria luteobubalina ,Horticulture ,Metham sodium ,biology ,Armillaria ,Botany ,White rot ,Root disease ,Fumigation ,Forestry ,biology.organism_classification ,Eucalyptus diversicolor - Abstract
Summary The use of metham-sodium as a possible control agent for armillaria root disease was studied on 13-year-old karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) regrowth stumps. As a consequence its effect on colonisation by wood decay organisms was also examined. Armillaria luteobubalina-infccted stumps, with volumes of about 2000 cm3 (11–12 cm diam.) and 8000 cm3 (21.5–23.5 cm diam), were treated with 500 ml of metham-sodium and examined after 3½ years. Control stumps with volumes of about 4000 cm3 (16–17 cm diam.) were not treated. Compared to untreated stumps, the volume of uncolonised wood and advanced decay was significantly greater in metham-sodium treated stumps. The volume of stump colonised by A. luteobubalina was lower in metham-sodium treated stumps than in untreated stumps. In stumps with a volume of 2000 cm3, treatment with metham-sodium eliminated A. luteobubalina from 40% of the stumps and enhanced colonisation by white rot organisms, including an unknown species which colonised 45%-60% of the volume o... more...
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. FUSARIUM CONTROL IN CARNATION USING REDUCED DOSAGES OF METHYL BROMIDE AND METHAM-SODIUM
- Author
-
Y. Ben-Yephet, Y. Szmulewich, M. Reuven, A. Matta, A. Gamliel, A. Zveibil, J. Katan, Y. Mor, and M. L. Gullino
- Subjects
Fusarium ,Metham sodium ,Dose ,Carnation ,Soil fungi ,Horticulture ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Bromide ,Chemical control - Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Fumigation with Chloropicrin, Metham Sodium, and EPTC as Replacements for Methyl Bromide in Southern Pine Nurseries
- Author
-
William A. Carey
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,Chloropicrin ,Fumigation ,Biomass ,Forestry ,Plant Science ,Weed control ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Bromide ,Environmental science ,Chemical control ,Woody plant - Abstract
The effects of soil fumigation with chloropicrin alone or in combination with metham sodium and or with EPTC on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings and on nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) control were investigated at three forest tree nurseries. Fumigation with chloropicrin plus metham sodium (CMS) significantly increased seedling numbers and growth compared to controls. Averaged among nurseries, mean root-collar-diameter increased from 0.14 to 0.17 in., and biomass from 0.14 to 0.20 lb/ft2. This produced seven more plantable seedlings and 6.5 more grade 1 seedlings/ft2 in CMS compared to not fumigated plots. Fumigation increased average potential sales $7,100/ac and increased present values, projected for the growth increases for additional grade 1 seedlings, by $25,900/ac. Fumigation increased biomass per unit area similarly at tested bed densities (10 to 29/ft2), but at low bed densities (≤20/ft2) the present values associated with grade 1 seedlings increased more than at higher densities. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):135-139. more...
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Procedure for electrophoretic analysis of proteins from metham sodium-treated microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae
- Author
-
D.R. Fravel and C.A. Engelkes
- Subjects
Gel electrophoresis ,Carbamate ,Chromatography ,Metham sodium ,biology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Soil Science ,Fungi imperfecti ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,Metam sodium ,Fungicide ,Electrophoresis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,medicine ,Verticillium dahliae - Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Effects of label and sub-label rates of dazomet and metham-sodium on survival of Calonectria microsclerotia
- Author
-
Giancarlo Polizzi, Alessandro Vitale, Vladimiro Guarnaccia, A. Myrta, A. Cinquerrui, P. T. Formica, and Dalia Aiello
- Subjects
Calonectria ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metham sodium ,ornamental plants, substrate disinfestation, sustainable use of fumigants ,substrate disinfestation ,biology ,Chemistry ,Dazomet ,ornamental plants ,biology.organism_classification ,sustainable use of fumigants - Published
- 2014
39. Effects of Dazomet-Granular Fumigant and Mulch for the Production of ‘Sunny’ Tomato
- Author
-
Ted W. Tyson, Cynthia Channell-butcher, Laura S. Sanders, Timothy N. Motis, James B. Witt, and James E. Brown
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metham sodium ,Agronomy ,Chemistry ,Dazomet ,Fumigation ,Plant Science ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch - Abstract
'Sunny' tomato plants were grown, using four fumigant treatments and three mulch treatments. Fumigants were metham sodium at the rate of 935 l/ha and dazomet at rates of 336 kg/ha, 420 kg/ha and 504 kg/ha. Mulches were 1.25 mil black polyethylene (plastic), a spray-on styrene-butadiene polymer dispersion (Styrofan) sprayed over beds at a rate of 959 l/ha, or none. Plants in all mulch treatments produced similar marketable yields. Neither fumigant had an advantage over the other in yield. more...
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Effect of Mixtures of Basamid and Metham Sodium on Production of MITC in Douglas-Fir and Southern Pine
- Author
-
J. J. Morrell and Zhongwei Jin
- Subjects
Biomaterials ,Horticulture ,Softwood ,Metham sodium ,Moisture ,Chemistry ,visual_art ,Botany ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Copper sulfate ,Wood moisture ,Sawdust ,Douglas fir - Abstract
The ability of mixtures of Basamid and metham sodium to produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in small blocks and sawdust of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii and southern pine (Pious spp.) was studied under varying moisture and temperature regimes. Mixtures of the two fumigants appeared to produce higher levels of MITC in small blocks than did the fumigants alone. Subsequent sawdust trials produced more variable results. MITC levels were similar for both wood species, and increased dramatically with increases in wood moisture content. Slight improvements in MITC levels were also noted with temperature increases. Addition of copper sulfate to the Basamid/metham sodium mixture resulted in increased MITC production early in the tests, but this effect diminished with time. The results suggest that mixtures of Basamid, metham sodium and copper sulfate could be used to provide a safer remedial treatment with the potential for both rapid initial and longterm control of fungal infestations. more...
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Interaction of biocontrol fungi with sublethal rates of metham sodium for control of Verticillium dahliae
- Author
-
D.R. Fravel
- Subjects
Prill ,Gliocladium ,Metham sodium ,food.ingredient ,biology ,Fumigation ,Biological pest control ,food and beverages ,Fungus ,biology.organism_classification ,food ,Agronomy ,Talaromyces flavus ,Verticillium dahliae ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Two methods were used to expose microsclerotia of V. dahliae to various rates of metham sodium ranging up to 935 l ha −1 . When microsclerotia were entrapped in a single layer of nylon mesh, buried in nonsterile soil and exposed to metham sodium, radial growth from the microsclerotia was reduced by rates as low as 93.5 l ha −1 of metham sodium. When microsclerotia were enclosed inside a nylon mesh envelope, buried in soil and exposed to metham sodium, growth rate was not affected by 1871 l ha −1 . The biocontrol fungi Gliocladium roseum and Talaromyces flavus were incorporated into alginate prill, buried in soil and exposed to metham sodium. Growth rate of G. roseum from prill was reduced by 187 and 935 l ha −1 metham sodium while growth rate of T. flavus was not affected by either rate of the fumigant. In a greenhouse test in field soil, infection of eggplant by V. dahliae was not reduced by 187 l ha −1 of metham sodium, but was reduced with 187 l ha −1 plus either biocontrol fungus. The combined effect of the sublethal rate of the fumigant with either biocontrol fungus was additive for reduction of disease incidence as was the sublethal rate of the fumigant with both biocontrol fungi together. more...
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Possible Side Effects of Airborne Pesticides on Fungi and Vascular Plants in the Netherlands
- Author
-
E. Vandervoet, K.J. Canters, and F.M.W. Dejong
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid ,MCPA ,Captan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Thiocarbamates ,Botany ,Pesticides ,Netherlands ,Aerosols ,Air Pollutants ,Volatilisation ,Fungi ,Pesticide Residues ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Models, Theoretical ,Plants ,Pesticide ,Pollution ,Fungicide ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Biological dispersal ,Environmental science ,Atrazine ,Pest Control ,Deposition (chemistry) - Abstract
A survey of the potential side effects of volatilized pesticides on fungi and vascular plants in The Netherlands has been made for two herbicides (atrazine and MCPA), a fungicide (captan) and a soil fumigant (metham sodium). By applying existing models, a prediction is presented of post-treatment dispersal and deposition due to volatilization, both at short and long ranges, and of the potential side effects on fungi and vascular plants. The general conclusion is that side effects (stunting and growth anomalies) are to be expected outside the target area, especially close (500 m) to treated plots with atrazine and metham sodium. In view of agricultural acreage in The Netherlands, these short-range effects may impinge on a relatively large scale. There may also be an impact at greater distances from treated plots, especially in the case of compounds that are slow to degrade such as MITC (methyl isothiocyanate), the active toxic moiety generated in soil from metham sodium. more...
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Soil fumigation for lettuce production
- Author
-
D. M. Holcroft and I. E. Smith
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,food.ingredient ,Ecology ,biology ,Fumigation ,Soil Science ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nematode ,food ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Dazomet ,Germination ,Trial Site ,Trichodorus ,Weed - Abstract
A Clovelly soil in Tala Valley (Natal) was fumigated with different concentrations of dazomet (300, 400, 500 kg ha−1) (granular formulation), and metham sodium (500, 750, 1000 L ha−1) (liquid formulation). Half the treatments were covered with plastic sheets during fumigation. After fumigation weed germination was rated and soil analysed for parasitic nematodes. The trial site was planted with ‘Robinvale’ lettuce seedlings. Dazomet was more effective than metham sodium in decreasing weed germination and efficacy of both chemicals was improved by covering the sites with plastic. Meloidogyne (root-knot nematode) and Trichodorus (stubby root nematode) were present prior to fumigation but their levels were reduced by dazomet. Nematode control by metham sodium was inconsistent and not improved by higher concentrations of fumigant. Nematode populations were counted again at harvest from both soil and root samples. These results were variable and could not be directly related to treatments. Dazomet significantly... more...
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Soil sterilants, fumigants and vertebrate poisons
- Author
-
Bill Carlile
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,Ecology ,Environmental chemistry ,Vitamin k ,Pesticide ,Alphachloralose ,Biology - Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Fungicides, Soil Fumigants
- Author
-
James J. Sims
- Subjects
Fungicide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metham sodium ,chemistry ,Bromide ,Environmental chemistry ,Chloropicrin ,Drip irrigation ,Propargyl bromide ,Ozone depletion ,Methyl iodide - Abstract
The mandated elimination of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant because of its ozone-depleting chemistry is scheduled to be complete by 2005. Chemicals in current use as soil fumigants and some promising new chemicals are reviewed. The compounds are listed with their important chemical and physical properties. Keywords: soil fumigant; drip irrigation; ozone depletion; methyl bromide; methyl bromide alternatives; control of plant pathogens; ozone hole; impermeable tarps; atmospheric emissions; methyl iodide; telone; chloropicrin; metham sodium; basamid; propargyl bromide more...
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Emission of methyl isothiocyanate to the air after application of metham-sodium to greenhouse soil
- Author
-
M. Leistra and S. J. H. Crum
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Metham sodium ,Greenhouse soil ,Ecological Modeling ,Environmental engineering ,Fumigation ,Greenhouse ,Permeation ,complex mixtures ,Pollution ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Low-density polyethylene ,Methyl isothiocyanate ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Greenhouse soils are regularly treated with metham-sodium, which in soil is quickly transformed to the fumigant methyl isothiocyanate. An experimental fumigation was carried out in a greenhouse with sandy soil. Data were collected on the behavior of methyl isothiocyanate in soil and its permeation through a film of low-density polyethene (LDPE) covering the soil. This cover was found to be highly permeable to methyl isothiocyanate. When the fumigation of greenhouse soil was simulated with a computation model, the use of LDPE film only appreciably reduced the rate of emission into the air in the first two days. The cumulative emission corresponded to about half of the dosage for some practical situations. It is concluded that dosages should be lower and applied more effectively, and less permeable soil covers should be used. more...
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Metham-sodium spill shows tankcar safety flaws
- Author
-
Wil Lepkowski and Susan Ainsworth
- Subjects
Metham sodium ,Derailment ,Waste management ,Environmental science ,General Medicine - Abstract
The Southern Pacific Railroad derailment near Dunsmuir, Calif., on July 14 that sent into the Sacramento River roughly 13,000 gal of a liquid metham-sodium formulation used as a soil sterilant migh... more...
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. EFFECTS OF SOIL FUMIGANTS (METHAM SODIUM VS. METHYL BROMIDE) AND PLASTIC MULCH ON YIELD OF TOMATOES
- Author
-
William S. Gazaway, James E. Brown, Larry M. Curtis, Steve Kovach, and Walter Hogue
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metham sodium ,Yield (engineering) ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Bromide ,food and beverages ,Horticulture ,Plastic mulch - Abstract
Drip-irrigated tomato (`Sunny') plants were treated with five levels of fumigant in combination with three levels of mulch. Fumigants were metham sodium at two rates, 475 and 950 L/ha, a 67% methyl bromide + 33% chloropicrin formulation (164.5 kg/ha, and a 98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin formulation (329 kg/ha). Mulching levels were 1.25 mil silver on black polyethylene (plastic), blue-black latex mulch sprayed over the plant beds, and no mulch. Plants treated with metham sodium (950 L/ha) had a significantly higher number of marketable fruit than plants treated with no fumigant or the 98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin formulation. Marketable fruit weight was not significantly affected by the five fumigation levels. Plants grown with black plastic mulch had a significantly higher marketable yield than plants grown with no mulch, 58,100 kg/ha vs. 50,800 kg/ha, respectively. The level of mulching did not significantly affect the marketable number of fruit. more...
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Role ofPratylenchus penetransin the Potato Early Dying Disease of Russet Burbank Potato
- Author
-
A. E. MacGuidwin and D. I. Rouse
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Metham sodium ,Population ,Fresh weight ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Pratylenchus penetrans ,Horticulture ,Field plot ,Nematode ,Dry soil ,Botany ,Verticillium dahliae ,education ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The interaction of Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae for symptom expression of potato early dying and yield and quality of tubers of Russet Burbank potato was evaluated in microplots and field plots. Soil was fumigated with metham sodium before being infested with varying population levels of the nematode and/or fungus. In the microplot study, low and high initial populations of P. penetrans (about 25 and 75/100 cm 3 of soil) or V. dahliae (about 3 and 9 colony-forming units/g of dry soil) had no effect on number and fresh weight of tubers compared to the control (...) more...
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Soil fumigation with dichloropropene and metham-sodium: Effect of soil cultivations on dose pattern
- Author
-
Marinus C. Sprong, Harry M. Nollen, Minze Leistra, and J.H. Smelt
- Subjects
Tillage ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metham sodium ,Agronomy ,Methyl isothiocyanate ,Chemistry ,Loam ,Soil water ,Fumigation ,Soil surface ,Surface layer ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Abstract
In field trials, loamy soils were fumigated by injecting dichloropropene and metham-sodium with a horizontal-blade injector. Concentrations of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene, and of methyl isothiocyanate were measured. The influence of different methods of tillage on fumigation effectiveness was compared by computing concentration-time products at the various depths in the soil. With a fine-structured top layer, there was no clear beneficial effect of shallow or deep rotary tillage before injection. If a dense top layer was not rotary-tilled beforehand, deep and wide cracks were formed during injection. Shallow or deep rotary tillage both left loose cereal stubble mixed in the surface layer, which was difficult to finish off. Concentration-time products could be substantially increased by finishing off the soil surface better after injection. more...
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.