Search

Представлен анализ записки, составленной по горячим следам дворцового переворота 25 ноября 1741 г., приведшего к власти дочь Петра I Елизавету. Документ является извлечением из письма, отправленного из Петербурга 19/30 декабря 1741 г. в Польшу мазовецкому воеводе Станиславу Понятовскому. Ряд косвенных данных указывает на то, что автором сообщения, по всей вероятности, был секретарь саксонского посольства Иоганн Сигизмунд фон Пецольд. Автор записки, представленной в публикации, проявил незаурядную осведомленность во всем, что касается политических, придворных и дипломатических событий, происходивших в столице в первые недели после смены власти. Источник, не привлекавший прежде внимания историков, содержит любопытные штрихи, характеризующие переходный период, когда вырабатывались политические принципы, идеология и практика елизаветинского правления, определялся состав правящей верхушки. Документ позволяет почувствовать беспокойную атмосферу победившего дворцового переворота. Внимание автора привлекает судьба семьи и близких свергнутой правительницы Анны Леопольдовны; он сообщает тайные сведения о суде над главными политическими фигурами предшествовавших царствований – А. И. Остерманом, Б. Х. Минихом и др. В угоду новой власти автор-дипломат пытается представить приход к власти Елизаветы Петровны как предотвращение зревшего заговора и восстановление справедливости. Знание российских реалий, возможность присутствия при дворе новой императрицы, налаженные связи с представителями верхушки столичного общества дали автору возможность запечатлеть характерные детали и даже скрытые подробности политической жизни в начале правления Елизаветы Петровны. Документ, изготовленный, по всей видимости, специально для Вольтера, сохранился в коллекции материалов, собранных им в период работы над «Историей Российской империи при Петре Великом» (1757–1762).

The purpose of the paper is revealing the peculiarities of Voltaire’s views on the last stage of the Northern War, ended by the Treaty of Nystad, as well as presenting the specific character of the great enlightener’s evaluation of the Russian empire and its historical role. The author finds out, why Voltaire, condemning fascination with the history of wars and kings, in his two works: «The History of Charles XII» and «The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great» paid great attention to the Northern War and Peter I’s participation in it.The reasons of the French historian interest to the named subject are viewed in terms of the modern methods of historical analysis, «philosophical» basis of his views on war and civilization, features of historical presentation.The paper shows Voltaire’s change in attitude on interpretation of the military historical subjects, first covered in «The History of Charles XII» and then in «The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great». The focus of the paper is on the up to the present-day controversial issue, whether Peter I was involved in Gorth–Alberoni conspiracy, aimed at the complete political change in the appearance of Europe. The 18th century historian ultimately came to the conclusion that the Tsar had made use of Gorth’s plans as a tactic means for solving his own foreign policy problems. This point of view is shared by many contemporary historians. Peter I’s declaring Emperor was the direct consequence of victorious end of the Northern War. It was found that Voltaire drew a more optimistic picture of Peter I’s imperial title recognition, than it actually was. According to Voltaire, the specific feature of the Russian Empire, created by Peter I, lies in the fact that it was a self-civilizing empire, bringing enlightenment on the neighboring «barbaric» peoples.The author of the paper, reviewing specific cases, arrives at a conclusion, that Voltaire’s works of high confidence for their time took a worthy standing in the world historiography of the Petrine era, due to a wide range of sources, the historian’s ability for their critical assessment, his seeking to maintain a certain evaluation independence in the description of events from different perspectives, his commitment to historical truth, his talent of a writer.The work is carried out within the project, aimed at publishing a first complete scientific edition of «The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great» in Russian.

The mission of WEST (tungsten-W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) is to explore long pulse operation in a full tungsten (W) environment for preparing next-step fusion devices (ITER and DEMO) with a focus on testing the ITER actively cooled W divertor in tokamak conditions. Following the successful completion of phase 1 (2016-2021), phase 2 started in December 2022 with the lower divertor made entirely of actively cooled ITER-grade tungsten mono-blocks. A boronization prior the first plasma attempt allowed for a smooth startup with the new divertor. Despite the reduced operating window due to tungsten, rapid progress has been made in long pulse operation, resulting in discharges with a pulse length of 100 s and an injected energy of around 300 MJ per discharge. Plasma startup studies were carried out with equatorial boron nitride limiters to compare them with tungsten limiters, while Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating assisted startup was attempted. High fluence operation in attached regime, which was the main thrust of the first campaigns, already showed the progressive build up of deposits and appearance of dust, impacting the plasma operation as the plasma fluence increased. In total, the cumulated injected energy during the first campaigns reached 43 GJ and the cumulated plasma time exceeded 5 h. Demonstration of controlled X-Point Radiator regime is also reported, opening a promising route for investigating plasma exhaust and plasma-wall interaction issues in more detached regime. This paper summarises the lessons learned from the manufacturing and the first operation of the ITER-grade divertor, describing the progress achieved in optimising operation in a full W environment with a focus on long pulse operation and plasma wall interaction.

The relevance of the research is caused by the increasing interest in an integrated interpretation of several methods data to determining the petrophysical and physical/chemical properties of rocks and intraformational fluids. The physical/chemical properties of oil are determined by a complex of data methods of dielectric spectroscopy, NMR relaxometry and geochemical analysis. The results of these methods are complemented each other, since they differ in different sensitivity to some characteristics of the rock and its saturating fluid. The main aim of the research is the sequential interpretation of dielectric spectroscopy and NMR relaxometry methods to determine the group composition and physical/chemical properties of oil samples, comparison of the obtained results with the results of geochemical analysis. Objects: oil and condensate samples from Eastern and Western Siberia deposits characterized by different physical/chemical properties. Methods: laboratory methods of dielectric spectroscopy aimed at determining the complex dielectric constant; NMR relaxometry which allows assessing the group analysis of studied fluid; standard geochemical methods including determination of physical/chemical properties, fractional and group chemical composition of oil. Results. 48 samples of oils and condensates from fields in Eastern and Western Siberia have been studied. The values were established for 29 samples: density at 20 ℃, viscosity at 20 and 60 ℃, content of temperature fractions above and below 200 ℃, content of methane-naphthenic and naphthenic-aromatic hydrocarbons, resins and asphaltenes. The dependence of the dielectric constant and the transverse relaxation time on the content of different hydrocarbon compounds groups was experimentally established, which showed a high sensitivity of the methods used in this work to the content of resinous-asphaltene compounds. Increasing their proportion in the composition of an oil sample leads to a significant decrease in the transverse relaxation times and a significant increase in the values of the dielectric constant. The NMR data was used to determine the group composition of oil samples, which is consistent with the results of geochemical analysis with an accuracy of 5 % at a temperature of 25 °C. Since the transverse relaxation times of aromatic compounds and saturated hydrocarbons characterized by high overlap, this does not allow us to establish in more detail the boundary transverse relaxation times for each group of hydrocarbon compounds.

Os diagnósticos de transtorno do espectro autista aumentaram consideravelmente nos últimos anos e, não raro, sujeitos autistas são considerados por seus familiares como sexualmente infantilizados ou descontrolados – fato este questionado pela psicanálise. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar discursos de familiares sobre a sexualidade de sujeitos autistas. Participaram desta pesquisa dezesseis entrevistados (dois sujeitos autistas, oito mães, três pais, dois irmãos e um avô de sujeitos autistas) todos inseridos em formatos familiares nucleares cujos relatos foram organizados a partir de uma análise de conteúdo temática e analisados a partir da teoria dos quatro discursos de Lacan. Os principais temas e discursos produzidos pelos participantes foram organizados em eixos temáticos que destacaram: as dúvidas e questionamentos justificados pelos descompassos entre o desenvolvimento psicológico, físico e sexual dos sujeitos autistas; a suposição da imaturidade biológica e das inadequações atitudinais dos sujeitos autistas nas questões sexuais; o reforço dos papéis tradicionais de gênero, delegando às mães os cuidados íntimos dos filhos autistas e delegando aos pais o estímulo pela virilidade dos sujeitos autistas do sexo masculino; mas também – principalmente por parte dos irmãos – a possibilidade de os sujeitos autistas vivenciarem suas sexualidades de maneira autônoma, mesmo que referenciados nos esquemas neurotípicos e heterossexuais. Neste sentido, as tensões entre os discursos do mestre e discurso universitário (que pretendem o controle) e o discurso da psicanálise (que aposta na autonomia/singularidade dos sujeitos autistas no campo da sexualidade) se mostraram os mais evidentes nas entrevistas. Por fim, a teoria lacaniana dos quatro discursos se mostrou propicia para compreender a constituição dos laços sociais que organizam as vivências sexuais dos sujeitos autistas.

Анализируются данные Вольтером оценки допетровской России, их эволюция, источники сведений о средневековой Московии, отношение российских современников к историческим сочинениям просветителя. Русская тема представлена в нескольких исторических сочинениях Вольтера: «История Карла XII», «Анекдоты о царе Петре Великом», «Опыт о нравах и духе народов», «История Российской империи при Петре Великом». Петр I неизменно характеризовался в них как «творец» новой России. Эта идея, а также европейские стереотипы о Московии определяли отношение автора к допетровской Руси. Вольтер создавал картину варварского общества, для которого характерны суеверие, невежество, деспотизм власти и рабство подданных, господство азиатских обычаев, изоляция. В «Истории Российской империи при Петре Великом» Вольтер смягчил характеристику допетровской Руси. Она уже не выглядела у него как закостеневшая в своем варварстве страна. Вольтер отметил стремление предшественников Петра на троне к преобразованиям, в результате чего картина средневековой России приобрела более реалистические очертания. Знакомство с источниками приводило просветителя к наблюдениям, которые свидетельствуют о формировании нового взгляда на процесс цивилизации. В статье выявлены проблемы средневековой истории России, которые рассматривал в своих сочинениях Вольтер, выяснен круг источников, положенных в основу «русских» произведений знаменитого французского автора, обращено внимание на наблюдения, которые в конечном счете не только подтверждали вольтеровскую концепцию новой истории России, но и намечали новые пути в изучении всемирной истории.

This article deals with the topical problem of estimating water content in water–oil mixtures within porous media they saturate, according to low-field NMR relaxometry and dielectric spectroscopy. The aim of the research is experimental validation of the capability of complex data interpretation to acquire information on the filtration-volumetric properties of drill cuttings, relaxation characteristics of oil-containing fluids, the water/oil ratio in water–oil mixtures, and their saturation of drill cuttings to control the composition of liquids produced from boreholes. The studies are carried out on samples of cuttings and oils taken from fields in the Northern regions of the West Siberian oil-and-gas province, where NMR studies have not been performed before. Based on the experimental data obtained, the possibility of water content assessment in water-in-oil mixtures and porous media they saturate were proved through NMR relaxometry. With the use of the proposed methodology, the amount of water in oil–water mixtures was established, and their main NMR characteristics were determined. The relative error in evaluating the proportion of water in mixtures based on high-viscosity oils is less than 10%, and about 20% for those based on light oils. When determining the oil–water ratio in the pore space of the drill cuttings, the error is about 15%. It was proven that joint use of these two techniques makes it possible to increase the reliability of the oil–water ratio assessment of all the samples studied. Furthermore, it was revealed that the NMR spectrum shifts to the right, and the spectrum of the complex permittivity shifts downwards during the transition from high-viscosity oils to light ones.

Рассматривается культурный аспект визита Петра I во Францию 1717 г. – парижские впечатления и «уроки» русского царя. Знакомство со столицей Франции не было главной целью его поездки в мае-июне 1717 г. Однако по мере того, как выяснялось, что политические переговоры в Париже не принесут больших успехов, на первый план стали выходить контакты в области культуры. Изучение материалов из библиотеки Петра I позволяет утверждать, что он приехал в Париж подготовленным, имеющим представление о французской архитектуре и достопримечательностях столицы. Рукописные и печатные «путеводители», а также альбом гравюр с городскими видами, описанные в статье, позволяют реконструировать образ города времени путешествия Петра Великого. В представленном на гравюрах Париже можно усмотреть один из истоков петровской мечты о новом городе на Неве. Выявлены парижские маршруты Петра I, наиболее подробно описанные издателем газеты «Le Nouveau Mercure» Пьером Франсуа Бюше. Царь более всего интересовался новыми постройками, а также памятниками монархам. Осмотр достопримечательностей французской столицы повлиял на культурную политику царя. Многие сферы французской культуры, представленные царю гостеприимными хозяевами, вызвали у Петра стремление создать их аналоги на русской почве.

The report is devoted to the problem of increasing the reliability and manoeuvrability of the CCGT when it operates in power control modes of the power system. The generalized results of research on improving the reliability and expanding the adjustment range of the PGU-450 based on the use of bypass steam distribution, reducing the duration of start-up operations and increasing the loading speed of the steam turbine and CCGT in general in the modes of CCGT power reserve during the night load gap by transferring the CCGT steam turbine to the motor mode when the CCGT operates in the condensation mode or in the heating mode according to the GTU-CHP scheme are presented. Additional advantages of the motor mode are noted: improved reliability of the steam turbine due to the elimination of cyclic temperature fluctuations of its steam inlet valves and vibrations in the last stages of the low-pressure cylinder and the possibility of operating the steam turbine generator in the synchronous compensator mode.

The results of the study of the effectiveness of high-speed ultrasonic turning of billets from heat-resistant nickel alloys without coolant are given. It was established that the introduction of ultrasonic field energy into the shaping zone reduces the contact temperature by 10–15% and the cutting force by 20–30%. However, this does not cause a decrease in metal removal performance due to a significant loss of strength and ease of cutting at temperatures above 800 C. As follows from the results, ultrasound helps to reduce the thickness of the defective layer, the formation of which is caused by thermal processes and phase transformations with the appearance of tensile residual stresses in the surface layer.

The purpose of this work was to acquire an overview of the infectious cycle of HAdV-41 in permissive HEK 293 cells and compare it to that observed with the prototype of the genus, Human adenovirus C HAdV-2. HEK 293 cells were infected with each virus separately and were harvested every 12 h for seven days. Infection kinetics were analysed using confocal and electronic microscopy. The results show that, when properly cultivated, HAdV-41 was not fastidious. It had a longer multiplication cycle, which resulted in the release of complete viral particles and viral stocks reached high titres. After 60 h of infection, the export of viral proteins from the infected cell to the extracellular milieu was observed, with a pattern similar to that previously described for HAdV-2 penton-base trafficking after 30 h of infection. HAdV-41 had a non-lytic cycle and the infection spread from the first infected cell to its neighbours. The release process of the viral particles is unknown. The results observed for HAdV-41 infection in HEK 293 cells show how different this virus is from the prototype HAdV-2 and provides information for the development of this vector for use in gene therapy.

The description of the basic principles embodied in the concept of "Industry 4.0" and the possibility of their use in the development of measures aimed at increasing intelligence of modern control system of thermal power plants (TPP) the results of the analysis of the level of intelligence and efficiency of modern control system on the basis of program-technical complexes (PTС). It is shown that, despite the widespread introduction of modern PTС in the construction of new and modernization of existing ACSTPs of TPP, the improvement of the quality of technological processes, optimization of their modes and parameters, occurs mainly at the level of equipment and power unit and to a much lesser extent - at the level of power plants and as a result-an insufficient level of automation and low technical and economic efficiency. Another conclusion from the analysis - when implementing control algorithms in automated process control systems based on modern PTC, their wide information and software capabilities are not fully used. The main ways of further improvement of ACSTPs in order to increase their efficiency and the level of intelligence of ACSTPs of power plants based on PTC are given The assessment of the level of increase in intelligence and economic effect from the implementation of the proposed solutions is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modes of operation of the steam turbine stage in non-steam and motor modes are considered. Analytical models of the operation of the stage with and without active power generation are obtained. Calculation expressions are given for quantifying the maximum allowable total power of the turbine stages when the cooling steam flows into the flow part of the turbine from the safety condition of the generator when it is accidentally disconnected from the network. The efficiency of the method using experimental data of the motor mode on the K-200 power unit is shown. Based on the thermal and balance equations, a condition is obtained that excludes the possibility of external steam flows into the intermediate stages of the turbine affecting the parameters of the steam flowing through the flow part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating peculiarities of the stage, the group of stages and the flow part of the steam turbine in low-flow modes, in particular, in the steamless and motor modes, and methodological approaches to their registration in the simulation of hydrodynamic processes are considered. Particular attention is paid to determining the power losses for friction and ventilation. The technique and algorithm for calculating the temperature state of the flow part of a steam turbine are given. Based on the conducted studies, the regularities characteristic of the motor regime of most steam turbines are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the actual problems of increasing the intelligence of TPP (thermal power plant) control systems built on the basis of modern software and hardware complexes (PTC). It is shown that from the standpoint of the modern approach, complex technical control systems satisfy the definition of intelligent control systems as systems that act rationally and optimally. It is from these positions that the report considers the problems of increasing the intelligence of the TPP control system on the basis of creating a unified system of optimal control of technological and production processes in all modes of operation of power units and the station as a whole. As assessment of the degree of intellectuality is considered the conventional "factor of intelligence", which is the fraction of intelligent technologies in the total functions of ACS on a given task or level of control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]