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2. The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses

Author

Clements, Hayley S., Do Linh San, Emmanuel, Hempson, Gareth, Linden, Birthe, Maritz, Bryan, Monadjem, Ara, Reynolds, Chevonne, Siebert, Frances, Stevens, Nicola, Biggs, Reinette, De Vos, Alta, Blanchard, Ryan, Child, Matthew, Esler, Karen J., Hamann, Maike, Loft, Ty, Reyers, Belinda, Selomane, Odirilwe, Skowno, Andrew L., Tshoke, Tshegofatso, Abdoulaye, Diarrassouba, Aebischer, Thierry, Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Jesús, Alexander, Graham J., Ali, Abdullahi H., Allan, David G., Amoako, Esther E., Angedakin, Samuel, Aruna, Edward, Avenant, Nico L., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Bakayoko, Adama, Bamba-kaya, Abraham, Bates, Michael F., Bates, Paul J. J., Belmain, Steven R., Bennitt, Emily, Bradley, James, Brewster, Chris A., Brown, Michael B., Brown, Michelle, Bryja, Josef, Butynski, Thomas M., Carvalho, Filipe, Channing, Alan, Chapman, Colin A., Cohen, Callan, Cords, Marina, Cramer, Jennifer D., Cronk, Nadine, Cunneyworth, Pamela M. K., Dalerum, Fredrik, Danquah, Emmanuel, Davies-Mostert, Harriet T., de Blocq, Andrew D., De Jong, Yvonne A., Demos, Terrence C., Denys, Christiane, Djagoun, Chabi A. M. S., Doherty-Bone, Thomas M., Drouilly, Marine, du Toit, Johan T., Ehlers Smith, David A., Ehlers Smith, Yvette C., Eiseb, Seth J., Fashing, Peter J., Ferguson, Adam W., Fernández-García, José M., Finckh, Manfred, Fischer, Claude, Gandiwa, Edson, Gaubert, Philippe, Gaugris, Jerome Y., Gibbs, Dalton J., Gilchrist, Jason S., Gil-Sánchez, Jose M., Githitho, Anthony N., Goodman, Peter S., Granjon, Laurent, Grobler, J. Paul, Gumbi, Bonginkosi C., Gvozdik, Vaclav, Harvey, James, Hauptfleisch, Morgan, Hayder, Firas, Hema, Emmanuel M., Herbst, Marna, Houngbédji, Mariano, Huntley, Brian J., Hutterer, Rainer, Ivande, Samuel T., Jackson, Kate, Jongsma, Gregory F. M., Juste, Javier, Kadjo, Blaise, Kaleme, Prince K., Kamugisha, Edwin, Kaplin, Beth A., Kato, Humphrey N., Kiffner, Christian, Kimuyu, Duncan M., Kityo, Robert M., Kouamé, N’goran G., Kouete T, Marcel, le Roux, Aliza, Lee, Alan T. K., Lötter, Mervyn C., Lykke, Anne Mette, MacFadyen, Duncan N., Macharia, Gacheru P., Madikiza, Zimkitha J. K., Mahlaba, Themb’alilahlwa A. M., Mallon, David, Mamba, Mnqobi L., Mande, Claude, Marchant, Rob A., Maritz, Robin A., Markotter, Wanda, McIntyre, Trevor, Measey, John, Mekonnen, Addisu, Meller, Paulina, Melville, Haemish I., Mganga, Kevin Z., Mills, Michael G. L., Minnie, Liaan, Missoup, Alain Didier, Mohammad, Abubakr, Moinde, Nancy N., Moise, Bakwo Fils E., Monterroso, Pedro, Moore, Jennifer F., Musila, Simon, Nago, Sedjro Gilles A., Namoto, Maganizo W., Niang, Fatimata, Nicolas, Violaine, Nkenku, Jerry B., Nkrumah, Evans E., Nono, Gonwouo L., Norbert, Mulavwa M., Nowak, Katarzyna, Obitte, Benneth C., Okoni-Williams, Arnold D., Onongo, Jonathan, O’Riain, M. Justin, Osinubi, Samuel T., Parker, Daniel M., Parrini, Francesca, Peel, Mike J. S., Penner, Johannes, Pietersen, Darren W., Plumptre, Andrew J., Ponsonby, Damian W., Porembski, Stefan, Power, R. John, Radloff, Frans G. T., Rambau, Ramugondo V., Ramesh, Tharmalingam, Richards, Leigh R., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Rollinson, Dominic P., Rovero, Francesco, Saleh, Mostafa A., Schmiedel, Ute, Schoeman, M. Corrie, Scholte, Paul, Serfass, Thomas L., Shapiro, Julie Teresa, Shema, Sidney, Siebert, Stefan J., Slingsby, Jasper A., Sliwa, Alexander, Smit-Robinson, Hanneline A., Sogbohossou, Etotepe A., Somers, Michael J., Spawls, Stephen, Streicher, Jarryd P., Swanepoel, Lourens, Tanshi, Iroro, Taylor, Peter J., Taylor, William A., te Beest, Mariska, Telfer, Paul T., Thompson, Dave I., Tobi, Elie, Tolley, Krystal A., Turner, Andrew A., Twine, Wayne, Van Cakenberghe, Victor, Van de Perre, Frederik, van der Merwe, Helga, van Niekerk, Chris J. G., van Wyk, Pieter C. V., Venter, Jan A., Verburgt, Luke, Veron, Geraldine, Vetter, Susanne, Vorontsova, Maria S., Wagner, Thomas C., Webala, Paul W., Weber, Natalie, Weier, Sina M., White, Paula A., Whitecross, Melissa A., Wigley, Benjamin J., Willems, Frank J., Winterbach, Christiaan W., and Woodhouse, Galena M.

Published
2024
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13. Drivers of seedling establishment success in dryland restoration efforts

Author

Shackelford, Nancy, Paterno, Gustavo B., Winkler, Daniel E., Erickson, Todd E., Leger, Elizabeth A., Svejcar, Lauren N., Breed, Martin F., Faist, Akasha M., Harrison, Peter A., Curran, Michael F., Guo, Qinfeng, Kirmer, Anita, Law, Darin J., Mganga, Kevin Z., Munson, Seth M., Porensky, Lauren M., Quiroga, R. Emiliano, Török, Péter, Wainwright, Claire E., Abdullahi, Ali, Bahm, Matt A., Ballenger, Elizabeth A., Barger, Nichole, Baughman, Owen W., Becker, Carina, Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban, Boyd, Chad S., Burton, Carla M., Burton, Philip J., Calleja, Eman, Carrick, Peter J., Caruana, Alex, Clements, Charlie D., Davies, Kirk W., Deák, Balázs, Drake, Jessica, Dullau, Sandra, Eldridge, Joshua, Espeland, Erin, Farrell, Hannah L., Fick, Stephen E., Garbowski, Magda, de la Riva, Enrique G., Golos, Peter J., Grey, Penelope A., Heydenrych, Barry, Holmes, Patricia M., James, Jeremy J., Jonas-Bratten, Jayne, Kiss, Réka, Kramer, Andrea T., Larson, Julie E., Lorite, Juan, Mayence, C. Ellery, Merino-Martín, Luis, Miglécz, Tamás, Milton, Suanne Jane, Monaco, Thomas A., Montalvo, Arlee M., Navarro-Cano, Jose A., Paschke, Mark W., Peri, Pablo Luis, Pokorny, Monica L., Rinella, Matthew J., Saayman, Nelmarie, Schantz, Merilynn C., Parkhurst, Tina, Seabloom, Eric W., Stuble, Katharine L., Uselman, Shauna M., Valkó, Orsolya, Veblen, Kari, Wilson, Scott, Wong, Megan, Xu, Zhiwei, and Suding, Katharine L.

Published
2021
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16. Multi‐stakeholder participation for successful implementation of applied research projects in Africa

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., primary, Kaindi, Eric, additional, Bosma, Luwieke, additional, Amollo, Kevin O., additional, Munyoki, Bobsammy, additional, Kioko, Theophilus, additional, Kadenyi, Nancy, additional, Musyoki, Gilbert K., additional, Wambua, Stephen M., additional, Ndathi, Aphaxard J. N., additional, van Steenbergen, Frank, additional, and Musimba, Nashon K. R., additional

Published
2023
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17. Author Correction: Drivers of seedling establishment success in dryland restoration efforts

Author

Shackelford, Nancy, Paterno, Gustavo B., Winkler, Daniel E., Erickson, Todd E., Leger, Elizabeth A., Svejcar, Lauren N., Breed, Martin F., Faist, Akasha M., Harrison, Peter A., Curran, Michael F., Guo, Qinfeng, Kirmer, Anita, Law, Darin J., Mganga, Kevin Z., Munson, Seth M., Porensky, Lauren M., Quiroga, R. Emiliano, Török, Péter, Wainwright, Claire E., Abdullahi, Ali, Bahm, Matt A., Ballenger, Elizabeth A., Barger, Nichole, Baughman, Owen W., Becker, Carina, Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban, Boyd, Chad S., Burton, Carla M., Burton, Philip J., Calleja, Eman, Carrick, Peter J., Caruana, Alex, Clements, Charlie D., Davies, Kirk W., Deák, Balázs, Drake, Jessica, Dullau, Sandra, Eldridge, Joshua, Espeland, Erin, Farrell, Hannah L., Fick, Stephen E., Garbowski, Magda, de la Riva, Enrique G., Golos, Peter J., Grey, Penelope A., Heydenrych, Barry, Holmes, Patricia M., James, Jeremy J., Jonas-Bratten, Jayne, Kiss, Réka, Kramer, Andrea T., Larson, Julie E., Lorite, Juan, Mayence, C. Ellery, Merino-Martín, Luis, Miglécz, Tamás, Milton, Suanne Jane, Monaco, Thomas A., Montalvo, Arlee M., Navarro-Cano, Jose A., Paschke, Mark W., Peri, Pablo Luis, Pokorny, Monica L., Rinella, Matthew J., Saayman, Nelmarie, Schantz, Merilynn C., Parkhurst, Tina, Seabloom, Eric W., Stuble, Katharine L., Uselman, Shauna M., Valkó, Orsolya, Veblen, Kari, Wilson, Scott, Wong, Megan, Xu, Zhiwei, and Suding, Katharine L.

Published
2021
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18. Multi‐stakeholder participation for successful implementation of applied research projects in Africa

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., Kaindi, Eric, Bosma, Luwieke, Amollo, Kevin O., Munyoki, Bobsammy, Kioko, Theophilus, Kadenyi, Nancy, Musyoki, Gilbert K., Wambua, Stephen M., Ndathi, Aphaxard J. N., Steenbergen, Frank van, Musimba, Nashon K. R., and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
drylands, grasses, applied research, traditional knowledge, sustainability, co-creation
Abstract

Rainwater harvesting from Roads For Indigenous Pasture production and improved rural livelihoods in Kitui, Kenya (ROFIP) is an applied research project. It assessed the potential of combining multiple sustainable land management practices, for example native grass reseeding, rainwater harvesting from roads and in situ microcatchments to enhance vegetation cover in a semi-arid dryland in Kenya. Rural earth roads were used as a catchment. Runoff generated from rainfall events was diverted into reseeded pastures with trenches established at intervals, across a slope. The ROFIP project also integrated microcatchments created using ox-driven ploughs, a traditional practice for seedbed preparation and harnessing in situ rainwater harvesting in African drylands. Combining the diversion of runoff from roads and harvesting rainwater in situ improves and prolongs soil moisture availability in reseeded pastures. Consequently, this translated to higher biomass yields (i.e. forage for livestock) and vegetation cover (land degradation mitigation and enhanced soil health). This project clearly showed that combining rainwater harvesting and native pasture reseeding improves water retention and soil health, thus improving sustainable pasture production. However, for this to be achieved, it is prudent to involve practitioners to co-design practical solutions that are socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. Multi-stakeholder engagement, effective knowledge sharing, and community involvement can be major enablers in the pursuit of environmental and socioeconomic relevant benefits in applied research projects in Africa. This approach enhances a sense of shared purpose among practitioners and empowers them to become points of reference to their peers.

Published
2023

22. Leaf gas exchange characteristics, biomass partitioning, and water use efficiencies of two C4 African grasses under simulated drought

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., Kuhla, Jana, Carminati, Andrea, Pausch, Johanna, and Ahmed, Mutez A.

Subjects
photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, biomass fractions, C4 grasses, drought, transpiration
Abstract

Background: Few studies have evaluated the effect of drought on the morpho-physiological characteristics of African C4 grasses. We investigated how drought affects leaf gas exchange characteristics, biomass partitioning, and water use efficiencies of Enteropogon macrostachyus and Cenchrus ciliaris. Methods: The grasses were grown in a controlled environment under optimum conditions, that is, 70% of the maximum water-holding capacity (WHC) for the first 40 days. Thereafter, half of the columns were maintained under optimum or drought conditions (30% of maximum WHC) for another 20 days. Results: Under optimum conditions, C. ciliaris showed a significantly higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate than E. macrostachyus. Drought decreased the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate only in C. ciliaris. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration of E. macrostachyus did not differ significantly under optimum and drought conditions. E. macrostachyus showed an increase in its water use efficiencies under drought to a greater extent than C. ciliaris. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that C. ciliaris is more sensitive to drought than E. macrostachyus. The decrease in the intercellular CO2 concentration and the increase in stomatal limitation with drought in C. ciliaris and E. macrostachyus suggest that stomatal limitation plays the dominant role in photosynthesis of the studied African C4 grasses., Grassland Research, 2 (1), ISSN:2097-051X, ISSN:2770-1743

Published
2023
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23. Microbial carbon use efficiency along an altitudinal gradient

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., primary, Sietiö, Outi-Maaria, additional, Meyer, Nele, additional, Poeplau, Christopher, additional, Adamczyk, Sylwia, additional, Biasi, Christina, additional, Kalu, Subin, additional, Räsänen, Matti, additional, Ambus, Per, additional, Fritze, Hannu, additional, Pellikka, Petri K.E., additional, and Karhu, Kristiina, additional

Published
2022
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24. UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration: key considerations for Africa

Author

Nsikani, Mlungele M., primary, Anderson, Pippin, additional, Bouragaoui, Zakher, additional, Geerts, Sjirk, additional, Gornish, Elise S., additional, Kairo, James G., additional, Khan, Nasreen, additional, Madikizela, Bonani, additional, Mganga, Kevin Z., additional, Ntshotsho, Phumza, additional, Okafor‐Yarwood, Ifesinachi, additional, Webster, Kayla M. E., additional, and Peer, Nasreen, additional

Published
2022
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25. UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration: key considerations for Africa.

Author

Nsikani, Mlungele M., Anderson, Pippin, Bouragaoui, Zakher, Geerts, Sjirk, Gornish, Elise S., Kairo, James G., Khan, Nasreen, Madikizela, Bonani, Mganga, Kevin Z., Ntshotsho, Phumza, Okafor‐Yarwood, Ifesinachi, Webster, Kayla M. E., and Peer, Nasreen

Subjects
RESTORATION ecology, COMMUNITIES of practice, STREAM restoration, CONTINENTS
Abstract

To support and scale up global restoration efforts, the United Nations (UN) has proclaimed 2021–2030 the "UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration." The Decade offers significant opportunities for and challenges to restoration, in particular for Africa, a continent that has a large need and potential for restoration. We thus argue that the Decade must be a success in and for Africa, and for this to happen, opportunities and challenges to achieving its goals must be promptly identified, and considered in the planning and implementation of restoration. Here, we outline six key areas that should be considered at a strategic level by African countries during the Decade. These are: (1) ensuring effective oversight and governance relevant to Africa; (2) translating the goals to meet the African context; (3) making the case for restoration amid multiple development demands; (4) growing an African restoration community of practice based on regional need; (5) collaborating to improve restoration outcomes; and (6) establishing an Africa‐relevant evidence base for restoration. We believe that these six key areas—even though they are not all novel—are currently not addressed at a level that matches the scale of the problem on the continent. Although the specific actions to be taken under each key area are dependent on the restoration context, integrating these key areas in the planning and implementation of restoration efforts will likely lead to improved restoration outcomes during the Decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Combining Rainwater Harvesting and Grass Reseeding to Revegetate Denuded African Semi-arid Landscapes

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., primary, Bosma, Luwieke, additional, Amollo, Kevin O., additional, Kioko, Theophilus, additional, Kadenyi, Nancy, additional, Ndathi, Aphaxard J. N., additional, Wambua, Stephen M., additional, Kaindi, Eric M., additional, Musyoki, Gilbert K., additional, Musimba, Nashon K. R., additional, and van Steenbergen, Frank, additional

Published
2021
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27. Leaf gas exchange characteristics, biomass partitioning, and water use efficiencies of two C4African grasses under simulated drought

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., Kuhla, Jana, Carminati, Andrea, Pausch, Johanna, Ahmed, Mutez A., and Sollenberger, Lynn

Abstract

Few studies have evaluated the effect of drought on the morpho‐physiological characteristics of African C4grasses. We investigated how drought affects leaf gas exchange characteristics, biomass partitioning, and water use efficiencies of Enteropogon macrostachyusand Cenchrus ciliaris. The grasses were grown in a controlled environment under optimum conditions, that is, 70% of the maximum water‐holding capacity (WHC) for the first 40 days. Thereafter, half of the columns were maintained under optimum or drought conditions (30% of maximum WHC) for another 20 days. Under optimum conditions, C. ciliarisshowed a significantly higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate than E. macrostachyus. Drought decreased the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate only in C. ciliaris. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration of E. macrostachyusdid not differ significantly under optimum and drought conditions. E. macrostachyusshowed an increase in its water use efficiencies under drought to a greater extent than C. ciliaris. Our results demonstrate that C. ciliarisis more sensitive to drought than E. macrostachyus. The decrease in the intercellular CO2concentration and the increase in stomatal limitation with drought in C. ciliarisand E. macrostachyussuggest that stomatal limitation plays the dominant role in photosynthesis of the studied African C4grasses. The LI‐6400/XT Portable Photosynthesis System was used to measure leaf gas exchange characteristics of two C4 perennial grasses native to African rangelands, that is, Cenchrus ciliaris(African foxtail grass) and Enteropogon macrostachyus(Bush rye grass), under optimum and drought conditions.

Published
2023
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30. Plant Morphoecological Traits, Grass-Weed Interactions and Water Use Efficiencies of Grasses Used for Restoration of African Rangelands

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., primary, Kaindi, Eric, additional, Ndathi, Aphaxard J. N., additional, Bosma, Luwieke, additional, Kioko, Theophilus, additional, Kadenyi, Nancy, additional, Musyoki, Gilbert K., additional, Wambua, Stephen, additional, van Steenbergen, Frank, additional, and Musimba, Nashon K. R., additional

Published
2021
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33. Grass reseeding technology as a means of rehabilitating degraded lands and improving livelihoods of agro-pastoral communities in semi-arid Kenya

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., Musimba, Nashon K.R., Nyangito, Moses M., Nyariki, Dickson M., Mwangombe, A.W., Ekaya, Wellongton N., Muiru, William M., Clavel, Danièle, Francis, J., Von Kaufmann, Ralph, and Verhagen, Jan

Subjects
P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Herbage, Conservation des sols, Eragrostis superba, Réensemencement, Plante de couverture, Système agropastoral, Enteropogon, Propriété physicochimique du sol, Zone semi-aride, Hydrologie, Cenchrus ciliaris
Abstract

Land degradation is a major problem in the semi-arid environments of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fighting land degradation is essential to ensure the sustainable and long-term productivity of the inhabited semi-arid lands. Cenchrus ciliaris (African foxtail grass), Enteropogon macrostachyus (bush rye) and Eragrostis superba (Maasai love grass) are important perennial grasses in the Eastern African semi-arid lands. A study was conducted to establish the contribution of these indigenous grasses in improving soil hydrological properties, rehabilitation, food security and the livelihoods of agro-pastoral communities in semi-arid districts of Kenya. Soil hydrological properties were tested using a Kamphorst simulator at different stubble heights to represent three different grazing intensities (low, medium, high). Ground cover was estimated using the step-point method. A survey was also conducted across 50 agro-pastoral households to establish the multidimensional benefits of the grasses. Sediment production (as a function of run-off and infiltration capacity) was significantly different (P

Published
2011

34. Technologie de réensemencement d'herbages graminacées comme moyen de réhabilitation des terres dégradées et d'amélioration des moyens de subsistance des communautés agro-pastorales dans la région semi-aride du Kenya

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., Musimba, Nashon K.R., Nyangito, Moses M., Nyariki, Dickson M., Mwangombe, A.W., Ekaya, Wellongton N., Muiru, William M., Clavel, Danièle, Francis, J., Von Kaufmann, Ralph, and Verhagen, Jan

Subjects
P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Herbage, Conservation des sols, Eragrostis superba, Réensemencement, Plante de couverture, Système agropastoral, Enteropogon, Propriété physicochimique du sol, Zone semi-aride, Cenchrus ciliaris, Hydrologie
Abstract

La dégradation du sol constitue un problème majeur dans les zones semi-arides d'Afrique subsaharienne. La lutte contre cette dégradation du sol est capitale pour garantir une productivité durable et à long terme des terres semi-arides habitées. Le Cenchrus ciliaris (vulpin des prés africains), l'Enteropogon macrostachyus (seigle sauvage) et l'Eragrostis superba (Eragrostis Maasai) sont d'importantes graminées vivaces dans les zones semi-arides d'Afrique de l'Est. Une étude a été faite pour évaluer la contribution de ces herbages graminacées indigènes à l'amélioration des propriétés hydrologiques du sol, la réhabilitation, la sécurité alimentaire et les moyens de subsistance des communautés agro-pastorales dans les districts semi-arides du Kenya. Les propriétés hydrologiques du sol ont été testées à l'aide d'un simulateur Kamphorst, à diverses hauteurs de chaume, pour donner une image de trois différentes intensités de pâturage (faible, moyenne, élevée). L'estimation de la couverture végétale s'est faite à l'aide de la méthode d'échantillonnage step-point. Une étude a également été réalisée dans 50 ménages agro-pastoraux pour évaluer les avantages multidimensionnels des herbages graminacées. La production de sédiments (comme fonction d'écoulement et capacité d'infiltration) était considérablement différente (P

Published
2011

36. Dry matter yields and hydrological properties of three perennial grasses of a semi-arid environment in east Africa

Author

Mganga, Kevin Z., Musimba, Nashon K.R., Nyariki, Dickson M., Nyangito, Moses M., Mwang'ombe, Agnès W., Ekaya, Wellongton N., Clavel, Danièle, Francis, Judith Ann, Von Kaufmann, Ralph, Verhagen, Jan, and Muiru, William M.

Subjects
otorhinolaryngologic diseases, food and beverages, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement
Abstract

Enteropogon macrostachyus (Bush rye), Cenchrus ciliaris L. (African foxtail grass) and Eragrostis superba Peyr (Maasai love grass) are important perennial rangeland grasses in Kenya. They provide an important source of forage for domestic livestock and wild ungulates. These grasses have been used extensively to rehabilitate denuded patches in semi-arid environment of Kenya. This study investigated the dry matter yields and hydrological properties of the three grasses under simulated rainfall at three phenological stages; early growth, elongation and reproduction. Laboratory seed viability tests were also done. Hydrological properties of the three grasses were estimated using a Kamphorst rainfall simulator. Results showed that there was a significant difference (p > 0.05) in dry matter yields and soil hydrological properties at the different grass phenological stages. Generally, all the three grasses improved the soil hydrological properties with an increase in grass stubble height. C. ciliaris gave the best soil hydrological properties followed by E. macrostachyus and E. superba, respectively. E. macrostachyus recorded the highest seed viability percentage. C. ciliaris and E. superba were ranked second and third, respectively. C. ciliaris yielded the highest biomass production at the reproductive stage followed by E. superba and E. macrostachyus, respectively.

Published
2010

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