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An optimization model is developed based on the Input–Output model to assess the potential impacts of industrial structure on the energy consumption and CO 2 emission. The method is applied to a case study of industrial structure adjustment in Beijing, China. Results demonstrate that industrial structure adjustment has great potential of energy conservation and carbon reduction. When the average annual growth rate of GDP is 8.29% from 2010 to 2020, industrial structure adjustment can save energy by 39.42% (50.06 million tons of standard coal equivalent), and reduce CO 2 emission by 46.06% (96.31 million tons) in Beijing in 2020. Second, Beijing had better strive to develop several low energy intensive and low carbon intensive sectors, such as information transmission, computer service and software, and finance. Third, energy intensity is possible to decrease without negatively affecting economic growth by reasonable industrial structure adjustment. Four, compared to “intensity targets”, “total amount targets” are more effective on the energy conservation and carbon reduction, but have much greater negative effects on economic growth. Therefore, it needs to be balanced between “total amount targets” and “intensity targets”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on 29 existing climate change integrated assessment models (IAM), this paper discusses the progress of integrated assessment models for climate policy with five key aspects in IAMs including model structure, uncertainty, equity, technical change and abatement mechanism. There are three main categories in IAMs including optimization models, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models and simulation models. In order to model the uncertainties in climate change, IAMs in the future need to answer questions such as the probability distribution of the effects of climate change, the degree to which human society is risk averse and the rate at which human society discounts future benefits and costs relative to those in the present. As for the intergenerational equity, prescriptionist supports the low discount rate and immediate actions in climate policies, while descriptionist supports the high discount rate and "step-by-step" actions in climate policies. As for the international equity, IAMs should place greater welfare weights on the low-income regions. IAMs have the tendency to make technical change endogenous by three approaches including direct price-induced, R&D-induced and learning-induced. As for the GHG emission reduction mechanism, most researchers who use the cost-benefit analysis consider that quantity-based mechanisms are more efficient than price-based mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Paris Agreement, China has the ambition to develop non-fossil energy which will account for 20% of the total energy consumption in 2030. China has abundant biomass potential implying the bioenergy should be an important option of non-fossil energy. In this analysis, we present an representative biogas project (the Deqingyuan project, DQY) in Beijing and conduct a cost-benefit analysis for the whole value chain. DQY is the first large-scale biogas project in China that utilizes 100% chicken manure as a feedstock and integrates biogas production with ecological agriculture using advanced technologies. DQY uses 80,000 t of chicken manure and 100,000 t of sewage each year to produce biogas, which generates 14 million KWh of power annually, and obtains an additional revenue of RMB 8 million yuan each year through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Operating as an example of a sustainable bioenergy model, DQY accomplishes the full use of a recycled resource while showing consideration for animal welfare during the entire production, which is a fundamental component of the new rural energy strategy. The circular economy model of DQY plays a prominent role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating pollution, and increasing employment, among other benefits. This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the typical demonstration model (DQY) in utilization of agricultural waste in China, and further proposes a general development model of Chinese biogas in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a large economic and demographic exposure to extreme events that is increasing rapidly due to its fast development, and climate change may further aggravate the situation. This paper investigates China's socioeconomic risk from extreme events under climate change over the next few decades with a focus on sub-national heterogeneity. The empirical relationships between socioeconomic damages and their determinants are identified using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, and are used to estimate future damages as well as associated uncertainty bounds given specified climate and development scenarios. Considering projected changes in exposure, we find that the southwest and central regions and Hainan Island of China are likely to have a larger percentage of population at risk, while most of the southwest and central regions could generally have higher economic losses. Finally, the analysis suggests that increasing income can significantly decrease the number of people affected by extremes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calculates the energy consumption and CO emissions of Beijing over 2005-2011 in light of the Beijing's energy balance table and the carbon emission coefficients of IPCC. Furthermore, based on a series of energy conservation planning program issued in Beijing, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP)-BJ model is developed to study the energy consumption and CO emissions of Beijing's six end-use sectors and the energy conversion sector over 2012-2030 under the BAU scenario and POL scenario. Some results are found in this research: (1) During 2005-2011, the energy consumption kept increasing, while the total CO emissions fluctuated obviously in 2008 and 2011. The energy structure and the industrial structure have been optimized to a certain extent. (2) If the policies are completely implemented, the POL scenario is projected to save 21.36 and 35.37 % of the total energy consumption and CO emissions than the BAU scenario during 2012 and 2030. (3) The POL scenario presents a more optimized energy structure compared with the BAU scenario, with the decrease of coal consumption and the increase of natural gas consumption. (4) The commerce and service sector and the energy conversion sector will become the largest contributor to energy consumption and CO emissions, respectively. The transport sector and the industrial sector are the two most potential sectors in energy savings and carbon reduction. In terms of subscenarios, the energy conservation in transport (TEC) is the most effective one. (5) The macroparameters, such as the GDP growth rate and the industrial structure, have great influence on the urban energy consumption and carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]