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The intensively developing horticultural therapy proves the healing power of human contact with nature. This article analyses the process of self-therapy taking place in contact between a person and a garden both as its guest (passive horticultural therapy mode) and as its host (active horticultural therapy mode). It has been established that passive and active horticultural therapy includes activities involving the physical (sensations), mental (cognition), emotional (affections) and spiritual (reflections) spheres, which have been distinguished as internal human activities, while active garden therapy additionally involves the functional sphere as its external activity. Exposure to sensory stimuli initiates changes in a person’s cognitive, emotional and spiritual sensitivity, leading to self-cognition. At this stage, it is possible to switch from the identity of the visitor in the garden (performer of the action) to the identity of its host (perpetrator of the act). At this level, when creating a garden, a person experiences the values of freedom, goodness and beauty, which leads to self-transformation through self-experience. Changes taking place in a person may, in turn, translate into his horticultural activity. The ontological and axiological description proposed in the article aims to include the way of thinking derived from the Polish philosophical tradition into the international eco-pedagogical discourse.

The development of topics related to the idea of sustainable development, ecology and the climate crisis is increasingly supported by Polish educators, psychologists and therapists. At the same time, forest kindergartens as well as various grassroots initiatives based on the methodology of outdoor education are developing in Poland. The long-term achievements of practitioners - most often employees of the State Forests - for whom the forest education of the society has been one of the priorities since the early 1990s, deserves special appreciation (Wierzbicka and Czołnik 2022). In 2021, Forest Pedagogy was initiated in Poland as an interdisciplinary problem area, aspiring to a scientific sub-discipline (Paluch and Klimski 2022). The first contacts between foresters and educators gave rise to the question: Can the forest become a real “pedagogical medium” (Rykowski 2022), understood as an educational environment? What became clear was the problem of the similarity of the forest monoculture (management forests dominating in Poland) to the educational monoculture of the school and academic classroom system. Each monoculture is created with the view of matching the production demand for relatively identical objects – on the one hand, these can be trees “for boards”, but on the other hand, young people subjected to a systemic process of “labour force allocation” (Parsons 1969), serving the development of consumer attitudes. In both cases, the goal is to accelerate production, artificially stimulated competition, preventing the attainment of full maturity, or replicating an unambiguous and one-dimensional picture of the world. A symbolic illustration of the last phenomenon are the findings of a qualitative pilot study in which two groups of students completing a Forest Pedagogy course were asked to design a forest kindergarten. As it turned out, the respondents most often drew ordered elements of the urban playground infrastructure: swings, slides and sandboxes, in the vicinity of the building of the local kindergarten, which dominated the drawing. What is particularly poignant, in the analysed drawings the forest was only a symbolic background.

Treść artykułu stanowi próbę otwarcia perspektywy badań pedagogicznych, w której dziecko i dorosły nie stanowią centrum poznawczego, ale stają wobec wyrażania się Natury, a dosłowniej Lasu jako medium pedagogicznego. Zapis wielką literą pojawia się również w zaproponowanej koncepcji przyrodo-Słowia, która stanowić może kulturowo-rodzime nawiązanie do anglosaskiego przyrodopisarstwa (ang. nature-writing). O ile to ostatnie eksponuje estetyczny i artystyczny walor świadectwa kontaktu z naturą w postaci osobistej eseistyki, o tyle estetyką przyrodo-Słowia, z jej etycznym i pragmatycznym uzasadnieniem, jest umiejętnością milczenia, słuchania własnego słuchania, szeptu, zająknięcia i ogólnie ujmując – zrównoważonego sposobu mówienia. Propozycja ta stanowi próbę wskazania na możliwe teoretyczne i praktyczne fundamentum pedagogii i pedagogiki lasu, nie podejmując jeszcze pogłębionych refleksji nad metodologią własnego przedmiotu. Dlatego w artykule wyeksponowano przede wszystkim dokonania współczesnej myśli humanistycznej w Polsce (dwoistość versus od-uczanie się, kompetencje głębokie, pedagogika akuologiczna), które stanowić mogą pierwsze ścieżki konceptualizacji, inicjujące podłoże definicyjne, semantyczne i w przyszłości metodologiczne dla inter- i transdyscyplinarnej inicjatywy nazwanej pedagogiką lasu.

Introduction and purpose Microscopic colitis is multicausal inflammatory bowel disease, which affects mostly elderly, particularly women. It is a cause of chronic, watery diarrhea. MC usually presents macroscopically normal, thus diagnosis requires colonoscopy and histological examination of colonic biopsies. MC doesn’t increase risk of colon cancer. However, it leads to impaired patients’ quality of life and reduced living activity. This review aims to sum up the current state of knowledge about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of microscopic colitis. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: „microscopic colitis”, “microscopic colitis treatment”, „microscopic colitis pathogenesis”, and “ microscopic colitis diagnosis”. Conclusions Diagnosis of MC is often delayed due to similarity of clinical manifestation with other inflammatory bowel diseases, like IBS or IBD. Raising awareness about MC as a potential cause of chronic diarrhea can lead to earlier diagnosis and increased patients’ quality of life.

Introduction: Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare condition which can be defined as hepatic venous outflow obstruction occurring at any level between the small hepatic veins and junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. Symptoms may vary from mild or even asymptomatic for many years to fulminant hepatic failure. Imaging is the mainstay of diagnosis of BCS. Laboratory and ematological tests are invaluable in recognizing hematological and coagulation disorders that may be identified in up to 75% of the patients. The recommended therapeutic approach to BCS is based on a stepwise algorithm beginning with medical treatment, endovascular treatment to restore vessel patency, placement of transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and orthotopic liver transplantation as a last resort rescue treatment. The aim of the study: This study aims to gather current knowledge about clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Materials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and Google Scholar web search engine, using the keywords: ’Budd-Chiari syndrome’ ,’hepatic venous outflow obstruction’. Conclusions: The treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome requires interdisciplinary cooperation, which has resulted in the increasing curability of this rare disease over the last years.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a collective term for heterogeneous metabolic disorders, the main factor of which is chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion or action. It affects the damage, dysfunction and performance of various organs. The aim of the study The purpose of this article is to discuss type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presentation of the mechanisms involved in it and the complications it causes in the various organs. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed data base. The research was done by looking through keywords such as: ,,type 2 diabetes”, ,,diabetic cardiomyopathy”, ,,diabetic nephropathy”, ,,diabetic neuropathy”, ,,diabetic foot”, ,,diabetic retinopathy”, ,, risk factors for type 2 diabetes”. Conclusions Many studies have shown that the presence of type 2 diabetes adversely affects the body. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of organ complications, which significantly reduces the quality and shortens the life of patients. For that reason, care should be taken to reduce the incidence rate of this type of diabetes and to prevent and detect its complications early. Therefore, new initiatives and research should be undertaken to broadly understand the risk factors and mechanisms of developing type 2 diabetes complications.

Introduction: Sweat secretion is a physiological process controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and it operates independently of our will. Primary hyperhidrosis is a disease characterized by excessive sweating, which is thought to result from localized hyperstimulation of sweat glands by cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers. It can be associated with significant occupational, physical and emotional impairment, as well as significant difficulties in social situations and personal relationships. Available therapies are limited by their short-term efficacy and, in some cases, significant side effects that can expose patients to potentially serious complications. One treatment for primary hyperhidrosis is chemodenervation of the sweat glands using botulinum toxin type A. Objective: To review the current literature and recent reports on hyperhidrosis treatment therapies. To discuss the mechanism of action and the role of botulinum toxin in treatment, as well as the potential risks associated with undertaking treatment. Materials and method: Literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct Conclusions: Intradermal injection of botulinum toxin A is an effective and safe therapy for severe axillary, palmar, forehead, neck and foot hyperhidrosis. Current knowledge does not indicate that this therapy is associated with dangerous complications. Unfortunately, it is not a method that permanently solves the problem of sufferers.

Introduction Meyer-Rokitanski-Küster-Hauser syndrome, also reffered to as Müllerian aplasia, is a congenital disorder characterized by agenesis or hypoplasia of the uterus and upper part of the vagina in female with normal female karyotype (46,XX). In these women the external genitalia have a normal structure and their internal endocrine organs function properly. Most often, this syndrome is diagnosed in adolescence due to primary amenorrhea. Material and methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed data base and Google Scholar data and published between 2011 and 2021. The research was done by looking through keywords such as:“Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome”, “MRKH syndrome”, “uterine agenesis” and “primary amenorrhea”, "vaginal agenesis", "uterus transplantation". Conclusions Recent scientific achievements have shown how much can be changed in the lives of patients with MRKH syndrome. It should be remembered that this is a disease that needs treatment by specialists in many fields. Treatment should include not only medical side of problem but also should take care of psychical side of patients life. During the last 10 years several advances have been made in MRKH syndrome research, especially within the fields of genetics, non-surgical management, and uterus transplantation as the first available fertility treatment.

Introduction The prostate gland is a small reproductive organ found in men. It consists of 3 zones: central, peripheral and transitional. The most common localization of prostate cancer in elderly men is the peripheral zone. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. It ranks second in terms of incidence and fifth in terms of lethality among men worldwide. There are many factors that contribute to the development of prostate cancer in men. We can divide them into two large groups: genetic factors and environmental factors. These include, among others: older age, ethnicity / race, positive family history, genetic predisposition, type of diet, obesity, smoking or higher height. Each of the above factors has a different impact on the incidence of prostate cancer, which has been demonstrated on the basis of the results of numerous studies and will be summarized in the following review. Materiał and Methods This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: „Prostate Cancer”, „Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer” and „Risk factors of Prostate Cancer”. Conclusions Prostate cancer is a serious problem affecting men all over the world. Every year we observe an increasing incidence of this disease, which makes prostate cancer one of the most common cancers affecting men. There are many factors affecting the occurrence of this cancer, but it is extremely difficult to study their exact impact on the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, new initiatives and research should be undertaken to broadly understand the etiology and risk factors of this cancer.

HPV infection is one of the most common viral infection of the female and male reproductive tract worldwide. Most of the human papillomavirus infections cause no symptoms and go away on their own. Some infections develop into persistent infection, which can lead to the development of cancer of the cervix, anogenital, oral cavity and pharynx.In this paper, we focused on cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer in the world among women. More than 300,000 women died from this cancer in 2020. The invention and introduction of prophylactic HPV vaccines has played a significant role in reducing the number of viral infections, thus reducing the incidence of benign and malignant diseases caused by them and the mortality resulting from them. There are three vaccines on the pharmaceutical marketfor prevention of specific HPV infection. They are: a bivalent vaccine Cervarix, a tetravalent vaccine Gardasil and a nonavalent vaccine Gardasil 9. These vaccines are safe because they do not contain an attenuated virus particle, but their production is based on a virus-like particle of the main capsid protein L1-VLP. Gardasil 9 targets nine HPV types andcomparing to the other two vaccines it is the most effective at preventing the development of preinvasive cervical cancer. WHO recommends administering them to girls aged 9 to 14 in a two-dose schedule or from 15 years of age in a three-dose schedule. The side effects of the above-mentioned vaccines were mostly associated with a cutaneous reactions around the site of injection (pain, redness, swelling), and some people also experienced systemic symptoms such as a headache, a fever, vomiting, a dizziness, muscle pain and a diarrhea. The following article is an analysis of the current knowledge on the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines based on publications available in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.

Introduction and purpose: Ogilvie's syndrome is an acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon characterized by massive dilatation of the large intestine without mechanical obstruction. The aim of this publication is to review publications and case reports concerning this disease and therapeutic management. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Ogilvie's syndrome was first described in 1948. The assumed pathogenesis of the disease is increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and/or decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most often it concerns hospitalized patients, in a serious general condition, after major injuries, operations, and pregnant or postpartum women. The importance of viral infections in the pathogenesis, including COVID-19 in recent years, is also indicated. It is important to eliminate possible organic causes of obstruction and to assess the diameter of the dilated bowel. Therapeutic options include conservative treatment, pharmacological treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, endoscopic bowel decompression and surgical treatment. Lack of medical intervention can lead to ischemia and intestinal perforation. Conclusion: Ogilvie's syndrome is a rare condition in which complications can be minimized with proper assessment, care and treatment. The progress of pharmacological and endoscopic therapy allows to reduce the need for surgical intervention, and thus - the patient's unnecessary burden.

Proper and healthy sleep is an element of everyday life necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Unfortunately, a large part of humanity cannot experience proper rest, due to sleep disorders such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, obturative sleep apnea and other diseases that complicate sleep. There are not many ways to treat sleep disorders and their use is often associated with difficulties in everyday life and side effects of the used methods. Work on this subject is still ongoing, with time there are more and more new possibilities and different, unconventional applications of substances discovered long ago. Plants containing cannabinoids have been known to mankind since ancient times. And this cannabinoids can have huge importance and contribute to the treatment and prevention of sleep disorders. Studies on the impact of these substances on sleep and sleep disorders are limited, which leads to the fact that in many countries their use is still prohibited. And therefore undertaking research on this topic requires a lot of effort. However, the data that has been collected so far on the subject of the influence of cannabinoids on sleep disorders carry optimistic information. Cannabinoids in the correct doses and ratio as to the content of individual subgroups can bring relief to people suffering from lack of proper sleep. However, the negative effects of these substances should not be forgotten. Chronic use, too high doses or improper application can have a negative impact on the quality of sleep.

INTRODUCTION: Retinoids are a broad group of natural and synthetic compounds derived from vitamin A. Many studies have shown strong anti-aging effects, and they have also been shown to have therapeutic effects on acne vulgaris or psoriasis. Vitamin A and its derivatives make the skin more elastic and smooth, cause a decrease in fine wrinkles and cause an increase in fibroblast activity and collagen fiber production. Retinoid compounds regulate biological processes of the skin such as immune processes, angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation. THE AIM OF STUDY: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of retinoids and the use of the substances in skin diseases. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct and evaluation of available randomized controlled trials using retinoids in terms of treatment effectiveness in terms of skin quality, anti-aging benefits use in dermatology. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin A and its derivatives plays an important role in anty-aging prevention and treatment of skin diseases, such as acne vulgaris, psoriasis and photo-aging. There are still many ongoing studies and not known opportunities of its use to treat other skin diseases that we should be aware of and keep track of new papers that indicate such.

The paper describes a new method using Hopfield artificial neural network combined with technical analysis fractal analysis and feed-forward artificial neural networks for predicting share prices for a next day on a Stock Exchange. The developed method and networks are implemented in an Expert System, which is proposed as a valuable comprehensive, analytical tool. A new algorithm for artificial neural networks training and testing is also presented. It automatically chooses the best network structure, and the most important input parameters.

This paper presents new methods and models for forecasting stock prices and computing hybrid models, combining analytical and neural approaches. First, technical and fractal analyses are conducted and selected stock market indices calculated, such as moving averages and oscillators. Next, on the basis of these indices, an artificial neural network (ANN) provides predictions one day ahead of the closing prices of the assets. New technical analysis indicators using fractal modeling are also proposed. Three kinds of hybrid model with different degrees of fractal analysis were considered. The new hybrid modeling approach was compared to previous ANN-based prediction methods. The results showed that the hybrid model with fractal analysis outperforms other models and is more robust over longer periods of time.