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ZusammenfassungBildungsaspirationen – Ziele, die als erstrebenswert und möglich betrachtet werden – hängen von der sozialen Herkunft ab und wirken sich auf die Bildungserfolge aus. Somit sind sie ein wesentlicher Faktor in der Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit: Höhere soziale Positionen der Eltern gehen mit höheren Aspirationen von Jugendlichen einher. Liegt ein Migrationshintergrund vor, sind die Aspirationen tendenziell ambitionierter als wenn dies nicht der Fall ist. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialer Position der Eltern und den Aspirationen der Jugendlichen im Migrationskontext sind bislang jedoch nicht ausreichend geklärt. Auf Basis des Projektes „Wege in die Zukunft“, in dem Schüler*innen der 4. Klasse NMS in Wien 2018 online befragt wurden (n = 2850) zeigen wir, dass je nach Migrationsgeneration der Bildungshintergrund der Eltern (Indikator für die soziale Herkunft) die idealistische Bildungsaspiration unterschiedlich beeinflusst. Weiters divergieren die realistischen Bildungsaspirationen nicht nach Migrationshintergrund, sondern lediglich nach dem Bildungshintergrund. Im Migrationskontext ergeben sich also spezifische Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialer Herkunft und idealistischen sowie realistischen Bildungsaspirationen, die anknüpfende theoretische und empirische Forschung notwendig machen.

This article examines the experiences of artists who were forced to leave their homes due to war, persecution, and violence that (re-)started their artistic careers in their arrival countries. Base...

This article examines an emerging phenomenon within the South Asian economy in Hong Kong: Disadvantaged entrepreneurs, mainly from Pakistan, Nepal and India, have adopted breakout strategies to target other disadvantaged migrants, particularly Indonesian and Filipino foreign domestic workers. This challenges the widely shared assumption that breakout strategies of migrant entrepreneurs address primarily the mainstream population. By applying Erving Goffman’s notion of frame, we focus on how these entrepreneurs understand and interpret their (change of) market orientation in the context of a specific entrepreneurial environment, where power asymmetries exist in the economic and political constellation between the ethnic majority and various groups of migrants. Regarding methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and analyses were done based on 15 business units with 19 migrant entrepreneurs targeting other marginalised migrant groups with whom they share stigmatisation by the ethnic majority. The findings reveal that four frames around “marginality” and “familiarity” play a crucial role in shaping South Asian migrant entrepreneurs’ market orientation and strategies: a) shared experiences of discrimination, b) unwanted locality as resources, c) common culture, and d) race-based affinity and sympathy. These results contribute to the debates by adding a rather neglected form of market orientation to the diversification of migrant entrepreneurial strategies in existing literature, supplementing the economic and social explanations by applying a cultural sociological perspective of social inequality, and critically reviewing the assumption that breakout automatically generates economic success and social mobility.

Discovered exactly 200 years ago in 1821, thermoelectricity is nowadays of global interest as it allows to directly interconvert thermal and electrical energy via the Seebeck/Peltier effect, which could be exploited to enhance energy efficiency. In their seminal work, Mahan and Sofo mathematically derived the conditions for ’the best thermoelectric’ − a delta-distribution-shaped electronic transport function, where charge carriers contribute to transport only in an infinitely narrow energy interval. So far, however, only approximations to this concept were expected to really exist in nature. Here, we propose as a physical realisation of this scenario the Anderson transition in an impurity band, i.e. the transition from Anderson-localised to extended quantum states. We obtained a significant enhancement and dramatic change of the thermoelectric properties from p-type to n-type in the stoichiometric Heusler compound Fe2VAl, which we assign to a narrow region of delocalised electrons in the energy spectrum near the Fermi energy. We achieved this through an innovative approach of driving the Anderson transition via continuous disorder tuning: variable amounts of atomic defects are induced in a controlled fashion by thermal quenching from high temperatures (950 − 1380 °C). Based on our experimental electronic transport and magnetisation results, supported by Monte-Carlo and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate a universal enhancement strategy towards colossal thermoelectric performance that is applicable to diverse material classes.

Linking the fundamental physics of band structure and scattering theory with macroscopic features such as measured temperature dependencies of electronic and thermal transport is indispensable to a thorough understanding of thermoelectric phenomena and ensures more targeted and efficient experimental research. Regarding ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$-based compounds, experimental work has seen mostly qualitative and often speculative interpretations, preventing this class of materials from tapping their full potential when it comes to applications. In this paper, the temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity of a set of $p$-type and $n$-type samples with the composition ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ta}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Si}}_{y}$ are presented from 4 K up to 800 K as well as the Hall mobility and carrier concentration from 4 K to 520 K. We attempt a quantitative analysis of our data using a parabolic two- and three-band model and compare the model results with those from density functional theory calculations. Our findings show an increase of the band gap ${E}_{\text{g}}$ from almost zero in undoped ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ toward ${E}_{\text{g}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ with increasing Ta substitution, consistent with results from first-principles calculations. Due to the resulting enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient, the maximum power factor is boosted up to 10.3 mW/${\mathrm{mK}}^{2}$, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest value among $n$-type bulk semiconductor systems reported near room temperature up until now. We further show that for the $p$-type ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ta}}_{x}\mathrm{Al}$ compounds, the dominant scattering mechanism of electrons is intrinsically different compared to the $n$-type samples, for which acoustic phonon scattering can well describe the temperature-dependent Hall mobility in a broad range of temperatures.

Full-Heusler compounds with the composition Fe2V1-XTaxAl1-YSiy have recently shown to exhibit some of thehighest power factors reported so far for bulk materials due to the band convergence and band gap opening causedby the V/Ta substitution. Therefore, the solubility limit of Ta and Si regarding the stability of the L21 phase isinvestigated in this study. The crystal structure and microstructure of a large number of samples is probed by X-raydiffraction as well as scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results show that the Al/Si substitution significantly hampers the solubility of Ta within the Heusler structure. Furthermore, Fe2V0.9Ta0.1Al and Fe2V0.95Ta0.05Al0.9Si0.1 reveal nanoscale impurity precipitates in the microstructure, together with diffuse contrasts that indicate a non-equilibrium metastable state. For that reason, different annealing conditions, varying the temperature and time, have been applied to the latter and the effect on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties is investigated. It is found that additional annealing leads to further phase segregation and grain growth of the impurity precipitates, which due to their metallic-like nature have a detrimental effect on the Seebeck coefficient. They can however effectively reduce the lattice thermal conductivity if the average grain size remains below the phonon mean free path. The thermoelectric efficiency in terms of the dimensionless gure of merit ZT is increased up to ZT = 0.3 - 0.34 at 300K which is beyond the values previously reported for Fe2VAl-based bulk materials.

A series of full Heusler alloys, ${\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{W}}_{x}\text{Al}$, $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.2$, was prepared and characterized, and relevant physical properties to account for the thermoelectric performance were studied in a wide temperature range. Additionally, off-stoichiometric samples with similar compositions have been included, and a 10% improvement of the thermoelectric figure of merit was obtained. The V/W substitution causes (i) a change of the main carrier type, from holes to electrons as evidenced from Seebeck and Hall measurements, and (ii) a substantial reduction of the lattice thermal conductivity due to a creation of lattice disorder by means of a distinct different mass and metallic radius upon the V/W substitution. Moreover $ZT$ values above 0.2 have been obtained. A microscopic understanding of the experimental data observed is revealed from ab initio calculations of the electronic and phononic structure. This series of alloys constitutes the basis for thin film systems, which have recently been found to exhibit $ZT$ values beyond those reported so far in the literature.

This paper explores ethnic majority consumption practices in immigrant economies. Drawing on recent debates on cosmopolitanism, we focus on the question of how the use of immigrant shops by members of the ethnic majority is intertwined with the erosion and/or the (re)production of symbolic boundaries. We conducted 31 in-depth interviews and 15 go-alongs with consumers in immigrant grocery shops in Vienna. Our findings show how consumption is based upon and shaped by the various ways consumers attribute meaning to the shops, the products on offer as well as their shopping experiences. We identified five different types of consumption: consuming nostalgia, consuming patronage, consuming change, consuming alterity and consuming diversity. However, we only consider the latter two as cosmopolitan consumption in a narrower sense. We show that within these types, the expression of openness towards ‘the other’ constitutes a form of cultural capital displayed by members of the privileged classes. The artic...

Full-Heusler compounds with the composition Fe 2 V 1 − x Ta x Al 1 − y Si y have recently shown to exhibit some of the highest thermoelectric power factors reported so far among bulk materials due to the band convergence and band gap opening caused by the V/Ta substitution. Therefore, the solubility limit of Ta and Si regarding the stability of the L2 1 phase is investigated in this study. The crystal structure and microstructure of a large number of samples is probed by X-ray diffraction as well as scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results show that the Al/Si substitution significantly hampers the solubility of Ta within the Heusler structure. Furthermore, Fe 2 V 0.9 Ta 0.1 Al and Fe 2 V 0.95 Ta 0.05 Al 0.9 Si 0.1 reveal nanoscale impurity precipitates in the microstructure, together with diffuse contrasts that indicate a non-equilibrium metastable state. For that reason, different annealing conditions, varying temperature and time, have been applied to the latter and the effect on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties is investigated. It is found that additional annealing leads to further phase segregation and grain growth of the impurity precipitates, which have a detrimental effect on the Seebeck coefficient due to their metallic-like nature. They can, however, effectively reduce the lattice thermal conductivity if their average size remains below the phonon mean free path. The thermoelectric efficiency in terms of the dimensionless figure of merit Z T is increased up to Z T = 0.3 − 0.34 at 300 K which is beyond the values previously reported for Fe 2 VAl -based bulk materials.

This article examines how immigrant entrepreneurs ‘break-out’ of their reliance on co-ethnic markets by becoming attractive to customers beyond their own ethnic community. So far, break-out has been considered mainly an economically driven and consciously implemented strategy. By drawing upon interviews with small business owners in the Turkish food retailing sector in Vienna, as well as crowd-sourced reviews about immigrant businesses on online platforms, I want to complement this view in two aspects: First, there is considerable evidence that the entrepreneurs’ market orientation is shaped by their social embeddedness which is expressed by referring to the contradictory contexts of different expectations – not only those of their own community but also those of the majority community. Second, by using the example of the entrepreneur’s urban neighbourhood, it is suggested that break-out is not solely the result of a deliberately adopted strategy, but rather the outcome of factors far beyond the ...

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the methodological practice of Go-Alongs for exploring immigrant entrepreneurs’ native customers, a barely developed subfield within immigrant business research. Through accompanying individuals on outings in their familiar environments, Go-Alongs as a qualitative data collection method are used to gain access to practices, experiences and interpretations of individuals in their everyday routines. Drawing on current qualitative research on native customers in immigrant grocery shops in Vienna, the article demonstrates how Go-Alongs can be used for exploring consumption practices and patterns of interethnic interaction in this specific setting. What becomes apparent is that Go-Alongs provide an opportunity to gain access to reflexive aspects of lived experience in situ, in the present case expressed by spontaneous and emotional comments when the shop, ethnic products or interethnic interactions are commented on and evaluated. Moreover, Go-Alongs allow insights into modes of self-expression. However, Go-Alongs have limitations as they cannot capture consumption practices beyond the limited time and space of shopping. Furthermore, they do not fully provide access to narratives and discourses; therefore, Go-Alongs are most useful in combination with in-depth interviews.

Migrant businesses play a crucial role not only in the economies of Western European cities, but also in the revaluation of urban space. Alongside their relevance to physical neighborhood development, migrant businesses seem to be crucial in transforming urban spaces symbolically. Although there is some evidence from migrant business research and the literature on gentrification, the phenomenon has not yet been studied systematically. We therefore propose a research agenda that addresses the relationship between migrant businesses and the symbolic transformation of urban neighborhoods.

Der Beitrag diskutiert auf Basis einer qualitativ-empirischen Untersuchung des turkischen Lebensmittelhandels in Wien die soziale Einbettung von Break-out-Prozessen. In der sozialwissenschaftlichen Literatur bezeichnet „Break-out“ das Heraustreten migrantischer Unternehmen aus der „ethnischen Enklavenokonomie“, indem potentielle KundInnen der Mehrheitsgesellschaft gewonnen werden. Haufig wird Break-out auf eine individuelle und okonomisch motivierte Marketing-Strategie reduziert, wahrend die soziale Dimension bislang nur wenig Berucksichtigung findet. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Marktorientierungen migrantischer Unternehmen in einem Spannungsfeld gegensatzlicher Erwartungen – jener der migrantischen Community wie jener der Mehrheitsgesellschaft – verortet sind. Anhand einer Typologie unterschiedlicher Umgangsweisen mit diesen Erwartungen wollen wir die Verwobenheit von okonomischen und sozialen Faktoren aufzeigen und zu einem besseren Verstandnis der sozialen Einbettung migrantischer Okonomien beitragen.

Kurt Blaukopf wurde am 15. Februar 1914 in der (heute ukrainischen) Stadt Czernowitz in der Bukowina geboren. Bald darauf ubersiedelte er mit seiner Familie nach Wien. Nach Volks- und Mittelschule begann er auf Wunsch seiner Eltern mit dem Studium der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, sein eigentliches Interesse galt jedoch der soziologischen Betrachtung von Musik.

This paper examines native consumption practices in immigrant grocery stores. Drawing on qualitative research on immigrant food retail in Vienna, we reveal how native Austrians use immigrant grocery shops, how they purchase products and which meanings they attribute to the act of shopping. We identified two different modes of shopping: Whileconsuming for convenienceis driven by aspects of practicability,consuming for exceptionalityis related to the attraction of ‘the foreign’. This typology corresponds with two special types of consumers: The ‘Because’-consumers use immigrant shops mainlybecause ofthe ethnicity associated with the shops, the owners and their staff. The ‘Nevertheless’-consumers use these shopsin spite ofthe entrepreneurs’ (imagined) ethnic origin and their migrant background. While ‘Because’-consumers run the risk of reproducing ethnic stereotypes, the ‘Nevertheless’- consumers may tend to retain or even strengthen their xenophobic resentments. These results partly challenge previous findings which argue that natives’ shopping routines in immigrant stores have become increasingly ordinary. We conclude by suggesting further research to examine the conditions under which an everyday engagement with foreign culture is promoted – without falling into the trap of reproducing symbolic boundaries between the majority and the minority.

Contents: Music sociology and musicology - Music praxis - Max Weber - Mediamorphosis - Kunstwollen - Sociology and philosophy of science - Biography of Kurt Blaukopf.

'Angesichts zunehmender Pluralisierung und Heterogenität jugendkultureller Stile zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit Prozessen der Identitätsstiftung in Jugendszenen. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist die Gegenüberstellung zweier unterschiedlicher Positionen der Jugendkulturforschung: Die Subkulturtheorie der britischen Cultural Studies sieht Jugendkulturen als kohärente Gebilde, dagegen diagnostizieren postmoderne Ansätze eine zunehmende Beliebigkeit jugendkultureller Stilisierung. Dabei bleibt die Frage ungeklärt, wie kollektive Sinnstiftung überhaupt möglich ist. Am Beispiel der Skaterszene wird gezeigt, wie innerhalb einer postmodernen Jugendszene mit der wachsenden Vielfalt jugendkultureller Angebote umgegangen wird und welche Folgen sich daraus für die Identitätsstiftung ergeben. Die Ergebnisse einer im Sommer 2003 durchgeführten qualitativen Untersuchung geben Aufschluss über jene Mechanismen, die in einem gemeinsamen Erfahrungsraum der Jugendlichen ein Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl entstehen lassen und eine Orientierung in einer immer unüberschaubareren jugendkulturellen Landschaft gewährleisten.' (Autorenreferat) 'The article focuses on the process of creating identity in youth cultures at the beginning of the 21st century, acknowledging increasing pluralism and heterogeneity within the field of youth cultural expressions. Two, sometimes opposite, approaches seem to dominate current studies of youth culture: (1) research in the tradition of British Cultural Studies focuses on the coherence of style creating identity. (2) Contrarily, post-modern theory considers youth cultures to be heterogeneous conglomerates of arbitrarily chosen elements of style. Considering this diagnosis, the question remains how the production of shared meanings even is possible. Using the skater scene as an example, the study examines how increasing differentiation within the field is handled and to what extent it exercises an effect on creating identity. Results of a qualitative study, conducted in summer 2003, reveal the mechanisms that establish a sense of belonging within a shared cultural practice, offering an explanation for how orientation is provided in the increasingly complex field of youth cultures.' (author's abstract)