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Background: Moyamoya disease is a chronic, progressive cerebrovascular disease involving occlusion or stenosis of the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate clinical and angiographic outcomes comparing direct, combined, and indirect bypass for the treatment of moyamoya disease in adults. Methods: Two independent authors performed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guided literature searches in December 2021 to identify articles reporting clinical/angiographic outcomes in adult moyamoya disease patients undergoing bypass. Primary end points used were ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, clinical outcomes, and angiographic revascularization. Study quality was evaluated with Newcastle-Ottawa and the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine scales. Results: Four thousand four hundred fifty seven articles were identified in the initial search; 143 articles were analyzed. There were 3827 direct, 3826 indirect, and 3801 combined bypasses. Average length of follow-up was 3.59±2.93 years. Pooled analysis significantly favored direct (odds ratio [OR], 0.62 [0.48–0.79]; P P P P =0.0001) and combined (OR, 0.53 [0.41–0.69]; P P P P =0.0001) over indirect bypass for early stroke, late stroke, late intracerebral hemorrhage, and favorable outcomes, respectively. Indirect bypass was favored over combined (OR, 3.1 [1.7–5.6]; P P P P =0.002) and combined (OR, 0.23 [0.12–0.43]; P P P =0.01). Conclusions: Based on combined meta-analysis (43 articles) and pooled analysis (143 articles), the existing literature indicates that combined and direct bypasses have significant benefits for patients suffering from late stroke and hemorrhage versus indirect bypass. Combined bypass was favored over indirect bypass for favorable outcomes. This is a strong recommendation based on low-quality evidence when utilizing the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. These findings have important implications for bypass strategy selection.

Objective Surgical education has increasingly relied on electronic learning. In particular, online operative videos have become a core resource within neurosurgery. We analyze the forums for neurosurgical operative videos. Methods Operative videos from 5 sources were reviewed: 1) the NEUROSURGERY Journal YouTube channel; 2) the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Neurosurgery YouTube channel; 3) The Neurosurgical Atlas Operative Video Cases; 4) Operative Neurosurgery; and 5) Neurosurgical Focus: Video. Title, year of publication, senior author, institution, country, and subspecialty were documented for each video. Results A total of 1233 videos showing 1247 surgeries were identified. Ten videos included >1 surgery; of those, there was a median of 2 surgeries (interquartile range, 2.0–2.5) per video. The most frequently represented subspecialties included vascular (48.3%), tumor (35.2%), and skull base surgery (27.5%), with almost 40% of videos showing >1 category. Videos were submitted by investigators from 28 countries, but 82.1% of the videos originated in the United States. Conclusions Neurosurgical operative videos have become increasingly common through a variety of online platforms. Future efforts may benefit from collecting videos from underrepresented regions and subspecialties, providing long-term follow-up data and showing techniques for managing complications.