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Paranephelius Poepp. (Liabeae: Asteraceae) is a genus, here comprised of three species confined to high-elevation Andean habitats from 3°–25°S latitude from northern Peru to northern Argentina. In a prior investigation, sequence data was analyzed from samples throughout the range of the genus to evaluate the morphological variation used in delineating species. This detailed sampling allowed for molecular studies at a fine geographic scale. Within Paranephelius, genetic divergence is low, and not adequate to fully resolve phylogenetic relationships at the species level. Two genetically and morphologically recognizable genomes were reveled in northern Peru; these correspond to P. ovatus Wedd. and P. uniflorus Poepp., respectively. Several accessions possess sequences representing putative hybrids between these two species. These putative hybrids have caused taxonomic confusion in establishing species boundaries in Paranephelius. The molecular analysis suggested that P. asperifolius (Muschl.) H. Rob. & Brettell, distributed in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, is related to P. ovatus, while it most closely resembles P. uniflorus. Species that have changed status include, P. ferreyrae H. Rob., here within the parameters of P. uniflorus; and P. jelskii (Hieron.) H. Rob. & Brettell, P. bullatus A. Gray ex Wedd., and P. wurdackii H. Rob. are here within parameters of P. ovatus. This study is not intended to be a monograph, but does includes a key to species, descriptions, illustrations, and citation of specimens examined.

Changes in the generic boundaries, as suggested by DNA sequence data, have altered concepts of Andean Asteraceae, specifically Belloa J.Remy, Lucilia Cass., and Mniodes (A.Gray) Benth. (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae). Over the past 30 years, numerous changes in classification and the resulting transfers have generated confusion. This paper provides a short history of these changes and current information for these genera as they exist in Andean South America. Further, other transfers are provided as suggested by results of sequence analysis data and newly proposed generic concepts: Belloa eriophora (J.Remy) M.O.Dillon, comb. nov., and Belloa nivea (Phil.) M.O.Dillon, comb. nov. Changes in the diagnosis of Mniodes necessitates the following transfers: Mniodes argentea (Wedd.) M.O.Dillon, comb. nov., M. spathulifolia (Sagast. & M.O.Dillon) M.O.Dillon, comb. nov. and M. turneri (Sagast. & M.O.Dillon) M.O.Dillon, comb. nov. Keywords: Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae, Chile, Peru, Andean flora. Resumen Los cambios en los limites genericos, como sugieren los datos de secuenciacion de ADN, han alterado conceptos en las asteraceas andinas, especificamente en Belloa J. Remy, Lucilia Cass. y Mniodes (A. Gray) Benth. (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae). En los ultimos 30 anos, numerosos cambios en la clasificacion y las transferencias resultantes han generado confusion. Este documento proporciona una breve historia de estos cambios y la informacion actual para estos generos tal como existen en los Andes de America del Sur. Ademas, se proporcionan varias transferencias como lo sugieren los resultados de analisis de secuenciacion y nuevos conceptos genericos propuestos: Belloa eriophora (J. Remy) M. O. Dillon, comb. nov., y Belloa nivea (Phil.) M. O. Dillon, comb. nov. Los cambios en el diagnostico de Mniodes requieren las siguientes transferencias: Mniodes argentea (Wedd.) M. O. Dillon, comb. nov., Mniodes spathulifolia (Sagast. & M. O. Dillon) M. O. Dillon, comb. nov. y Mniodes turneri (Sagast. & M. O. Dillon) M. O. Dillon, comb. nov. Palabras clave: Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae, Chile, Peru, flora andina.

The Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) are a cosmopolitan tribe with around 185 genera and 2000 species. The New World is one of the centers of diversity of the tribe with 24 genera and over 100 species, most of which form a clade called the Lucilia-group with 21

Resumen La cordillera de los Andes es uno de los centros de especiacion o hotspots del mundo con una gran cantidad de plantas endemicas; sin embargo, el cambio constante del clima y el uso de la tierra estan afectando significativamente la diversidad y distribucion de las especies. Estos cambios probablemente afectaran la distribucion de Chionopappus benthamii S.F. Blake y Paquirea lanceolata (H. Beltran & Ferreyra) Panero & S.E. Freire, dos especies que representan generos endemicos en el Peru. Para Chionopappus , se recolectaron 48 registros y para Paquirea , ocho registros a traves de observaciones directas de campo, consulta de colecciones depositadas en los herbarios HSP, USM, MOL, HUT, HAO, PRG y colecciones digitalizadas disponibles a traves de Jstor en MO, NY, K y bases de datos digitales de GBIF. ArcGis version 10.6.1 se utilizo para crear mapas de distribucion geografica y para calcular las areas de dichas distribuciones. Se utilizo el programa MaxEnt version 3.4.1 (algoritmo de maxima entropia) para modelar las areas de distribucion actuales, potenciales, los cambios climaticos y el uso de suelo en escenarios futuros para los anos 2040, 2060 y 2080. Las proyecciones climaticas han sido propuestas por el Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climatico (IPCC) y se ajustan a los modelos construidos a traves de capas climaticas mundiales (WorldClim) y Cambio Climatico, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS-Clima), y al modelo de cambio de uso del suelo derivado del indice de vegetacion de diferencia normalizada (NDVI) e imagenes de Landsat generadas con los Modulos para Simulaciones de Cambio de Uso del Suelo (MOLUSCE) del sistema de geoinformacion QGIS. Chionopappus se distribuye actualmente en Peru desde el departamento de Cajamarca hasta el departamento de Arequipa; y Paquirea esta restringida exclusivamente a las provincias de Castilla y Caylloma en el departamento de Arequipa. Se generaron mapas de area actuales y distribuciones potenciales para cada genero, cuya area bajo la curva (AUC) fue mayor en 0.97 y los valores de umbrales de corte de 0.16-0.32. Las variables que mas contribuyeron a los modelos de cambio climatico fueron las variables bioclimaticas de temperatura maxima y minima, y para el cambio de uso de la tierra fue el NDVI. Chionopappus benthamii en ambos escenarios aumentaria su distribucion en el centro y sur del Peru con un aumento en su area general. Alternativamente, Paquirea lanceolata experimentaria una reduccion de su distribucion y sus poblaciones, asi como podria desaparecer. Palabras clave : Chionopappus , Paquirea , Asteraceae, generos endemicos, Arequipa, Peru. Abstract The Andean Cordillera is one of the world’s speciation centers or hotspots with a large number of endemic plants; however, constant change in climate and land use are significantly affecting the diversity and distribution of species. These changes will likely affect the distribution of Chionopappus benthamii S.F. Blake and Paquirea lanceolata (H. Beltran & Ferreyra) Panero & S.E. Freire, two species that represent endemic genera in Peru. For Chionopappus , 48 records and for Paquirea , eight records were collected through direct field observations, consultation of collections deposited in the herbaria HSP, USM, MOL, HUT, HAO, PRG, and digitized collections available via Jstor at MO, NY, K and digital databases of GBIF. ArcGis version 10.6.1 was used to create geographic distribution maps and to calculate the areas of those distributions. MaxEnt program version 3.4.1 (maximum entropy algorithm) was used to model the current and potential distribution areas, climate changes and land use in future scenarios for the years 2040, 2060, and 2080. The climate projections were proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and comply with models constructed via global climate layers (WorldClim) and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS-Climate), and the land-use change model derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Landsat images generated with the Modules for Land Use Change Simulations (MOLUSCE) of the QGIS geoinformation system. Chionopappus is currently distributed in Peru from the department of Cajamarca to the department of Arequipa; and Paquirea is restricted exclusively to the provinces of Castilla and Caylloma in the department of Arequipa. Current area maps and potential distributions were generated for each genus, whose area under the curve (AUC) was greater in 0.97 and cut-off thresholds values were 0.16-0.32. The variables that contributed the most to climate change models were the bioclimatic variables of maximum and minimum temperature, and for land-use change were the NDVI. Chionopappus benthamii in both scenarios would increase its distribution in central and southern Peru with an increase in its overall area. Alternatively, Paquirea lanceolata would experience a reduction in its distribution and populations, and potentially it could disappear. Keywords : Chionopappus , Paquirea , Asteraceae, endemic genera, Arequipa, Peru.

Quasiantennaria R. J. Bayer & M. O. Dillon, a new genus from the central Andes distributed from Peru to Bolivia, is described and illustrated. It is characterized among Andean Gnaphalieae by its dioecious or polygamo-dioecious breeding system, cespitose, perennial herbs, basal rosulate leaves, capitulescences scapose, cymose-corymbose. It most closely resembles Antennaria Gaertn., a typically northern hemispheric genus; however, it differs in its achenial trichomes and relationships suggested by DNA sequence data Quasiantennaria R. J. Bayer & M. O. Dillon, un nuevo género de los Andes centrales con distribución en Perú y Bolivia, se describe e ilustra para Perú. Se caracteriza entre las Gnaphalieae andinas por su sistema de reproducción dioico o polígamo-dioico, cespitosa, hierbas perennes, hojas basales en roseta, capitulescencias escaposas, cimoso-corimbosas. Es muy cercano a Antennaria Gaertn., un género típicamente del hemisferio norte; sin embargo, difiere en los tricomas de los aquenios y las relaciones filogenéticas sugeridas por datos de secuencia de ADN

In preparation of a monographic treatment for Nolana L. ex L. f. (Solanaceae-Nolaneae), four new species are described from department of Arequipa, southern Peru: N. bombonensis Quip. & M. O. Dillon, prov. Islay, district of Punta de Bombon, Lomas de Alto La Punta; N. callae Quip. & M. O. Dillon, prov. Islay, district of Punta de Bombon, Lomas de Jesus; N. quicachaensis Quip. & M. O. Dillon, prov. Caraveli, dist. Quicacha; and N. tricotiflora Quip. & M. O. Dillon, prov. Camana, dist. Quilca, Lomas de Quilca. These species are diagnosed, described, illustrated and compared to nearest geographic neighbors in southern Peru. To aid in recognition, a key to Nolana species reported from Arequipa is provided. Keywords: Nolana , Nolaneae, new species, department of Arequipa, Peru, Solanaceae. Resumen En la preparacion para la publicacion de la monografia de Nolana L. ex L. f. (Solanaceae-Nolaneae), se describen cuatro especies nuevas en el departamento de Arequipa del sur de Peru: N. bombonensis Quip. & M. O. Dillon, prov. de Islay, distrito de Punta de Bombon, Lomas de Alto La Punta; N. callae Quip. & M. O. Dillon, prov. de Islay, distrito de Punta de Bombon; N. quicachaensis Quip. & M. O. Dillon de la prov. Caraveli, dist. Quicacha; y N. tricotiflora Quip. & M. O. Dillon de la prov. Camana, dist. Quilca, Lomas de Quilca. Ademas de las diagnosis y descripciones, se realizan las ilustraciones y se comparan con las especies geograficamente vecinas mas cercanas del sur de Peru. Para ayudar al reconocimiento, se proporciona una clave para las especies de Nolana reportadas en departamento de Arequipa. Palabras clave: Nolana , Nolaneae, endemicas, especies nuevas, departamento de Arequipa, Peru, Solanaceae.

In connection with studies on the fog oasis or lomas formations at Alto Patache near Iquique, Chile, the first author encountered several Nolana species, including one new to science described here, N. patachensis J. Hepp & M. O. Dillon (Solanaceae-Nolaneae). The new species is diagnosed, described, illustrated with photographs, and compared to nearest geographic neighbors in northern Chile. To an aid in recognition, a key to Nolana species reported from region of Tarapaca is provided. Putative relationships between the various Nolana species encountered at the type locality are discussed. Conservation efforts at the type locality are highlighted, including its unique environmental conditions, biota and potential threats. Keywords: Nolana , Nolaneae, endemics, lomas formations, new species, region of Tarapaca, Chile, conservation, Solanaceae. Resumen En relacion a los estudios sobre el oasis de niebla o las formaciones de lomas en Alto Patache cerca de Iquique, Chile, el primer autor recolecto varias especies de Nolana , incluida una nueva especie para la ciencia que aqui se describe, N. patachensis J. Hepp & M. O. Dillon (Solanaceae-Nolaneae). Ademas de la descripcion, se realiza la diagnosis, se ilustra con fotografias y se compara con las especies vecinas mas cercanas del norte de Chile. Para ayudar al reconocimiento, se proporciona una clave para las especies de Nolana reportadas para la region de Tarapaca. Tambien se discuten las relaciones putativas entre las diversas especies de Nolana encontradas en la localidad del tipo; asi mismo, se resaltan los esfuerzos de conservacion en la localidad tipo, incluyendo sus condiciones ambientales unicas, biota y amenazas potenciales. Palabras clave: Nolana , Nolaneae, endemicas, formaciones de lomas, especie nueva, region de Tarapaca, Chile, conservacion, Solanaceae.

The present paper reconstructs the biogeographic diversification for Nolana L.f. (Solanaceae), a genus of 89 endemic species largely restricted to fog-dependent desert lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile. Previous efforts have reconstructed a phylogenetic estimate for Nolana using a combination of molecular markers. Herein, we expand on those results to examine hypotheses of biogeographic origins and diversification patterns. Nolana occupies habitats within a continuous coastal desert and forms a terrestrial archipelago of discrete "islands" unique in size, topography, and species composition. Each locality contains at least one Nolana species and many contain multiple species in sympatry. The genus has a Chilean origin, with the basal clades confined to Chile with wide geographic and ecological distributions. Peru contains two strongly supported clades, suggesting two introductions with subsequent radiation. A Chilean clade of shrubby, small-flowered species appears to have had its origins from the same ancestors of the second line that radiated in Peru and northern Chile. Nolana galapagensis is endemic to the Islas Galapagos, with origins traced to Peruvian taxa with a divergence time of 0.35 mya. Rates of diversification over the past 4.02 mya in Nolana, in one of the driest habitats on Earth, suggest rapid adaptive radiation in several clades. Success in Nolana may be attributed to characters that confer a competitive advantage in unpredictable and water-dependent environments, such as succulent leaf anatomy and ecophysiology, and the reproductive mericarp unique to Nolana. The processes affecting or shaping the biota of western South America are discussed.

Gypothamnium and Oxyphyllum (Asteraceae) are two monotypic genera endemic to the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. We performed a phylogenetic analysis using published sequences of the plastid rbcL and ndhF genes, the trnL-trnF region and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to assess the systematic placement of the two genera within Mutisioideae. On the basis of the phylogenetic results, we constructed area cladograms to explore the biogeographical relationships and origin of the genera. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Gypothamnium is closely related to Aphylloclados, Plazia, Urmenetia, Lycoseris and Onoseris, whereas Oxyphyllum is closely related to Leucheria, Moscharia, Polyachyrus and, with low support, Jungia. These results do not differ substantially from those proposed in previous treatments based on morphological characters. The biogeographical analysis suggests that Gypothamnium in the coastal Atacama Desert is related to taxa that are currently distributed in eastern subtropical South America and in the Puna. Oxyphyllum may have originated from central Chile and other areas in southern South America, but its sister group (Leucheria + Polyachyrus) also reaches the Puna and the coastal Atacama Desert. Both groups show ancestral affinities with elements currently distributed in north-western South America and Mesoamerica. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159, 32–51.

The phylogenetic relationships of Nolana (Nolaneae, Solanaceae) were constructed using partial sequences (ca. 891 bp) of the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) or the waxy gene. Nolana, with 89 species, is primarily distributed in coastal Chile (49 spp.) and Peru (43 spp.), and of these, four species are recorded in Peru and Chile, and another from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Our phylogenetic analysis, utilizing a sampling of 63 of the 89 species, supports the monophyly of Nolana and recovered three clades with 95%-100% bootstrap support. Nolana sessiliflora is the sister taxon to the remainder of the genus. Two large, highly supported clades are evident; one containing taxa from Chile, Peru and the Galapagos Islands, and another containing taxa from Chile and Peru. Nolana galapagensis, an endemic to the Galapagos Islands, is suggested to be sister to N. arenicola in a clade that also includes N. adansonii from southern Peru and northern Chile. These two species differ substantially in habitat preference, habit, leaf shape, and mericarp morphology. The monophyly is confirmed for a morphologically cohesive group composed of N. acuminata, N. baccata, N. elegans, N. reichei, N. parviflora, N. pterocarpa, and N. paradoxa, a clade of essentially Chilean species.

Reciprocal crosses, both intraspecific and interspecific, were made among five Chilean species of Nolana (Solanaceae), a genus native to western South America. With the exception of N. paradoxa, plants of all species used were grown from mericarps collected from wild populations. Self-pollinations were generally not successful, suggesting obligate allogamy. A total of 333 hybridizations were performed, of which 109 were intraspecific and 224 interspecific. Successful intraspecific hybridizations, as measured by formation of fruits, were produced for N. acuminata (83%), N. elegans (94%), N. paradoxa (82%), and N. rupicola (100%), however viable hybrids were only obtained for N. paradoxa. Interspecific combinations resulted in over 80% fruit set, however, viable hybrid success ranged from only 1% to 5%. Crosses included N. elegans × N. paradoxa with 20 viable hybrids, N. paradoxa × N. elegans with two hybrids, N. paradoxa × N. rupicola with seven hybrids, and N. rupicola × N. paradoxa with five hybrids. Exceptions included crosses involving N. aplocaryoides, with up to 20% fruit set. Also, the combination N. paradoxa × N. aplocaryoides with five hybrids, had a 26% success. All interspecific hybrids obtained had N. paradoxa as one of the parents, which could be related to artificial selection for high germination frequency.

Studies of geographic distribution and physiological adaptations in theBromeliaceae of coastal Chile and Peru provide insights into the ecological patterns of habit selection and speciation. The hyperarid coastal Atacama and Peruvian Deserts along the Pacific coast of South America contain a surprisingly rich flora of bromeliad species. These include representatives of all threeBromeliaceae subfamilies: two terrestrialBromelioideae and two terrestialPitcairnioideae, all with rooted growth morphologies, and 14 species ofTillandsioideae (allTillandsia) with epiphytic and unrooted, terrestraial representatives. TheBromelioideae are represented by two species ofPuya Molina, one each in Peru and Chile. ThePitcairnioideae are represented by two genera,Deuterocohnia andPitcairnia, with one species each. The 14Tillandsia species are distributed in five subgenera which have successfully invaded the coastal deserts, and include both widespread and local endemics with xeromorphic adaptations. All theTillandsia species are epiphytic in the broad sense, but in addition to growing on plants, they are found growing on rocks (i.e. saxicolous or epilithic). Six species (T. purpurea, T. latifolia, T. capillaris, T. marconae, T. werdermanii, andT. landbeckii) have evolved a highly specialized substrate ecology where they grow essentially unrooted on sand (i.e. epiarenic). Nowhere in the world are bromeliads more dominant or have more biomass than in these coastal species growing on sand. Many of these species grow at the absolute limits of vascular plant tolerance, with the entire community consisting of a singleTillandsia species. Rooted, terrestrial bromeliads in the coastal lomas formations (allPitcairnioideae) include CAM, C3, and C3-CAM flexible taxa in their metabolic systems, the CAM species growing in the most arid sites along the coast and C3 species growing in the most mesic habitats within the center of the coastal fog belt where fog moisture input is highest. All of the epiphyticTillandsia species of the coastal desert region utilize CAM metabolism entirely or in part. At least two species,T. latifolia andT. tragophoba, utilize a flexible C3-CAM mode of carbon fixation. Whereas most of the desert-inhabitingTillandsia species have relatively narrow leaves covered by water absorbing trichomes on their surface,T. multiflora in northern Peru andT. tragophoba in northern Chile are tank-forming species where the bases of the leaves form a water-containing reservoir. The occurrence of the latter as a local endemic in hyperarid northern Chile is remarkable since it occurs thousands of kilometers south of its closest potential relatives in the central Andes.

A synopsis of Plazia Ruiz & Pav. (Onoserideae, Asteraceae) is presented, including the description of a new species, Plazia robinsonii M.O.Dillon & Sagást., from a locality c. 20 km west of Huamachuco, Department of La Libertad in northern Peru. It most closely resembles P. conferta Ruiz & Pav., a narrow endemic from central Peru some 450 km to the south; however, the latter species has larger leaves and smaller capitula. Plazia is a small genus of four species confined to the Andean Cordillera of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. A distribution map of the four species, an illustration of the new species, a photograph of the holotype, and a key to species are provided.

In common with other zwitterionic quarternary ammonium compounds (QACs), glycine betaine acts as an osmoprotectant in plants, bacteria, and animals, with its accumulation in the cytoplasm reducing adverse effects of salinity and drought. For this reason, the glycine betaine biosynthesis pathway has become a target for genetic engineering of stress tolerance in crop plants. Besides glycine betaine, several other QAC osmoprotectants have been reported to accumulate among flowering plants, although little is known about their distribution, evolution, or adaptive value. We show here that various taxa of the highly stress-tolerant family Plumbaginaceae have evolved four QACs, which supplement or replace glycine betaine-namely, choline O-sulfate and the betaines of beta-alanine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Evidence from bacterial bioassays demonstrates that these QACs function no better than glycine betaine as osmoprotectants. However, the distribution of QACs among diverse members of the Plumbaginaceae adapted to different types of habitat indicates that different QACs could have selective advantages in particular stress environments. Specifically, choline O-sulfate can function in sulfate detoxification as well as in osmoprotection, beta-alanine betaine may be superior to glycine betaine in hypoxic saline conditions, and proline-derived betaines may be beneficial in chronically dry environments. We conclude that the evolution of osmoprotectant diversity within the Plumbaginaceae suggests additional possibilities to explore in the metabolic engineering of stress tolerance in crops.

The cosmopolitan Solanaceae contains 21 tribes and has the greatest diversity in South America. Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae are the only tribes of this family distributed exclusively in Eurasia with two centers of diversity: the Mediterranean-Turanian (MT) region and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, we examined the origins and biogeographical diversifications of the two tribes based on the phylogenetic framework and chronogram inferred from a combined data set of six plastid DNA regions (the atpB gene, the ndhF gene, the rps16-trnK intergenic spacer, the rbcL gene, the trnC-psbM region and the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer) with two fossil calibration points. Our data suggest that Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae each forms a monophyletic group independently derived from different New World lineages in the early Miocene. Phylogenetic relationships within both tribes are generally well resolved. All genera of Hyoscyameae are found to be monophyletic and they diversified in middle to late Miocene. At nearly the same time. Mandragoreae split into two clades, corresponding to the MT region and the TP region, respectively. Both the phylogenetic relationships and the estimated ages of Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae support two independent dispersal events of their ancestors from the New World into Eurasia. After their arrivals in Eurasia, the two tribes diversified primarily in the MT region and in the TP region via multiple biogeographic processes including vicariance, dispersal, recolonization or being preserved as relicts, from the mid Miocene to the late Quaternary. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The phylogeny of Nolana (Solanaceae), a genus primarily distributed in the coastal Atacama and Peruvian deserts with a few species in the Andes and one species endemic to the Galapagos Islands, was reconstructed using sequences of four plastid regions (ndhF, psbA-tmH, rps16-trnK and trnC-psbM) and the nuclear LEAFY second intron. The monophyly of Nolana was strongly supported by all molecular data. The LEAFY data suggested that the Chilean species, including Nolana sessiliflora, the N. acuminata group and at least some members of the Alona group, are basally diverged, supporting the Chilean origin of the genus. Three well-supported clades in the LEAFY tree were corroborated by the SINE (short interspersed elements) or SINE-like insertions. Taxa from Peru are grouped roughly into two clades. Nolana galapagensis from the Galapagos Island is most likely to have derived from a Peruvian ancestor. The monophyly of the morphologically well-diagnosed Nolana acuminata group (N. acuminata, N. baccata, N. paradoxa, N. parviflora, N. pterocarpa, N. rupicola and N. elegans) was supported by both plastid and LEAFY data. Incongruence between the plastid and the LEAFY data was detected concerning primarily the positions of N. sessiliflora, N. galapagensis, taxa of the Alona group and the two Peruvian clades. Such incongruence may be due to reticulate evolution or in some cases lineage sorting of plastid DNA. Incongruence between our previous GBSSI trees and the plastid-LEAFY trees was also detected concerning two well-supported major clades in the GBSSI tree. Duplication of the GBSSI gene may have contributed to this incongruence. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc.

published this name. In 1873 Bentham (in Bentham and Hooker's Genera plantarum 2: 258) mentioned this nomen nudum and described it under the genus Lepidophyllum Cass. (=Dolichogyne, sect. Tola Wedd.) with clear reference to the specimen "P1. Mandon. Exc. n. 211". However the new combination Lepidophyllum acaule (Wedd. ex Benth.) Benth. & Hook. ex Jackson was validly published by Jackson in 1894 in Index kewensis. Examination of the specimen Mandon 211 reveals that it agrees perfectly with Novenia tunariensis (O.K.) Freire. Then, since Dolichogyne acaulis Wedd. ex Benth. appears to be the earlier appropriate name for this species, the epithet "acaulis" should be adopted with the following synonymy

A new species of Asteraceae, Arnal- doa argentea C. Ulloa, P. Jorgensen & M. O. Dillon, from southern Ecuador is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its cream-white to light or- ange corollas and red-brown phyllaries covered by a dense silvery pubescence, especially on the ad- axial surface. The genus was previously known only from northern Peru. A key to the species of Arnal- doa is presented. R ESUMEN. Se describe e ilustra una nueva espe- cie de Asteraceae, Arnaldoa argentea C. Ulloa, P. Jorgensen & M. O. Dillon, del sur de Ecuador. Esta especie se caracteriza por las corolas de color blan- co-crema a anaranjado palido y las filarias cafe ´- rojizas cubiertas por un denso tomento argenteo es- pecialmente en la superficie adaxial. El genero anteriormente se conocia solo del norte de Peru ´. Se presenta una clave para todas las especies de Ar- naldoa.

A new monotypic genus of Asteraceae-Senecioneae, Caxamarca, is described from northern Peru. The single herbaceous perennial species, Caxamarca sanchezii M. O. Dillon & Sagistegui, is endemic to the seasonally dry valleys of southwestern Cajamarca. The potential relationships of the genus are discussed. RESUMEN. Un gdnero monotipico nuevo de Asteraceae-Senecioneae, Caxamarca se describe para el norte de Peri. La inica especie, la herbicea perenne, Caxamarca sanchezii M. O. Dillon et Sagistegui, es end~mica de los valles estacionalmente secos del suroeste del Departamento de Cajamarca. Se discuten las relaciones potenciales del g~nero. During continuing detailed studies on the flora of northern Peru, the following monotypic genus of Senecioneae (Asteraceae) was encountered in the seasonally dry river valleys in southwestern Cajamarca. This new genus is proposed after an exhaustive examination of all available genera within the tribe and detailed studies on many neotropical members of the large and complex genus Senecio L. While generic concepts within the Senecioneae have been reviewed (Barkley, 1985a; Barkley et al., 1996; Bremer, 1994; Nordenstam, 1978), future changes are to be expected as taxonomies are tested with data from other disciplines, such as molecular systematics. Caxamarca (Asteraceae tribe Senecioneae) M. O. Dillon & Sagistegui, gen. nov. TYPE: Caxamarca sanchezii M. O. Dillon & Sagistegui. Herba rhizomatosa usque ad 1.5 m alta, radices carnosi foetidi; caules erecti simplexalata medullosus. Folia basale 40-50 cm longa, profunde pinnatisecta. Folia caulina alterna, herbacea, sessilia, basi decurrentis; lamina plana herbacea 20-35 cm longa, 7-11 cm lata, margine distincte denticulata. Capitulescentiae corymboso-cymosae 3-20 capitulis (vulgo 3-7). Capitula heterogama radiata ca. 10 mm alta, ca 10 mm lata; phyllaria subbiseriatis 17-28 (vulgo 22-28). Flores radiati pistillati 10-22; ligulae luteae, 10-25 mm longae, 4-8 mm latae. Flores disci hermaphroditi 80-160 (vulgo 80-130); corollae tubulosae luteae, 12-15 mm longae; limbus profunde quinquelobus. Antherae basis sagittata; collum filamenti basi dilatatum. Styli rami apice conico pilis penicillum centrale. Achaenia decemcostata pilosus; pappi setae biseriate 6-7 mm longus barbellatae persistentes. Caxamarca sanchezii M. O. Dillon & Sagistegui, sp. nov. TYPE: Peru. Dept. Cajamarca: Prov. Contumazi, Alrededor de San Benito, 1200 m, 12 May 1994, A. Sagdstegui A., S. Leiva & C. Sagdstegui 15185 (holotype, HAO; isotypes, CPUN, F, MO, US). Figures 1, 2. Perennial herbs to 1.5 m tall; roots fasciculate, tuberous, malodorous, individual tubers 8-12 cm long, 2-3 cm diam., white; stems fistulose, 1-2.5 cm diam. at the base, unbranched, glabrous, winged by the decurrent leaf bases, the wings 4-7 mm wide, glabrous, reticulate-nerved, denticulate, ciliolate. Leaves basal and cauline; basal leaves rosulate, the blades profoundly dissected, odd pinnate, the rachis 40-50 cm long, 8-10 pairs of leaflets, the leaflets ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, the margins dentate-serrate; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, decurrent, the blades oblong-lanceolate, 20-35 cm long, 7-11 cm wide, membranous, apically acuminate, the margins irregularly dentate-serrate, reticulate-nerved, glabrous, the nerves sparsely pilose. Capitulescences cymose-corymbose. Capitula 3-7(-20), radiate; pedicels 1-8 cm long, striate, swollen apically, densely pilose; calyculus (10-)16-22-bracteolate, the bracts narrowly linear, 1-2 cm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, acuminate apically, 1-nerved, greenish purple; involucres hemispherical, ca. 10 mm tall, ca. 10 mm wide; phyllaries (17-)22-28, weakly biseriate, equal, lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, fused at the base, glabrous or pilose, acuminate; ray florets 10-22, pistillate, the corolla yellow, the tube 0.5-0.6 mm long, glabrous, the ligule oblong-linear, 10-25 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, glabrous, 10-12-nerved, 2-3-dentate apically; disc NovoN 9: 156-161. 1999. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.138 on Tue, 19 Apr 2016 04:43:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 9, Number 2 1999 Dillon & SagAstegui Caxamarca from Peru 157 Zmm .i ::i: ::ii li? a

The genusGriselinia (Griseliniaceae) is revised and a new species,Griselinia carlomunozii, is described from coastal quebradas in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. An illustration, a discussion of its possible relationships, a key, and descriptions of all species are provided.

A new species of Bromeliaceae,Tillandsia tragophoba, is described from the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. The leaves of this new species are green, essentially glabrous and form a basal tank capable of holding water, quite, unlike the typical gray-leaved, terrestrial or lithophytic bromeliads usually found within the coastal desert province of western South America. A description and illustration are provided, and its relationships discussed.

A new peltate-leaved, tuberculate-fruitedHydrocotyle, that occurs in evergreen tropical montane forest in the vicinity of waterfalls, is described from northern Peru.

Four new species of Asteraceae are described from Peru:Dasyphyllum brevispinum andOnoseries chrysactinioides (Mutisieae), andGynoxys congestiflora andSenecio miniauritus (Senecioneae). These species are described, illustrated, and their relationships discussed.

A new species,Symplocos incahuasensis Sagast. & Dillon, is described and illustrated, and its relationships are discussed. A key to the small-leaved Peruvian species is provided.

Two new species from Peru,Llerasia pascoensis Sagast. & Dillon andLl. sanmartinensis Sagast. & Dillon are described and illustrated, and their relationships discussed. A key to the Peruvian species ofLlerasia is presented. Also, a notable range extension into northern Peru is reported forLl. lindenii Triana, a species previously known only from Colombia and Ecuador.

Two new species,Vernonia sagasteguii andV. paucartambensis, from Peru are described, illustrated, and their relationships discussed.

Three new Peruvian species belonging to the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) are described, illustrated and their relationships discussed:Gynoxys colanensis, G. lopezii, andPentacalia barbourii.

Flourensia cajabambensis, a new species from northern Peru, is described and illustrated, and its relationships are discussed. A key to the Peruvian species ofFlourensia is presented.

A new genus, Jalcophila, is described in the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae). Two new species are here described within the genus:J. peruviana from north-central Peru andJ. ecuadorensis from northern and central Ecuador. Descriptions and illustrations are provided, and relationships discussed.