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We sought to examine the impact of calcific deposits on the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The outcomes of 1,476 consecutive CTO PCIs performed in 1,453 patients (65.5 ± 10 years, 85% male) between 2012 and 2016 at 11 US centers were evaluated. Moderate or severe quantity of calcium was present in 58% of target lesions. Calcified lesions were more tortuous and more likely to have proximal cap ambiguity and interventional collaterals. PCI of moderately/severely calcified CTOs more often required use of the retrograde approach (54% vs 30%, p

We assessed efficacy and safety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using antegrade dissection re-entry (ADR).We examined outcomes of ADR among 1313 CTO PCIs performed at 11 US centers between 2012-2015.84.1% of patients were men. Prevalence of prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery was 34.3%. Overall technical and procedural success were 90.1% and 88.7%, respectively. In-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred in 31 patients (2.4%). ADR was used in 458 cases (34.9%), and was the first strategy in 169 cases (12.9%). ADR cases were angiographically more complex than non-ADR cases (mean J-CTO score: 2.8±1.2 vs. 2.4±1.2, p0.001). ADR was performed using the CrossBoss catheter in 246 of 458 (53.7%) and the Stingray system in 251 ADR cases (54.8%). Compared with non-ADR cases, ADR cases had lower technical (86.9% vs. 91.8%, p=0.005) and procedural success (85.0% vs. 90.7%, p=0.002), but similar risk for MACE (2.9% vs. 2.2%, p=0.42). ADR was associated with longer procedure and fluoroscopy time, and higher patient air kerma dose and contrast volume (all p0.001). After excluding retrograde cases, ADR and antegrade wire escalation (AWE) had similar technical success (92.7% vs. 94.2%, p=0.43), procedural success (91.8% vs. 94.1%, p=0.23), and MACE (2.1% vs. 0.6%, p=0.12).ADR is used relatively frequently in contemporary CTO PCI, especially for challenging lesions and after failure of other strategies. ADR is associated with similar success rates and risk for complications as compared with AWE, and is important for achieving high procedural success.

Objectives This study sought to develop a novel parsimonious score for predicting technical success of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed using the hybrid approach. Background Predicting technical success of CTO PCI can facilitate clinical decision making and procedural planning. Methods We analyzed clinical and angiographic parameters from 781 CTO PCIs included in PROGRESS CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) using a derivation and validation cohort (2:1 sampling ratio). Variables with strong association with technical success in multivariable analysis were assigned 1 point, and a 4-point score was developed from summing all points. The PROGRESS CTO score was subsequently compared with the J-CTO (Multicenter Chronic Total Occlusion Registry in Japan) score in the validation cohort. Results Technical success was 92.9%. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with technical success included proximal cap ambiguity (beta coefficient [b] = 0.88), moderate/severe tortuosity (b = 1.18), circumflex artery CTO (b = 0.99), and absence of “interventional” collaterals (b = 0.88). The resulting score demonstrated good calibration and discriminatory capacity in the derivation (Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square = 2.633; p = 0.268, and receiver-operator characteristic [ROC] area = 0.778) and validation (Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square = 5.333; p = 0.070, and ROC area = 0.720) subset. In the validation cohort, the PROGRESS CTO and J-CTO scores performed similarly in predicting technical success (ROC area 0.720 vs. 0.746, area under the curve difference = 0.026, 95% confidence interval = −0.093 to 0.144). Conclusions The PROGRESS CTO score is a novel useful tool for estimating technical success in CTO PCI performed using the hybrid approach.

Objectives To examine the impact of transradial access on the procedural outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Background The efficacy and safety of transradial access in CTO PCI has received limited study. Methods We compared the technique and outcomes of transradial vs. transfemoral access among 650 CTO PCI cases performed between January 2012 and March 2014 at 6 US centers. Results Most patients were men (87%) with high frequency of diabetes mellitus (42%) and prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (36%). The CTO target vessel was the right coronary (59%), left anterior descending (20%), or circumflex (17%) artery. TR access was used in 110 (17%) of the 650 cases, as follows: bilateral radial access (63%); bilateral radial access plus unilateral or bilateral femoral access (7%); unilateral radial access plus unilateral or bilateral femoral access (26%); and unilateral radial access (4%). Six and eight French guide catheters were used through the radial and femoral artery, respectively. Compared to transfemoral, transradial cases had similar technical (92.6% vs. 93.0%, P = 0.87) and procedural (91.1% vs. 90.0%, P = 0.95) success and major complication rates (1.7% vs 1.8%, P = 0.99). However, transradial access was associated with higher mean procedure (142 ± 83 vs. 120 ± 60 min, P = 0.008) and fluoroscopy (58 ± 40 vs. 49 ± 31 min, P

We examined the impact of proximal vessel tortuosity on the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).The baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes of 1618 consecutive CTO-PCIs performed between 2012 and 2016 at 14 United States centers in 1589 patients were reviewed.Mean patient age was 65.3 ± 10.0 years and 85% were men. Moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity was present in 35.7% of target lesions. Compared with non-tortuous lesions, tortuous lesions had longer length (30 mm [interquartile range, 20-50 mm] vs 28 mm [interquartile range, 16-40 mm]; P.001), more proximal cap ambiguity (36% vs 28%; P.01), and more frequent utilization of the retrograde approach (52% vs 37%; P.001). Moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity was associated with lower technical success rates (84.1% vs 91.3%; P.001) and procedural success rates (82.3% vs 89.9%; P.001), but similar incidence of major cardiac adverse events (3.0% vs 2.5%; P=.59). Moderate/severe tortuosity was associated with longer procedure time and fluoroscopy time, higher air kerma radiation dose, and larger contrast volume.In a contemporary multicenter registry, moderate/severe proximal vessel tortuosity was present in approximately one-third of target CTO lesions and was associated with more frequent use of the retrograde approach and lower success rates, but similar complication rates.

Background High success rates are achievable for chronic total occlusion ( CTO ) percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) using the hybrid approach, but periprocedural complications remain of concern. Although scores estimating success and efficiency in CTO PCI have been developed, there is currently no available score for estimation of the risk for periprocedural complications. We sought to develop a scoring tool for prediction of periprocedural complications during CTO PCI . Methods and Results We analyzed data from 1569 CTO PCI s in the Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention ( PROGRESS CTO ) using a derivation and validation sampling ratio of 2:1. Variables independently associated with periprocedural complications in multivariable analysis in the derivation set were assigned points based on their respective odds ratios. Forty‐four (2.8%) patients experienced complications. Three factors were independent predictors of complications and were included in the score: patient age >65 years, +3 points (odds ratio, OR =4.85, CI 1.82‐16.77); lesion length ≥23 mm, +2 points ( OR =3.22, CI 1.08‐13.89); and use of the retrograde approach +1 point ( OR =2.41, CI 1.04‐6.05). The resulting score showed good calibration and discriminatory capacity in the derivation (Hosmer‐Lemeshow χ 2 6.271, P =0.281, receiver‐operating characteristic [ ROC ] area=0.758) and validation (Hosmer‐Lemeshow χ 2 4.551, P =0.473, ROC area=0.793) sets. Score values of 0 to 2, 3 to 4, and ≥5 were defined as low, intermediate, and high risk of complications (derivation cohort 0.4%, 1.8%, 6.5%, P P Conclusions The PROGRESS CTO complication score is a useful tool for prediction of periprocedural complications in CTO PCI . Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 02061436.

Background Intravascular imaging can facilitate chronic total occlusion ( CTO ) percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods and Results We examined the frequency of use and outcomes of intravascular imaging among 619 CTO percutaneous coronary interventions performed between 2012 and 2015 at 7 US centers. Mean age was 65.4±10 years and 85% of the patients were men. Intravascular imaging was used in 38%: intravascular ultrasound in 36%, optical coherence tomography in 3%, and both in 1.45%. Intravascular imaging was used for stent sizing (26.3%), stent optimization (38.0%), and CTO crossing (35.7%, antegrade in 27.9%, and retrograde in 7.8%). Intravascular imaging to facilitate crossing was used more frequently in lesions with proximal cap ambiguity (49% versus 26%, P P CTO score: 2.86±1.19 versus 2.43±1.19, P =0.001), cases in which imaging was used for crossing had similar technical and procedural success (92.8% versus 89.6%, P =0.302 and 90.1% versus 88.3%, P =0.588, respectively) and similar incidence of major cardiac adverse events (2.7% versus 3.2%, P =0.772). Use of intravascular imaging was associated with longer procedure (192 minutes [interquartile range 130, 255] versus 131 minutes [90, 192], P P Conclusions Intravascular imaging is frequently performed during CTO percutaneous coronary intervention both for crossing and for stent selection/optimization. Despite its use in more complex lesion subsets, intravascular imaging was associated with similar rates of technical and procedural success for CTO percutaneous coronary intervention. Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 02061436.

High patient radiation dose during chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) might lead to procedural failure and radiation skin injury.We examined the association between several clinical and angiographic variables on patient air kerma (AK) radiation dose among 748 consecutive CTO PCIs performed at 9 experienced US centres between May 2012 and May 2015.The mean age was 65 ± 10 years, 87% of patients were men, and 35% had previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Technical and procedural success was 92% and 90%, respectively. The median patient AK dose was 3.40 (interquartile range, 2.00-5.40) Gy and 34% of the patients received4.8 Gy (high radiation exposure). In univariable analysis male sex (P = 0.016), high body mass index (P0.001), history of hyperlipidemia (P = 0.023), previous CABG (P0.001), moderate or severe calcification (P0.001), tortuosity (P0.001), proximal cap ambiguity (P = 0.001), distal cap at a bifurcation (P = 0.006), longer CTO occlusion length (P 0.001), blunt/no blunt stump (P0.001), and centre (P0.001) were associated with higher patient AK dose. In multivariable analysis high body mass index (P0.001), previous CABG (P = 0.005), moderate or severe calcification (P = 0.005), longer CTO occlusion length (P0.001), and centre (P0.001) were independently associated with higher patient AK dose.Approximately 1 in 3 patients who undergo CTO PCI receive high AK radiation dose (4.8 Gy). Several baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics can help predict the likelihood of high radiation dose and assist with intensifying efforts to reduce radiation exposure for the patient and the operator.

We sought to examine the impact of prior failure on the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We examined the clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes of 1,213 consecutive patients who underwent 1,232 CTO PCIs between 2012 and 2015 at 12 US centers. Mean age was 65 ± 10 years and 84.8% of patients were men. A prior failed attempt had been performed in 215 (17.5%) patients. As compared with patients without prior CTO PCI failure, patients with prior failure had higher Japanese Chronic Total Occlusion (J-CTO) score (2.40 ± 1.13 vs. 3.28 ± 1.29, p

Background— The performance of the Japan–chronic total occlusion (J-CTO) score in predicting success and efficiency of CTO percutaneous coronary intervention has received limited study. Methods and Results— We examined the records of 650 consecutive patients who underwent CTO percutaneous coronary intervention between 2011 and 2014 at 6 experienced centers in the United States. Six hundred and fifty-seven lesions were classified as easy (J-CTO=0), intermediate (J-CTO=1), difficult (J-CTO=2), and very difficult (J-CTO≥3). The impact of the J-CTO score on technical success and procedure time was evaluated with univariable logistic and linear regression, respectively. The performance of the logistic regression model was assessed with the Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic and receiver operator characteristic curves. Antegrade wiring techniques were used more frequently in easy lesions (97%) than very difficult lesions (58%), whereas the retrograde approach became more frequent with increased lesion difficulty (41% for very difficult lesions versus 13% for easy lesions). The logistic regression model for technical success demonstrated satisfactory calibration and discrimination ( P for Hosmer–Lemeshow =0.743 and area under curve =0.705). The J-CTO score was associated with a 2-fold increase in the odds of technical failure (odds ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval 1.52–2.80, P P Conclusions— J-CTO score was strongly associated with final success and efficiency in this study, supporting its expanded use in CTO interventions. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02061436.

This study sought to develop a novel parsimonious score for predicting technical success of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed using the hybrid approach.Predicting technical success of CTO PCI can facilitate clinical decision making and procedural planning.We analyzed clinical and angiographic parameters from 781 CTO PCIs included in PROGRESS CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) using a derivation and validation cohort (2:1 sampling ratio). Variables with strong association with technical success in multivariable analysis were assigned 1 point, and a 4-point score was developed from summing all points. The PROGRESS CTO score was subsequently compared with the J-CTO (Multicenter Chronic Total Occlusion Registry in Japan) score in the validation cohort.Technical success was 92.9%. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with technical success included proximal cap ambiguity (beta coefficient [b] = 0.88), moderate/severe tortuosity (b = 1.18), circumflex artery CTO (b = 0.99), and absence of "interventional" collaterals (b = 0.88). The resulting score demonstrated good calibration and discriminatory capacity in the derivation (Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square = 2.633; p = 0.268, and receiver-operator characteristic [ROC] area = 0.778) and validation (Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square = 5.333; p = 0.070, and ROC area = 0.720) subset. In the validation cohort, the PROGRESS CTO and J-CTO scores performed similarly in predicting technical success (ROC area 0.720 vs. 0.746, area under the curve difference = 0.026, 95% confidence interval = -0.093 to 0.144).The PROGRESS CTO score is a novel useful tool for estimating technical success in CTO PCI performed using the hybrid approach.

Background We sought to determine whether outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) vary according to CTO target vessel: left anterior descending artery (LAD), left circumflex artery (LCX), and right coronary artery (RCA). Methods We evaluated the clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes of 636 patients who underwent CTO PCI at 6 high-volume centres in the United States between January 2012 and March 2014. Results The CTO target vessel was the RCA in 387 cases (61%), LAD in 132 (21%), and LCX in 117 (18%). LCX lesions were more tortuous and RCA lesions had greater occlusion length and Japanese Chronic Total Occlusion (J-CTO) score, but were less likely to have a side branch at the proximal cap and had more developed collateral circulation. The rate of procedural success was lower in LCX CTOs (84.6%), followed by RCA (91.7%), and LAD (94.7%) CTOs ( P = 0.016). Major complications tended to occur more frequently in LCX PCI (4.3% vs 1.0% for RCA vs 2.3% for LAD; P = 0.07). LCX and RCA CTO PCI required longer fluoroscopy times (45 [interquartile range (IQR), 30-74] minutes vs 45 [IQR, 21-69] minutes for RCA vs 34 [IQR, 20-60] minutes for LAD; P = 0.018) and LCX CTOs required more contrast administration (280 [IQR, 210-370] mL vs 250 [IQR, 184-350] mL for RCA and 280 [IQR, 200-400] mL for LAD). Conclusions In a contemporary, multicentre CTO PCI registry, LCX was the least common target vessel. Compared with LAD and RCA, PCI of LCX CTOs was associated with a lower rate of procedural success, less efficiency, and a nonsignificant trend for higher rates of complications.

To examine the impact of transradial access on the procedural outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).The efficacy and safety of transradial access in CTO PCI has received limited study.We compared the technique and outcomes of transradial vs. transfemoral access among 650 CTO PCI cases performed between January 2012 and March 2014 at 6 US centers.Most patients were men (87%) with high frequency of diabetes mellitus (42%) and prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (36%). The CTO target vessel was the right coronary (59%), left anterior descending (20%), or circumflex (17%) artery. TR access was used in 110 (17%) of the 650 cases, as follows: bilateral radial access (63%); bilateral radial access plus unilateral or bilateral femoral access (7%); unilateral radial access plus unilateral or bilateral femoral access (26%); and unilateral radial access (4%). Six and eight French guide catheters were used through the radial and femoral artery, respectively. Compared to transfemoral, transradial cases had similar technical (92.6% vs. 93.0%, P = 0.87) and procedural (91.1% vs. 90.0%, P = 0.95) success and major complication rates (1.7% vs 1.8%, P = 0.99). However, transradial access was associated with higher mean procedure (142 ± 83 vs. 120 ± 60 min, P = 0.008) and fluoroscopy (58 ± 40 vs. 49 ± 31 min, P0.026) time, and number of crossing approach changes (0.7 ± 1.0 vs. 0.5 ± 0.7, P = 0.008).Transradial CTO PCI can be performed with similar success and complication rates with transfemoral CTO PCI, but is associated with longer procedural and fluoroscopy times. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.