86 results on '"Michael Salvador"'
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2. Radiographic Analysis of the Ethmoid Roof based on KEROS Classification among Filipinos
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Justin Elfred Lan B. Paber, Michael Salvador D. Cabato, Romeo L. Villarta, and Josefino G. Hernandez
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Keros classification ,Filipino ,Paranasal Sinus ,PNS-CT ,Ethmoid roof ,Ethmoid anatomy ,Otorhinolaryngology ,RF1-547 - Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the distribution of Keros classification among Filipinos. Methods: Study Design: Retrospective review of consecutive paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNS CT) scans. Setting and Participants: One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive PNS CT scans done at the Philippine General Hospital done from January 2006 to August 2007 were reviewed; 109 PNS CT scans were included in the study. The bilateral heights of the lateral lamellae of the cribriform plate were obtained, independently coded, and classified according to Keros classification. Results: The mean height of the lateral lamella among Filipinos was 2.21mm. One hundred sixty five cases (81.6%) were classified as Keros I. Fifty two cases (17.9%) were classified as Keros II and one (0.5%) case was classified as Keros III. There was no significant difference in the height of the lateral lamella (t-test: p=0.77, CI 95%) and the distribution of Keros classification (Fisher’s Exact test: p = 0.78) among younger (1-14 year) and older (>14 year) Filipino age groups. There was significant difference in the height (t-test: p=0.05, CI 95%) and the distribution of Keros classification (Fishers Exact Test: p=0.01) between Filipino females and males. There was no significant difference in the height of the bilateral lateral lamellae among Filipinos (paired t-test: p=0.51, CI 95%). There was no significant difference in the distribution of Keros classification (Fisher’s Exact Test: p=0.48) between the right and left lateral lamella. Conclusions: In over 80% of the time Filipinos are classified as Keros I. Risk of inadvertent intracranial entry thru the lateral lamella among Filipinos is less compared to populations with majority of cases classified as Keros II or III. Keywords: Keros classification, Filipino, Paranasal Sinus, PNS-CT, Ethmoid roof, Ethmoid anatomy
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- 2008
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3. 28.2%-efficient, outdoor-stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell
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Frédéric Laquai, Michele De Bastiani, Emre Yengel, Stefaan De Wolf, Omar F. Mohammed, Erkan Aydin, Michael Salvador, Thomas D. Anthopoulos, Maxime Babics, Osman M. Bakr, Wenbo Yan, Thomas Allen, Furkan Halis Isikgor, Kaichen Zhu, Atteq ur Rehman, Fuzong Xu, Xiaopeng Zheng, Jun Yin, Mingcong Wang, Yajun Gao, Jafar Iqbal Khan, George T. Harrison, Esma Ugur, Jiang Liu, Anand S. Subbiah, and Mario Lanza
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Materials science ,Silicon ,Tandem ,Passivation ,business.industry ,Stacking ,chemistry.chemical_element ,law.invention ,General Energy ,chemistry ,law ,Phase (matter) ,Solar cell ,Optoelectronics ,Crystalline silicon ,business ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
Summary Stacking perovskite solar cells onto crystalline silicon bottom cells in a monolithic tandem configuration enables power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) well above those of their single-junction counterparts. However, state-of-the-art wide-band-gap perovskite films suffer from phase stability issues. Here, we show how carbazole as an additive to the perovskite precursor solution can not only reduce nonradiative recombination losses but, perhaps more importantly, also can suppress phase segregation under exposure to moisture and light illumination. This enables a stabilized PCE of 28.6% (independently certified at 28.2%) for a monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell over ∼1 cm2 and 27.1% over 3.8 cm2, built from a textured silicon heterojunction solar cell. The modified tandem devices retain ∼93% of their performance over 43 days in a hot and humid outdoor environment of almost 100% relative humidity over 250 h under continuous 1-sun illumination and about 87% during a 85/85 damp-heat test for 500 h, demonstrating the improved phase stability.
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- 2021
4. Fuzzy logic as a useful tool for managing resources in multi-energy buildings.
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Benjamin Paris, Julien Eynard, Michael Salvador, and Stéphane Grieu
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- 2011
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5. Toward Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics: A Six-Month Outdoor Performance Study in a Hot and Humid Climate
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Michael Salvador, Esma Ugur, Alessandro J. Mirabelli, Michele De Bastiani, Furkan Halis Isikgor, George T. Harrison, Bin Chen, Yi Hou, Thomas Allen, Shynggys Zhumagali, Maxime Babics, Edward H. Sargent, Erkan Aydin, Stefaan De Wolf, Jiang Liu, Atteq ur Rehman, Semen Shikin, Emmanuel Van Kerschaver, Quentin Jeangros, and Christophe Ballif
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Engineering ,design ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Library science ,induced degradation ,02 engineering and technology ,migration ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Materials Chemistry ,Naval research ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,stability ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Navy ,solar-cells ,Fuel Technology ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,heat ,light ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Hot and humid - Abstract
Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are emerging as a high-efficiency and prospectively cost-effective solar technology with great promise for deployment at the utility scale. However, despite the remarkable performance progress reported lately, assuring sufficient device stability-particularly of the perovskite top cell-remains a challenge on the path to practical impact. In this work, we analyze the outdoor performance of encapsulated bifacial perovskite/silicon tandems, by carrying out field-testing in Saudi Arabia. Over a six month experiment, we find that the open circuit voltage retains its initial value, whereas the fill factor degrades, which is found to have two causes. A first degradation mechanism is linked with ion migration in the perovskite and is largely reversible overnight, though it does induce hysteretic behavior over time. A second, irreversible, mechanism is caused by corrosion of the silver metal top contact with the formation of silver iodide. These findings provide directions for the design of new and more stable perovskite/silicon tandems
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- 2021
6. Interplay between temperature and bandgap energies on the outdoor performance of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells
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Thomas Allen, Michael Salvador, Michele De Bastiani, Stefaan De Wolf, Lujia Xu, Jorge Ávila, Erkan Aydin, and Emmanuel Van Kerschaver
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Materials science ,Tandem ,Field (physics) ,Silicon ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Band gap ,business.industry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Phase (matter) ,Standard test ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells promise power conversion efficiencies beyond the Shockley–Queisser limit of single-junction devices; however, their actual outdoor performance is yet to be investigated. Here we fabricate 25% efficient two-terminal monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and test them outdoors in a hot and sunny climate. We find that the temperature dependence of both the silicon and perovskite bandgaps—which follow opposing trends—shifts the devices away from current matching for two-terminal tandems that are optimized at standard test conditions. Consequently, we argue that the optimal perovskite bandgap energy at standard test conditions is
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- 2020
7. Hidden Perils of Lead in the Lab: Guidelines for Containing, Monitoring, and Decontaminating Lead in the Context of Perovskite Research
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Michael Salvador, Iain McCulloch, and Christopher E. Motter
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Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Nanotechnology ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Lead (geology) ,Materials Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
The metal lead is an integral part of mainstream perovskite solar cells. Lead-based compounds in the form of lead-based paint and lead-contaminated dust are known to potentially trigger long lastin...
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- 2020
8. Lessons learned from the first outdoor test of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells
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Ahmed Ali Said Ahmed, Michele De Bastiani, Michael Salvador, Erkan Aydin, Esma Ugur, Emmanuel Van Kerschaver, Lujia Xu, Thomas Allen, and Stefaan De Wolf
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Materials science ,Tandem ,Silicon ,chemistry ,Phase stability ,Photovoltaic system ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Engineering physics ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells promise power conversion efficiencies (PCE) beyond the thermodynamic limit of single-junction devices. This potential has been unveiled via several champion devices, however, their actual outdoor performance is yet to be investigated. Here, we fabricate 25 %-efficient two-terminal (2T) monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and test them outdoors to reveal the characteristics of these devices specifically in hot and sunny climates, which are the ideal locations to operate such efficient photovoltaic devices. In this article, we summarize our observation on the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells under actual operational conditions and discuss the lessons we take from our interpretations.
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- 2021
9. Adjusting the energy of interfacial states in organic photovoltaics for maximum efficiency
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Michael Salvador, Franco V. A. Camargo, Vasilis G. Gregoriou, Christos L. Chochos, Steffen Roland, Andrej Classen, Giulio Cerullo, Larry Lüer, Nicola Gasparini, Iain McCulloch, Andrew Wadsworth, Christoph J. Brabec, Derya Baran, Tetsuhiko Nagahara, Dieter Neher, Andreas Görling, and Stefan Frühwald
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Solar cells ,Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,Exciton ,Science ,General Physics and Astronomy ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Photocurrent ,Multidisciplinary ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,Time constant ,Charge (physics) ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Acceptor ,0104 chemical sciences ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Optoelectronics ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Quantum efficiency ,ddc:500 ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
A critical bottleneck for improving the performance of organic solar cells (OSC) is minimising non-radiative losses in the interfacial charge-transfer (CT) state via the formation of hybrid energetic states. This requires small energetic offsets often detrimental for high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Here, we obtain OSC with both non-radiative voltage losses (0.24 V) and photocurrent losses (EQE > 80%) simultaneously minimised. The interfacial CT states separate into free carriers with ≈40-ps time constant. We combine device and spectroscopic data to model the thermodynamics of charge separation and extraction, revealing that the relatively high performance of the devices arises from an optimal adjustment of the CT state energy, which determines how the available overall driving force is efficiently used to maximize both exciton splitting and charge separation. The model proposed is universal for donor:acceptor (D:A) with low driving forces and predicts which D:A will benefit from a morphology optimization for highly efficient OSC., Understanding the mechanism of non-radiative losses in organic photovoltaics is crucial to improve the performance further. Here, the authors use combined device and spectroscopic data to reveal universal model to maximise exciton splitting and charge separation by adjusting the energy of charge transfer state.
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- 2021
10. Efficient bifacial monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells via bandgap engineering
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Joel Troughton, Jiang Liu, Thomas Allen, Michael Salvador, Beatrice Fraboni, Anand S. Subbiah, Ulrich W. Paetzold, Alessandro J. Mirabelli, Michele De Bastiani, Bin Chen, Emmanuel Van Kerschaver, Edward H. Sargent, Derya Baran, Lujia Xu, Fabrizio Gota, Furkan Halis Isikgor, Erkan Aydin, Stefaan De Wolf, Yi Hou, De Bastiani, Michele, Mirabelli, Alessandro J., Hou, Yi, Gota, Fabrizio, Aydin, Erkan, Allen, Thomas G., Troughton, Joel, Subbiah, Anand S., Isikgor, Furkan H., Liu, Jiang, Xu, Lujia, Chen, Bin, Van Kerschaver, Emmanuel, Baran, Derya, Fraboni, Beatrice, Salvador, Michael F., Paetzold, Ulrich W., Sargent, Edward H., and De Wolf, Stefaan
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Materials science ,Silicon ,Tandem ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Band gap ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Performance ratio ,perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells ,certified power conversion efficiencies, interfaces ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Perovskite (structure) ,Power density - Abstract
Bifacial monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells exploit albedo—the diffuse reflected light from the environment—to increase their performance above that of monofacial perovskite/silicon tandems. Here we report bifacial tandems with certified power conversion efficiencies >25% under monofacial AM1.5G 1 sun illumination that reach power-generation densities as high as ~26 mW cm–2 under outdoor testing. We investigated the perovskite bandgap required to attain optimized current matching under a variety of realistic illumination and albedo conditions. We then compared the properties of these bifacial tandems exposed to different albedos and provide energy yield calculations for two locations with different environmental conditions. Finally, we present a comparison of outdoor test fields of monofacial and bifacial perovskite/silicon tandems to demonstrate the added value of tandem bifaciality for locations with albedos of practical relevance. Bifacial solar cells can outperform monofacial cells by exploiting sunlight reflected off the ground surface. De Bastiani et al. show that bifacial perovskite/silicon tandem with an optimized bandgap can deliver a power density of 26 mW cm–2 and compare its performance to monofacial cells under outdoor conditions.
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- 2021
11. Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si–perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes
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George D. Spyropulos, Martin A. Green, Michael Salvador, Yilei Shen, Thomas Huemueller, Thomas Kirchartz, Xueling Zhang, Nadine Schrenker, Christoph J. Brabec, Erdmann Spiecker, Benjamin Wilkinson, Anita Ho-Baillie, Karen Forberich, Pierre J. Verlinden, and Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz
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Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Advanced materials ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Solution processed ,Renewable energy ,Management ,Work (electrical) ,General Materials Science ,Factory ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Elektrotechnik ,Silicon solar cell - Abstract
The Cluster of Excellence funded this work through “Engineering of Advanced Materials” (EAM). The authors acknowledge financial support from the DFG research-training group GRK 1896 at Erlangen University and from the Joint Project Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen Nurnberg (HI-ERN) under project number DBF01253, respectively. The authors would like to acknowledge the company rent a scientist (RAS) for material support. C.J.B. acknowledges the financial support through the “Aufbruch Bayern” initiative of the state of Bavaria (EnCN and Solar Factory of the Future) and the “Solar Factory of the Future” with the Energy Campus Nurnberg (EnCN). C.O.R.Q would like to acknowledge Dr. Ning Li, Yi Hou, K. Ding, A. Richter, W. Duan and Andrej Classen for their support during the early stages of this project. Similarly C.O.R.Q would like to acknowledge Sara Mashhoun and Helena Waldau for her helpful advice and graphic design, respectively. A.H-B would like to thank C. Yi for his contributions in checking the electrical characteristics of the silicon solar cell. C.O.R.Q would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from The Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT). This work was partly supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA).
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- 2018
12. P3HT: non-fullerene acceptor based large area, semi-transparent PV modules with power conversion efficiencies of 5%, processed by industrially scalable methods
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Michael Salvador, Christoph J. Brabec, H.-J. Egelhaaf, Stefan Langner, Florian Machui, Peter Kubis, Iain McCulloch, S. Strohm, and Nicola Gasparini
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Materials science ,Fullerene ,Inkwell ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Semi transparent ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Acceptor ,0104 chemical sciences ,Power (physics) ,Solution processed ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Scalability ,Environmental Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The transfer from poly-3hexylthiophene (P3HT) based fullerene free organic photovoltaic (OPV) lab cells with IDTBR (rhodanine-benzothiadiazole-coupled indacenodithiophene) as acceptor material to fully solution processed roll-to-roll (R2R) compatible modules is reported. The developed R2R process is fully compatible with industrial requirements as it uses exclusively non-hazardous solvents. The combination of optimized ink formulation, module layout, and processing affords efficiencies of 5% on 60 cm2 total module area.
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- 2018
13. Introducing a New Potential Figure of Merit for Evaluating Microstructure Stability in Photovoltaic Polymer-Fullerene Blends
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Christoph J. Brabec, Michael Salvador, András Dallos, Janos Kontos, Ning Li, Stefan Langner, Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Gabor Jarvas, José Darío Perea, Benjamin Sanchez-Lengeling, and Chaohong Zhang
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Organic electronics ,Fullerene ,Materials science ,Ab initio ,Thermodynamics ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Hildebrand solubility parameter ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Polymer chemistry ,Figure of merit ,Density functional theory ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
A theoretical understanding of the microstructure of organic semiconducting polymers and blends is vital to further advance the optoelectronic device performance of organic electronics. We outline the theoretical framework of a combined numerical approach based on polymeric solution theory to study the microstructure of polymer:small molecule blends. We feed the results of ab initio density functional theory quantum chemistry calculations into an artificial neural network for the determination of solubility parameters. These solubility parameters are used to calculate Flory–Huggings intermolecular parameters. We further show that the theoretical values are in line with experimentally determined data. On the basis of the Flory–Huggings parameters, we establish a figure of merit as a relative metric for assessing the phase diagrams of organic semiconducting blends in thin films. This is demonstrated for polymer:fullerene blend films on the basis of the prototypical polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (...
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- 2017
14. Cyclotron Splittings in the Plasmon Resonances of Electronically Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals Probed by Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
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Michael Salvador, Daniel R. Gamelin, Kimberly H. Hartstein, and Alina M. Schimpf
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Chemistry ,Magnetic circular dichroism ,Infrared ,Cyclotron ,Doping ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,law ,General Materials Science ,Charge carrier ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Atomic physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Spectroscopy ,Plasmon ,Localized surface plasmon - Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the rich electronic structures of electronically doped semiconductor nanocrystals is vital for assessing the utility of these materials for future applications from solar cells to redox catalysis. Here, we examine the use of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to probe the infrared localized surface plasmon resonances of p-Cu2–xSe, n-ZnO, and tin-doped In2O3 (n-ITO) nanocrystals. We demonstrate that the MCD spectra of these nanocrystals can be analyzed by invoking classical cyclotron motions of their excess charge carriers, with experimental MCD signs conveying the carrier types (n or p) and experimental MCD intensities conveying the cyclotron splitting magnitudes. The experimental cyclotron splittings can then be used to quantify carrier effective masses (m*), with results that agree with bulk in most cases. MCD spectroscopy thus offers a unique measure of m* in free-standing colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, raising new opportunities to investigate the influ...
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- 2017
15. Suppression of Thermally Induced Fullerene Aggregation in Polyfullerene-Based Multiacceptor Organic Solar Cells
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Stefan Langner, José Darío Perea, Nicola Gasparini, Christoph J. Brabec, Roger C. Hiorns, Sambatra Rajoelson, Michael Salvador, Simon Dowland, Hasina H. Ramanitra, Andres Osvet, Benjamin D. Lindner, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), and Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Materials science ,Fullerene ,Organic solar cell ,Photovoltaic system ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,thermal stability ,0104 chemical sciences ,Charge generation ,Chemical engineering ,Organic photovoltaics ,fullerene aggregation ,main-chain polyfullerenes ,multi acceptor composite blend ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Binary control ,Device failure - Abstract
International audience; A novel main-chain polyfullerene, poly[fullerene-alt-2,5-bis(octyloxy)terephthalaldehyde] (PPC4), is investigated for its hypothesized superior morphological stability as an electron-accepting material in organic photovoltaics relative to the widely used fullerene phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). When mixed with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), PPC4 affords low-charge-generation yields because of poor intermixing within the blend. The adoption of a multiacceptor system, by introducing PCBM into the P3HT:polyfullerene blend, was found to lead to a 3-fold enhancement in charge generation, affording power conversion efficiencies very close to that of the prototypical P3HT:PCBM binary control. Upon thermal stressing and in contrast to the P3HT:PCBM binary, photovoltaic devices based on the multiacceptor system demonstrated significantly improved stability, outperforming the control because of suppression of the PCBM migration and aggregation processes responsible for rapid device failure. We rationalize the influence of the fullerene miscibility and its implications on the device performance in terms of a thermodynamic model based on Flory-Huggins solution theory. Finally, the potential universal applicability of this approach for thermal stabilization of organic solar cells is demonstrated, utilizing an alternative low-band-gap polymer-donor system
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- 2017
16. Suppressing photooxidation of conjugated polymers and their blends with fullerenes through nickel chelates
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Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Michael Salvador, Larry Lüer, Christoph J. Brabec, Sri Harish Kumar Paleti, Pavel A. Troshin, José Darío Perea, Andreas Distler, Liana N. Inasaridze, and Nicola Gasparini
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Quenching (fluorescence) ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Singlet oxygen ,Radical ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,Conjugated system ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Photochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,Organic semiconductor ,Nickel ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,law ,Environmental Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Electron paramagnetic resonance - Abstract
Conjugated polymer semiconductors offer unique advantages over conventional semiconductors but tend to suffer from electro-optic performance roll-off, mainly due to reduced photofastness. Here, we demonstrate that the commodity nickel chelate nickel(II) dibutyldithiocarbamate, Ni(dtc)2, effectively inhibits photooxidation across a wide range of prototypical π-conjugated polymer semiconductors and blends. The addition of 2–10 wt% of Ni(dtc)2 increases the resilience of otherwise quickly photobleaching semiconducting thin films, even in the presence of detrimental, radical forming processing additives. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy and sensitive oxygen probes, we found that Ni(dtc)2 acts as a broadband stabilizer that inhibits both the formation of reactive radicals and singlet oxygen. The mechanism of stabilization is of sacrificial nature, but contains non-sacrificial contributions in polymers where singlet oxygen is a key driver of photooxidation. Ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy reveals quenching of triplet excited states as the central mechanism of non-sacrificial stabilization. When introduced into the active layer of organic photovoltaic devices, Ni(dtc)2 retards the short circuit current loss in air without affecting the sensitive morphology of bulk heterojunctions and without major sacrifices in semiconductor properties. Antioxidants based on nickel complexes thus constitute functional stabilizers for elucidating degradation mechanisms in organic semiconductors and represent a cost-effective route toward organic electronic appliances with extended longevity.
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- 2017
17. Favorable Mixing Thermodynamics in Ternary Polymer Blends for Realizing High Efficiency Plastic Solar Cells
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Erdmann Spiecker, Michael Salvador, Maria Antonietta Loi, Simon Kahmann, Nicola Gasparini, Andreas Sperlich, Christoph J. Brabec, José Darío Perea, Tayebeh Ameri, Giuseppe Portale, Stefanie Rechberger, Andreas Baumann, Ning Li, Vladimir Dyakonov, Photophysics and OptoElectronics, and Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials
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Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,ternary organic solar cells ,01 natural sciences ,Electron transfer ,General Materials Science ,mixing thermodynamics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ternary numeral system ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Energy conversion efficiency ,GAP ,Electron acceptor ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Acceptor ,0104 chemical sciences ,high efficiency ,OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE ,chemistry ,Chemical physics ,FRET ,Polymer blend ,0210 nano-technology ,Ternary operation ,ENERGY-TRANSFER ,PHOTOPHYSICS - Abstract
Ternary blends with broad spectral absorption have the potential to increase charge generation in organic solar cells but feature additional complexity due to limited intermixing and electronic mismatch. Here, a model system comprising the polymers poly[5,5-bis(2-butyloctyl)-(2,2-bithiophene)-4,4-dicarboxylate-alt-5,5-2,2-bithiophene] (PDCBT) and PTB7-Th and PC70BM as an electron accepting unit is presented. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ternary system clearly surpasses the performance of either of the binary systems. The photophysics is governed by a fast energy transfer process from PDCBT to PTB7-Th, followed by electron transfer at the PTB7-Th:fullerene interface. The morphological motif in the ternary blend is characterized by polymer fibers. Based on a combination of photophysical analysis, GIWAXS measurements and calculation of the intermolecular parameter, the latter indicating a very favorable molecular affinity between PDCBT and PTB7-Th, it is proposed that an efficient charge generation mechanism is possible because PTB7-Th predominantly orients around PDCBT filaments, allowing energy to be effectively relayed from PDCBT to PTB7-Th. Fullerene can be replaced by a nonfullerene acceptor without sacrifices in charge generation, achieving a PCE above 11%. These results support the idea that thermodynamic mixing and energetics of the polymer-polymer interface are critical design parameter for realizing highly efficient ternary solar cells with variable electron acceptors.
- Published
- 2019
18. Interface Molecular engineering for laminated monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 80.4% fill factor
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Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Steve Albrecht, Andrej Classen, José Darío Perea, Michael Salvador, Andreas Hirsch, George D. Spyropoulos, Loïc M. Roch, Laura-Isabelle Dion-Bertrand, Salvador León, Nadine Schrenker, Ning Li, Frank Hauke, Erdmann Spiecker, Tobias Unruh, Mathias Mews, Bernd Rech, Nicola Gasparini, Lars Korte, Karen Forberich, Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Marvin Berlinghof, Ganna Chistiakova, Christoph J. Brabec, Gonzalo Abellán, and Tayebeh Ameri
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Materials science ,European research ,Library science ,Data interpretation ,02 engineering and technology ,Advanced materials ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Biomaterials ,Electrochemistry ,Experimental work ,Fill factor ,Christian ministry ,Dinàmica molecular ,0210 nano-technology ,Materials ,Cèl·lules fotoelèctriques - Abstract
The Cluster of Excellence funded this work through “Engineering of Advanced Materials” (EAM). The authors acknowledge financial support from the DFG research-training group GRK 1896 at Erlangen University and from the Joint Project Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen Nurnberg (HI-ERN) under Project No. DBF01253, respectively. C.J.B. acknowledges the financial support through the “Aufbruch Bayern” initiative of the state of Bavaria (EnCN and Solar Factory of the Future) and the “Solar Factory of the Future” with the Energy Campus Nurnberg (EnCN). S.L. acknowledges the Real Colegio Complutense in Harvard for a research grant, and to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for a fellowship through the Salvador de Madariaga Program. L.M.R. and A.A.-G. acknowledge support from Tata Sons Limited – Alliance Agreement (A32391). The computations in this paper were done on the Odyssey cluster supported by the FAS Division of Science, Research Computing Group at Harvard University, and on the Arran cluster supported by the Health Sciences Platform (HSP) at Tianjin University. C.O.R.Q. would like to acknowledge M. Mohrensen for his assistance in graphic design. Similarly, C.O.R.Q. would like to acknowledge Gebhard Matt and Ievgen Levchuk for helpful discussion. G.A. thanks support by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 804110), the Spanish MINECO through the Excellence Unit Maria de Maeztu (MDM-2015-0538), the Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/001), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; FLAG-ERA AB694/2-1). G.A. would like to acknowledge Vicent Lloret for his assistance with the experimental work. B. R., L.K., S.A., and G.C. acknowledge support from BMWi through the “PersiST” project (Grant No. 0324037C). S.A. acknowledges funding by the BMBF within the project “Materialforschung fur die Energiewende” for his Young Investigator Group (Grant No. 03SF0540). T.A. gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Solar Technologies go Hybrid (SolTech) and Bavarian Equal Opportunities Sponsorship – Forderung von Frauen in Forschung und Lehre (FFL). T.U. and M.B. gratefully acknowledge the funding of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Project No. 05K16WEB). C.O.R.Q. would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from The Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT). C.O.R.Q. wrote the manuscript with comments from all coauthors and highlighted contributions from M.S. C.O.R.Q. coordinated and performed photovoltaic device fabrication. C.O.R.Q. coordinated all experiments, measurements, and simulations. G.D.S. assisted with the tandem lamination process. C.O.R.Q. and K.F. performed optical simulations. M.S., G.D.S., N.L., T.A., and A.A.-G. assisted with data interpretation, story layout design, and contributed ideas. C.O.R.Q., N.S., and E.S. contributed with the electron microscopy analysis. C.O.R.Q., M.B., and T.B. contributed with X-ray studies. C.O.R.Q., G.A., F.H., and A.H. contributed with Raman studies. L.-I.D.-B., and N.G. assisted with PL measurements. N.G. and A.C. assisted with FTPS and PL data analysis and interpretation. M.M., G.C., L.K., B.R., and S.A. provided silicon cells. QM/DFT calculations and analysis were performed by L.M.R. MD parametrization was done by S.L., and MD simulations were performed and analyzed by S.L. and J.D.P. C.J.B. supervised the project.
- Published
- 2019
19. Organic and perovskite solar modules innovated by adhesive top electrode and depth-resolved laser patterning
- Author
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Christoph J. Brabec, Nicola Gasparini, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Peter Kubis, Peter Schweizer, George D. Spyropoulos, Yi Hou, Erdmann Spiecker, Tayebeh Ameri, Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Jens Adams, Michael Salvador, and Ning Li
- Subjects
Laser patterning ,Materials science ,Fabrication ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Photovoltaic system ,Nanowire ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,PEDOT:PSS ,Electrode ,Environmental Chemistry ,Adhesive ,0210 nano-technology ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
We demonstrate an innovative solution-processing fabrication route for organic and perovskite solar modules via depth-selective laser patterning of an adhesive top electrode. This yields unprecedented power conversion efficiencies of up to 5.3% and 9.8%, respectively. We employ a PEDOT:PSS–Ag nanowire composite electrode and depth-resolved post-patterning through beforehand laminated devices using ultra-fast laser scribing. This process affords low-loss interconnects of consecutive solar cells while overcoming typical alignment constraints. Our strategy informs a highly simplified and universal approach for solar module fabrication that could be extended to other thin-film photovoltaic technologies.
- Published
- 2016
20. Morphological and electrical control of fullerene dimerization determines organic photovoltaic stability
- Author
-
Max von Delius, Rongrong Cheacharoen, Urs F. Fritze, Thomas Heumueller, Michael D. McGehee, William R. Mateker, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Christoph J. Brabec, Andreas Distler, Michael Salvador, William H. Nguyen, and Markus Biele
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Reaction mechanism ,Materials science ,Fullerene ,Organic solar cell ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Biasing ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,0104 chemical sciences ,Amorphous solid ,Crystallinity ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Short circuit - Abstract
Fullerene dimerization has been linked to short circuit current (Jsc) losses in organic solar cells comprised of certain polymer–fullerene systems. We investigate several polymer–fullerene systems, which present Jsc loss to varying degrees, in order to determine under which conditions dimerization occurs. By reintroducing dimers into fresh devices, we confirm that the photo-induced dimers are indeed the origin of the Jsc loss. We find that both film morphology and electrical bias affect the photodimerization process and thus the associated loss of Jsc. In plain fullerene films, a higher degree of crystallinity can inhibit the dimerization reaction, as observed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements. In blend films, the amount of dimerization depends on the degree of mixing between polymer and fullerene. For highly mixed systems with very amorphous polymers, no dimerization is observed. In solar cells with pure polymer and fullerene domains, we tune the fullerene morphology from amorphous to crystalline by thermal annealing. Similar to neat fullerene films, we observe improved light stability for devices with crystalline fullerene domains. Changing the operating conditions of the investigated solar cells from Voc to Jsc also significantly reduces the amount of dimerization-related Jsc loss; HPLC analysis of the active layer shows that more dimers are formed if the cell is held at Voc instead of Jsc. The effect of bias on dimerization, as well as a clear correlation between PL quenching and reduced dimerization upon addition of small amounts of an amorphous polymer into PC60BM films, suggests a reaction mechanism via excitons.
- Published
- 2016
21. From 4T to 2T solution processed silicon/perovskite tandems solar cells
- Author
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Anita Ho-Baillie, Pierre J. Verlinden, Andreas Hirsch, Christoph J. Brabec, Michael Salvador, Steve Albrecht, Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Loïc M. Roch, Tobias Unruh, Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Martin A. Green, and Xueling Zhang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Silicon ,chemistry ,business.industry ,Optoelectronics ,chemistry.chemical_element ,business ,Perovskite (structure) ,Solution processed - Published
- 2018
22. Correction: Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si-perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes
- Author
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Karen Forberich, George D. Spyropoulos, Michael Salvador, Anita Ho-Baillie, Thomas Heumüller, Yilei Shen, Benjamin Wilkinson, Nadine Schrenker, Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Christoph J. Brabec, Erdmann Spiecker, Pierre J. Verlinden, Martin A. Green, Thomas Kirchartz, and Xueling Zhang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Terminal (electronics) ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Percolation ,Electrode ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,General Chemistry ,business ,Perovskite (structure) ,Solution processed ,Elektrotechnik - Abstract
Correction for ‘Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si-perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes’ by César Omar Ramírez Quiroz et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 3583–3592.
- Published
- 2018
23. The Development of an Optimized System of Narcotic and Explosive Contraband Mimics for Calibration and Training of Biological Detectors
- Author
-
Michael Salvador Macias
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Explosive material ,Computer science ,Narcotic ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Real-time computing ,Detector ,Calibration ,medicine - Published
- 2017
24. Photophysics of Molecular-Weight-Induced Losses in Indacenodithienothiophene-Based Solar Cells
- Author
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Michael Salvador, Christoph J. Brabec, Apostolos Avgeropoulos, Nicola Gasparini, Erdmann Spiecker, Derya Baran, Athanasios Katsouras, Tayebeh Ameri, Christos L. Chochos, Stefanie Fladischer, and Mamantos Prodromidis
- Subjects
Photocurrent ,Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,computer.internet_protocol ,business.industry ,Band gap ,Energy conversion efficiency ,Analytical chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Biomaterials ,FTPS ,Electrochemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Charge carrier ,Polymer fractionation ,Spectroscopy ,business ,computer - Abstract
The photovoltaic performance and optoelectronic properties of a donor–acceptor copolymer are reported based on indacenodithienothiophene (IDTT) and 2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline moieties (PIDTTQ) as a function of the number-average molecular weight (Mn). Current–voltage measurements and photoinduced charge carrier extraction by linear increasing voltage (photo-CELIV) reveal improved charge generation and charge transport properties in these high band gap systems with increasing Mn, while polymers with low molecular weight suffer from diminished charge carrier extraction because of low mobility–lifetime (μτ) product. By combining Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy (FTPS) with electroluminscence spectroscopy, it is demonstrate that increasing Mn reduces the nonradiative recombination losses. Solar cells based on PIDTTQ with Mn = 58 kD feature a power conversion efficiency of 6.0% and a charge carrier mobility of 2.1 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 when doctor bladed in air, without the need for thermal treatment. This study exhibits the strong correlations between polymer fractionation and its optoelectronics characteristics, which informs the polymer design rules toward highly efficient organic solar cells.
- Published
- 2015
25. Air-processed organic tandem solar cells on glass: toward competitive operating lifetimes
- Author
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Florian Machui, Michael Salvador, Christoph J. Brabec, Monika M. Voigt, George D. Spyropoulos, S. Strohm, Luca Lucera, Stefan Langner, Ning Li, Jens Adams, Frederik C. Krebs, Tayebeh Ameri, and Hong Zhang
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,Materials science ,Tandem ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Technische Fakultät ,Photovoltaic system ,Hybrid solar cell ,Pollution ,Renewable energy ,Organic semiconductor ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Photovoltaics ,Environmental Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Irradiation ,business ,ddc:600 - Abstract
Photovoltaic devices based on organic semiconductors (OPVs) hold great promise as a cost-effective renewable energy platform because they can be processed from solution and deposited on flexible plastics using roll-to-roll processing. Despite important progress and reported power conversion efficiencies of more than 10% the rather limited stability of this type of devices raises concerns towards future commercialization. The tandem concept allows for both absorbing a broader range of the solar spectrum and reducing thermalization losses. We designed an organic tandem solar cell with an inverted device geometry comprising environmentally stable active and charge-selecting layers. Under continuous white light irradiation, we demonstrate an extrapolated, operating lifetime in excess of one decade. We elucidate that for the current generation of organic tandem cells one critical requirement for long operating lifetimes consists of periodic UV light treatment. These results suggest that new material approaches towards UV-resilient active and interfacial layers may enable efficient organic tandem solar cells with lifetimes competitive with traditional inorganic photovoltaics.
- Published
- 2015
26. Pushing efficiency limits for semitransparent perovskite solar cells
- Author
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Erdmann Spiecker, Ievgen Levchuk, Thomas Heumüller, Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Christoph J. Brabec, Karen Forberich, Peter Schweizer, Yi Hou, Michael Salvador, and Carina Bronnbauer
- Subjects
Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Nanotechnology ,General Chemistry ,Active layer ,law.invention ,Crystallinity ,Semiconductor ,Stack (abstract data type) ,law ,Transmittance ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Crystallization ,business ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
While perovskite-based semitransparent solar cells deliver competitive levels of transparency and efficiency to be envisioned for urban infrastructures, the complexity and sensitivity of their processing conditions remain challenging. Here, we introduce two robust protocols for the processing of sub-100 nm perovskite films, allowing fine-tuning of the active layer without compromising the crystallinity and quality of the semiconductor. Specifically, we demonstrate that a method based on solvent-induced crystallization with a rapid drying step affords perovskite solar cells with 37% average visible transmittance (AVT) and 7.8% PCE. This process enhances crystallization with a preferential phase orientation presumably at the interface, yielding a high fill factor of 72.3%. The second method is based on a solvent–solvent extraction protocol, enabling active layer films as thin as 40 nm and featuring room-temperature crystallization in an ambient environment on a few second time span. As a result, we demonstrate a maximum AVT of 46% with an efficiency of 3.6%, which is the highest combination of efficiency and transparency for a full device stack to date. By combining the two methods presented here we cover a broad range of thicknesses vs. transparency values and confirm that solvent-induced crystallization represents a powerful processing strategy toward high-efficiency semitransparent solar cells. Optical simulations support our experimental findings and provide a global perspective of the opportunities and limitations of semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic devices.
- Published
- 2015
27. High-performance ternary organic solar cells with thick active layer exceeding 11% efficiency
- Author
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Luca Lucera, Michael Salvador, Nicola Gasparini, Mario Prosa, Christoph J. Brabec, Peter Kubis, Tayebeh Ameri, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, and George D. Spyropoulos
- Subjects
Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Energy conversion efficiency ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Ternary organic solar cells ,0104 chemical sciences ,Active layer ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Charge carrier ,0210 nano-technology ,Ternary operation ,business - Abstract
We present a novel ternary organic solar cell with an uncommonly thick active layer (similar to 300 nm), featuring thickness invariant charge carrier recombination and delivering 11% power conversion efficiency (PCE). A ternary blend was used to demonstrate photovoltaicmodules of high technological relevance both on glass and flexible substrates, yielding 8.2% and 6.8% PCE, respectively.
- Published
- 2017
28. Size-Dependent Charge Transfer Yields in Conjugated Polymer/Quantum Dot Blends
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Elisabeth Strein, Eric M. Janke, David S. Ginger, Cody W. Schlenker, Adam E. Colbert, and Hirokazu Nagaoka
- Subjects
Photocurrent ,Materials science ,Absorption spectroscopy ,business.industry ,Hybrid solar cell ,Polymer solar cell ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,General Energy ,Nanocrystal ,Quantum dot ,Optoelectronics ,Quantum efficiency ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,business ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) - Abstract
We investigate the effect of quantum dot size on photocurrent and photoinduced charge transfer yields in blends of the conjugated polymer, poly((4,8-bis(octyloxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b′)dithiophene-2,6-diyl)(2-((dodecyloxy)carbonyl)thieno(3,4-b)thiophenediyl)) (PTB1), with PbS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs). These hybrid solar cells exhibit external quantum efficiencies of over 70% and power conversion efficiencies of up to 2.8%. We use photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy and device EQE measurements to probe long-lived charge transfer at the polymer/QD interface as a function of QD size. We observe that both the PIA signal associated with charge formation on the polymer, as well as the external quantum efficiency of the hybrid photovoltaic devices decrease in magnitude with increasing quantum dot size, despite the broader absorption spectrum of the larger dots. We interpret these results as evidence that PTB1/PbS blends behave at least partially as bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, and conclude tha...
- Published
- 2014
29. Flexible organic tandem solar modules with 6% efficiency: combining roll-to-roll compatible processing with high geometric fill factors
- Author
-
Monika M. Voigt, Michael Salvador, Ning Li, Christoph J. Brabec, Frederik C. Krebs, Luca Lucera, Tayebeh Ameri, Peter Kubis, Derya Baran, and George D. Spyropoulos
- Subjects
Engineering ,Organic solar cell ,Tandem ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Technische Fakultät ,Energy conversion efficiency ,Photovoltaic system ,Bending ,Pollution ,Roll-to-roll processing ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Electronic engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Resilience (materials science) ,business ,ddc:600 ,Ultrashort pulse - Abstract
Organic solar cell technology bears the potential for high photovoltaic performance combined with truly low-cost, high-volume processing. Here we demonstrate organic tandem solar modules on flexible substrates fabricated by fully roll-to-roll compatible processing at temperatures
- Published
- 2014
30. Electrical Detection of Quantum Dot Hot Electrons Generated via a Mn
- Author
-
Charles J, Barrows, Jeffrey D, Rinehart, Hirokazu, Nagaoka, Dane W, deQuilettes, Michael, Salvador, Jennifer I L, Chen, David S, Ginger, and Daniel R, Gamelin
- Abstract
An all-solid-state quantum-dot-based photon-to-current conversion device is demonstrated that selectively detects the generation of hot electrons. Photoexcitation of Mn
- Published
- 2016
31. Coloring semitransparent room-temperature fabricated perovskite solar cells via dielectric mirrors (Conference Presentation)
- Author
-
Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Michael Salvador, Yi Hou, Christoph J. Brabec, Karen Forberich, Ievgen Levchuk, and Carina Bronnbauer
- Subjects
Photocurrent ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Photovoltaics ,Dielectric mirror ,Optoelectronics ,Quantum efficiency ,Dielectric ,Chromaticity ,business ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
While the development of perovskite-based semitransparent solar cells with competitive levels of transparency and efficiency offer a promising perspective towards building integrated photovoltaics, the color perception of perovskite films is of limited visual aesthetics, compromising their applicability to facades and windows. In the present work, we develop a technique to grow crystalline, ultrathin perovskite films through a solvent-solvent extraction process featuring full crystallization within few seconds at RT and under 45%RH environmental conditions. As a result we obtained the highest combination of efficiency and transparency to date for perovskite solar cells. We further improved the visual aesthetics of our devices by implementing dielectric mirrors. EQE and UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements are performed to fully characterize the device stacks featuring four different dielectric mirror configurations. By customizing the mirror to the near-IR absorption region of the perovskite, we could increase the Jsc by 18.7%, yielding a light blue appearance and showing 31.4% transparency at 3.5% electrical power efficiency. Both, the solar cells and the dielectric mirrors are fully-solution processed under ambient conditions and are easily transferable to roll-to-roll upscaling. Optical simulations support our experimental findings and provide a global perspective emulating full device stack appearance covering all the colors in the visible spectra. Transparency, photocurrent density contribution and chromaticity are finally simulated and analyzed. Based on the detailed analysis, we give an outlook on the performance – color – transparency roadmap for perovskite solar cells.
- Published
- 2016
32. The path to ubiquitous organic electronics hinges on its stability
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Christoph J. Brabec, and Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Organic electronics ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Stability (learning theory) ,Hinge ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Engineering physics ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,Path (graph theory) ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Published
- 2018
33. P012 A novel HLA-DPB1 allele identified using family analysis
- Author
-
Robert Vorhaben, Amena Usmani, Min-Jeong Lee, Ian-Michael Salvador, and Chantale Lacelle
- Subjects
Genetics ,HLA-DPB1 ,Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy ,General Medicine ,Allele ,Biology - Published
- 2019
34. Combined Computational Approach Based on Density Functional Theory and Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting The Solubility Parameters of Fullerenes
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Andreas Görling, Christoph J. Brabec, Janos Kontos, J. Darío Perea, András Dallos, Florian Machui, Florian Winkler, Stefan Langner, Gabor Jarvas, and Tayebeh Ameri
- Subjects
Fullerene ,Artificial neural network ,Chemistry ,Implicit solvation ,Thermodynamics ,Charge density ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Hildebrand solubility parameter ,Molecular dynamics ,Computational chemistry ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Materials Chemistry ,Density functional theory ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Solubility ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The solubility of organic semiconductors in environmentally benign solvents is an important prerequisite for the widespread adoption of organic electronic appliances. Solubility can be determined by considering the cohesive forces in a liquid via Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). We report a numerical approach to determine the HSP of fullerenes using a mathematical tool based on artificial neural networks (ANN). ANN transforms the molecular surface charge density distribution (σ-profile) as determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the framework of a continuum solvation model into solubility parameters. We validate our model with experimentally determined HSP of the fullerenes C60, PC61BM, bisPC61BM, ICMA, ICBA, and PC71BM and through comparison with previously reported molecular dynamics calculations. Most excitingly, the ANN is able to correctly predict the dispersive contributions to the solubility parameters of the fullerenes although no explicit information on the van der Waals forces is present in the σ-profile. The presented theoretical DFT calculation in combination with the ANN mathematical tool can be easily extended to other π-conjugated, electronic material classes and offers a fast and reliable toolbox for future pathways that may include the design of green ink formulations for solution-processed optoelectronic devices.
- Published
- 2016
35. Increased thermal stabilization of polymer photovoltaic cells with oligomeric PCBM
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Christoph J. Brabec, Bruna Andressa Bregadiolli, Sambatra Rajoelson, Andreas Distler, Simon Dowland, Graham E. Morse, Didier Bégué, Andres Osvet, Carlos Frederico de Oliveira Graeff, Hasina H. Ramanitra, Roger C. Hiorns, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Thomas Chassé, Heiko Peisert, Hugo Santos Silva, Instituto de Technologia de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Instituto de Física, Universidade federal de uberlandia, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), and Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Atom transfer radical addition ,Photovoltaic devices ,Materials science ,Band gap ,Degree of crystallinity ,Bulk heterojunction ,Free radical reactions ,02 engineering and technology ,Butyric acid ,010402 general chemistry ,Photochemistry ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Polymer solar cell ,Thermal stabilization ,Crystallinity ,Materials Chemistry ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,Polymer photovoltaic cells ,Atom transfer radical polymerization ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Substrates ,Atom-transfer radical-polymerization ,Photovoltaic cells ,Heterojunction ,Esters ,General Chemistry ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Organic photovoltaic devices ,Stabilization ,0104 chemical sciences ,Energy gap ,Semiconducting polymers ,chemistry ,Polymerization ,Optoelectronic properties ,Electronic properties ,Oligomers ,Heterojunctions ,Photoelectrochemical cells ,0210 nano-technology ,Glass transition - Abstract
International audience; The first oligomerisation of phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) using a facile atom transfer radical addition polymerization (ATRAP) and its exploitation for organic photovoltaic devices is described. Oligo\(phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester)-alt-[1,4-bis(bromomethyl)-2,5-bis(octyloxy)benzene]\ (OPCBMMB) shows opto-electronic properties equivalent to those of PCBM but has a higher glass transition temperature. When mixed with various band gap semiconducting polymers, OPCBMMB delivers performances similar to PCBM but with an enhanced stabilization of the bulk heterojunction in photovoltaic devices on plastic substrates under thermal stress, regardless of the degree of crystallinity of the polymer and without changing opto-electronic properties. © 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Published
- 2016
36. Electron Accumulation on Metal Nanoparticles in Plasmon-Enhanced Organic Solar Cells
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Abhishek P. Kulkarni, Bradley A. MacLeod, Jennifer I. L. Chen, Angela Hess, David S. Ginger, and Keiko Munechika
- Subjects
Materials science ,Fullerene ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Organic solar cell ,Metal Nanoparticles ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Photochemistry ,Polymer solar cell ,Electron Transport ,Electron transfer ,Electric Power Supplies ,Organoselenium Compounds ,Solar Energy ,Nanotechnology ,General Materials Science ,Plasmonic solar cell ,Surface plasmon resonance ,Plasmon ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Equipment Design ,Surface Plasmon Resonance ,Equipment Failure Analysis ,Optoelectronics ,Fullerenes ,business - Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have been used to enhance the performance of thin-film devices such as organic photovoltaics based on polymer/fullerene blends. We show that silver nanoprisms accumulate long-lived negative charges when they are in contact with a photoexcited bulk heterojunction blend composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM). We report both the charge modulation and electroabsorption spectra of silver nanoprisms in solid-state devices and compare these spectra with the photoinduced absorption spectra of P3HT/PCBM blends containing silver nanoprisms. We assign a previously unidentified peak in the photoinduced absorption spectra to the presence of photoinduced electrons on the silver nanoprisms. We show that coating the nanoprisms with a 2.5 nm thick insulating layer can completely inhibit this charging. These results may inform methods for limiting metal-mediated losses in plasmonic solar cells.
- Published
- 2012
37. Methodology for the design of energy production and storage systems in buildings: Minimization of the energy impact on the electricity grid
- Author
-
Stéphane Grieu and Michael Salvador
- Subjects
Engineering ,Zero-energy building ,Primary energy ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Building and Construction ,Civil engineering ,Energy engineering ,Automotive engineering ,Energy accounting ,Energy conservation ,Stand-alone power system ,Distributed generation ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Human life requires energy. Moreover, people spend around 90% of their time in buildings while about 40% of primary energy needs are due to buildings. That is why the present paper deals with a methodology allowing identifying and assessing the energy impact of a building on the electricity grid. Thanks to both the building models we developed and fuzzy logic contribution (used to control ventilation and develop occupancy scenarios related to human habits and lifestyle), the results we obtained in simulation validate the proposed impact indicator. Different insulation levels were considered as well as energy production (solar photovoltaic and thermal panels and a vertical axis windmill) and storage (a domestic hot water tank) systems. These results highlighted the pertinence of such an indicator for optimizing the design of the just-mentioned systems and minimizing the amount of energy exchanged by buildings and the electricity grid. One can promote energy injection or take into account the status of the electricity grid when designing these systems. As a key result, the produced renewable energy is partially self-consumed, what allows for a more efficient and rational use of energy in buildings.
- Published
- 2012
38. Organic Solar Cells: An Alternative Strategy to Adjust the Recombination Mechanism of Organic Photovoltaics by Implementing Ternary Compounds (Adv. Energy Mater. 24/2015)
- Author
-
Christoph J. Brabec, Nicola Gasparini, Erdmann Spiecker, Athanasios Katsouras, Tayebeh Ameri, Stefanie Fladischer, Christos L. Chochos, Michael Salvador, and Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Subjects
Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Nanotechnology ,Hybrid solar cell ,business ,Ternary operation ,Recombination ,Alternative strategy - Published
- 2015
39. Plasmonic Enhancement of Raman Scattering from the Organic Solar Cell Material P3HT/PCBM by Triangular Silver Nanoprisms
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Anne Myers Kelley, Abhishek P. Kulkarni, Marina Stavytska-Barba, and David S. Ginger
- Subjects
Quenching (fluorescence) ,Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,Analytical chemistry ,Resonance ,Polaron ,Photochemistry ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,symbols.namesake ,General Energy ,symbols ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Surface plasmon resonance ,Raman spectroscopy ,Raman scattering ,Plasmon - Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra have been obtained for the organic solar cell blend poly(3-hexylthiophene)/[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) at excitation wavelengths ranging from 364 to 633 nm, in both the presence and absence of triangular Ag nanoprisms with varying plasmon resonance frequencies. For ∼35 nm polymer films deposited over nanoprisms, the nanoprisms enhance the sample-averaged Raman scattering intensities by factors of 2–20 depending on wavelength and nanoprism density. The weak blend fluorescence is enhanced by approximately the same factor as the Raman scattering, implying negligible excited-state quenching by the metal. The Raman peak positions and relative intensities are unaffected by the nanoprisms, indicating negligible morphological or chemical changes to the P3HT. The observed Raman enhancements are qualitatively consistent with previously observed enhancements in charge-carrier (positive polaron) yields for P3HT/PCBM deposited over silver nanoprisms.
- Published
- 2011
40. Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Klaus Meerholz, and Sebastian Köber
- Subjects
Organic electronics ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Holography ,Nanotechnology ,Photorefractive effect ,Amorphous solid ,Organic photorefractive materials ,law.invention ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Optical materials ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Photonics ,business - Abstract
This review describes recent advances and applications in the field of organic photorefractive materials, an interesting area in the field of organic electronics and promising candidate for various aspects of photonic applications. We describe the current state of knowledge about the processes involved in the formation of photorefractive gratings in organic materials and focus on the chemical and photo-physical aspects of the material structures employed in low glass-transition temperature amorphous composites and organic photorefractive glasses. State-of-the art materials are highlighted and recent demonstrations of photonic applications relying on the reversible holographic nature of the photorefractive materials are discussed.
- Published
- 2011
41. The Weyekin Principle: Toward an Embodied Critical Rhetoric
- Author
-
Tracylee Clarke and Michael Salvador
- Subjects
Phenomenology (philosophy) ,Environmental communication ,Embodied cognition ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Rhetoric ,Natural (music) ,Sociology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Social psychology ,Epistemology ,media_common - Abstract
This essay offers the weyekin principle to address the symbol–material, human–nature dualisms found in much of our theory and critiqued by a growing number of environmental communication scholars. The authors see two core requirements for transforming our engagement with the nonhuman: first, a way of attending to or interpreting natural phenomena that opens our awareness to other-than-symbolic modes of experience; and second, an embodied critique that expresses the inherent tensions of the symbolic–material interface.
- Published
- 2011
42. The Flood Myth in the Age of Global Climate Change
- Author
-
Michael Salvador and Todd Norton
- Subjects
Flood myth ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Rhetoric ,Global warming ,Environmentalism ,Environmental ethics ,Sociology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Social science ,Social organization ,media_common - Abstract
When released, The Day After Tomorrow was widely described by critics and the movie's creators as a pro-environmentalist film. This essay argues that The Day After Tomorrow articulates a variation of apocalyptic discourse identified as a flood myth. The authors conclude that this version of the flood myth largely undermines contemporary environmental discourse that attempts to generate public activism in addressing ecological problems, by replacing an emphasis on human efficacy with symbolic vindication and exchanging collective effort for individual survivalism. The film thus serves as a cautionary tale about the potential consequences of contemporary mythic discourse presented as supporting environmental activism.
- Published
- 2011
43. Beam walk-off suppression in photorefractive polymer-based coherence domain holography
- Author
-
Sebastian Köber, Klaus Meerholz, Michael Salvador, and J. Prauzner
- Subjects
Quantum optics ,Physics ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Holography ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Field of view ,Photorefractive effect ,Superluminescent diode ,law.invention ,Optics ,Signal beam ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Beam (structure) ,Coherence (physics) - Abstract
The effect of beam walk-off is known to reduce the overlap region of the writing beams in coherence domain holographic imaging. In photorefractive (PR) polymer devices this problem is particularly pronounced because of the restrictions that are imposed by the slanted recording geometry. Here, we demonstrate that by optically demagnifying the image bearing signal beam the field of view can be enhanced by a factor of 8. In addition, we found that the area ratio of the writing and readout beams determines both the PR performance and the depth resolution. In a second approach, we show that by changing the recording geometry from transmission to reflection the field of view can be almost fully recovered.
- Published
- 2010
44. P044 The use of HLA-DQ EXON 3 Data in SSO analysis can produce discrepant HLA typing results
- Author
-
Robert Vorhaben, Chantale Lacelle, Amena Usmani, and Ian Michael Salvador
- Subjects
Exon ,endocrine system diseases ,Immunology ,HLA-DQ ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Immunology and Allergy ,General Medicine ,Typing ,Human leukocyte antigen ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Allele - Abstract
Herein we document two cases of discrepant typing results obtained when data from both exon 2 and 3 is used to analyze LabType SSO results for HLA-DQ using the HLA Fusion software. The first case is an ASHI PT sample (HT-184) tested by LabType SSO and analyzed using HLA Fusion 4.1. For this sample, 39% of survey participants reported HLA-DQA1*05:05, 26% HLA-DQA1*05:02 and the remaining labs reported either a new allele, HLA-DQA1*05:01G or P. By sequence based analysis (SBT) the correct typing is HLA-DQA1*05:02,*01:01. When using LabType SSO and analyzing with HLA Fusion 4.1, including both exon 2 and 3, the typing obtained is HLA-DQA1*05:05/09/11 when bead #56 is excluded. The software flags bead #56 as a false positive bead. No typing is obtained without excluding bead 56. HLA-DQA1*05:05 was the most common response on the PT survey indicating several labs may be analyzing data using Fusion and excluding bead #56 from the analysis. The correct typing HLA-DQA1*05:02 can only be obtained when HLA-DQA1 exon 3 is excluded from the analysis despite the fact that the probe attached to bead 56 binds to DQA1*05:02 but not DQA1*05:05. The issue encountered with this sample stems from the fact that HLA-DQA1*05:02 does not have an exon 3 sequence in IMGT. As such, the probe pattern for exon 3 has not been established for this allele. The software automatically rules out alleles with no exon 3 sequences from the possible allele string when the analysis includes both exon 2 and 3 rather than flagging it as a possibility and indicating exon 3 sequence is not available for this allele. The second case is a patient typed by SBT as HLA-DQB1*06:11, *03:03. When the sample is tested using LabType SSO and analyzed using HLA Fusion 4.1 the typing obtained is HLA-DQB1*03:03, *06:112 N. The correct typing, HLA-DQB1*03:03, *06:11 can only be obtained when HLA-DQB1 exon 3 data is excluded from the analysis. Again this is because the sequence for exon 3 is not available in IMGT for HLA-DQB1*06:11:01. The two cases presented are representative of others we have encountered and reinforces the importance of software validation in the laboratory. Regardless of vendors and methodologies most software have limitations and impute some HLA typing data. As such, a variety of typing samples with specific allele combinations should be used in validation studies.
- Published
- 2018
45. Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging with Nonfullerene-Based Photodetectors
- Author
-
Andrew Wadsworth, Iain McCulloch, Sandro Francesco Tedde, Derya Baran, Alberto Gregori, Christoph J. Brabec, Markus Biele, Nicola Gasparini, and Michael Salvador
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Photodetector ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Mechanics of Materials ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Near infrared imaging ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Published
- 2018
46. Influence of the sensitizer reduction potential on the sensitivity of photorefractive polymer composites
- Author
-
Klaus Meerholz, Michael Salvador, Francisco Gallego-Gómez, Floris B. Kooistra, Sebastian Koeber, Karina Aleman, Jan C. Hummelen, Svetlana Mansurova, and Molecular Energy Materials
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,SOLAR-CELLS ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Open-circuit voltage ,Near-infrared spectroscopy ,GLASS ,General Chemistry ,Electron ,Polymer ,Acceptor ,Reduction (complexity) ,OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE ,ACCEPTOR ,ENHANCEMENT ,chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,NEAR-INFRARED SENSITIVITY ,Composite material ,business ,Sensitivity (electronics) ,Order of magnitude - Abstract
We report on a series of near infrared (NIR)-sensitive photorefractive polymer composites (PPCs) based on the hole-conducting polymer PF6-TPD, which are sensitized by soluble fullerene-derivatives as electron-accepting agents. We demonstrate a direct correlation between the electron accepting capability of the sensitizer and the holographic response time. The holographic recording speed is found to improve by one order of magnitude when lowering the reduction potential of the sensitizer by approx. 400 mV, while all other physical parameters of the materials remain essentially identical. Furthermore, the lifetime of the mobile charge carriers is found to correlate linearly with the reduction potential, thus indicating a decrease in recombination rates for stronger accepting capability of the sensitizer. Finally, we found that pre-illumination enhanced the holographic sensitivity. The effect is found to be most pronounced for the strongest acceptor due to reduced recombination of the preformed carriers. Overall, the PPCs reported here feature the currently highest sensitivity in the NIR spectral region.
- Published
- 2010
47. Femtosecond properties of photorefractive polymers
- Author
-
D. Nau, Michael Salvador, A. Euteneuer, Harald Giessen, Klaus Meerholz, Erwin Mecher, A. Christ, and A. Wagner
- Subjects
Materials science ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,business.industry ,Terahertz radiation ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Photorefractive effect ,Optics ,Frequency domain ,Temporal resolution ,Femtosecond ,Pulse wave ,Time domain ,business ,Ultrashort pulse - Abstract
Photorefractive polymers allow to reversibly record holograms over a broad spectral range. This capability offers the possibility to store the information contained in ultrafast optical pulses (i.e., time domain) in the frequency domain. We demonstrate a storage bandwidth of >80 nm around 800 nm (i.e., >36 THz), giving a temporal resolution for Gaussian pulses of 13 fs at room temperature. Time reversal of a pulse train of 130 fs pulses confirms these capabilities.
- Published
- 2008
48. Organic Solar Cells: Water Ingress in Encapsulated Inverted Organic Solar Cells: Correlating Infrared Imaging and Photovoltaic Performance (Adv. Energy Mater. 20/2015)
- Author
-
Michael Salvador, Monika M. Voigt, George D. Spyropoulos, Christoph J. Brabec, Frank W. Fecher, Simon Dowland, Jens Adams, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Stefan Langner, Luca Lucera, and Andres Osvet
- Subjects
Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Infrared ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Water diffusion ,business ,Energy (signal processing) - Published
- 2015
49. Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Kesterite Solar Cell Based on in Situ Deposition of Ultrathin Absorber Layer
- Author
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Marco Brandl, Michael Salvador, Christoph J. Brabec, Laraib S. Khanzada, Rainer Hock, Wei Chen, Yi Hou, Hamed Azimi, and Nicola Gasparini
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,engineering.material ,Dielectric spectroscopy ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Solar cell ,engineering ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Charge carrier ,CZTS ,Kesterite ,Crystallization ,business ,Current density - Abstract
The production of high-performance, solution-processed kesterite Cu2ZnSn(Sx,Se1-x)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells typically relies on high-temperature crystallization processes in chalcogen-containing atmosphere and often on the use of environmentally harmful solvents, which could hinder the widespread adoption of this technology. We report a method for processing selenium free Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells based on a short annealing step at temperatures as low as 350 °C using a molecular based precursor, fully avoiding highly toxic solvents and high-temperature sulfurization. We show that a simple device structure consisting of ITO/CZTS/CdS/Al and comprising an extremely thin absorber layer (∼110 nm) achieves a current density of 8.6 mA/cm(2). Over the course of 400 days under ambient conditions encapsulated devices retain close to 100% of their original efficiency. Using impedance spectroscopy and photoinduced charge carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage (photo-CELIV), we demonstrate that reduced charge carrier mobility is one limiting parameter of low-temperature CZTS photovoltaics. These results may inform less energy demanding strategies for the production of CZTS optoelectronic layers compatible with large-scale processing techniques.
- Published
- 2015
50. Formation, Optical Properties and Applications of Edge Gold-Coated Silver Nanoprisms
- Author
-
Mohammad Mehdi Shahjamali, Michael Salvador, and Negin Zaraee
- Subjects
Colloid ,Materials science ,Absorption spectroscopy ,business.industry ,Optoelectronics ,Heterojunction ,Edge (geometry) ,Surface plasmon resonance ,business ,Polaron ,Plasmon ,Active layer - Abstract
A facile, high-yield synthesis of edge gold-coated silver nanoprisms (GSNPs) with a gold nanoframe as thin as 1.7 nm and their comprehensive characterizations by using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques is introduced. The GSNPs exhibit remarkably higher stability than silver nanoprisms (SNPs) and are therefore explored as effective optical antennae for light-harvesting applications. When embedded into a bulk heterojunctions film of P3HT:PCBM, plasmonic GSNPs with a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) around 500 nm can effectively act as optical antennae to enhance light harvesting in the active layer. As a result, we measured up to 7-fold enhancement in the polaron generation yield through photoinduced absorption spectroscopy. Owing to the high stability and strong field enhancement, the presented GSNPs feature great potential as plasmonic probes for photovoltaic applications and LSPR sensing.
- Published
- 2015
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