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This paper presents a novel approach to numerical modelling of selective laser melting (SLM) processes characterized by melting and solidification of the deposited particulate material. The approach is based entirely on two homogeneous methods, such as cellular automata and Lattice Boltzmann. The model components operate in the common domain allowing for linking them into a more complex holistic numerical model with the possibility to complete full-scale calculations eliminating complicated interfaces. Several physical events, occurring in sequence or simultaneously, are currently considered including powder bed deposition, laser energy absorption and heating of the powder bed by the moving laser beam leading to powder melting, fluid flow in the melted pool, flow through partly or not melted materials and solidification. The possibilities and benefits of the proposed solution are demonstrated through a series of benchmark cases, as well as model verifications. The presented case studies deal mainly with melting and solidification of the powder bed including the free surface flow, wettability, and surface tension. An example of process simulation shows that the approach is generic and can be applied to different multi-material SLM processes, where energy transfer including solid–liquid phase transformation is essential, by integrating the developed models within the proposed framework.

This article undertakes a critical discourse analysis of Swedish quality newspaper editorials and their evolving framing of immigration since the 2015 peak of the recent European “refugee crisis”. Positioned within the ongoing discursive shifts in the Swedish public sphere and the growth of discursive uncivility in its mainstream areas, the analysis highlights how xenophobic and racist discourses once propagated by the far and radical right gradually penetrate into the studied broadsheet newspapers. We argue that the examined editorials carry the tendency to normalise once radical perceptions of immigration. This takes place by incorporating various discursive strategies embedded in wider argumentative frames – or topoi – of demographic consequences, Islam and Islamisation, threat, and integration. All of these enable constructing claims against immigration now apparently prevalent in the examined strands of the Swedish “quality” press.

Multilayered laminate structures obtained by coating of ultrafine-grained metallic materials with bioactive and multifunctional composite coatings are considered for biomedical applications. Laser-assisted densification of multiple materials using laser cladding and selective laser melting is an alternative route to reduce the risk of early implant failure allowing for faster and cheaper fabrication. To understand the cooperative relationships between different factors that cam influence the manufacture of such bioactive laminates reflecting in their bioactivity and mechanical properties, the multi scale numerical modelling is applied. This work presents resent advances on development of integrated numerical models including generation, melting and solidification of the powder bed, considering surface flow, wettability, surface tension and other physical phenomena, specific mechanical and thermo-mechanical aspects and microstructure evolution.

Looking at mediated, political and wider public discourses on immigration in Poland since 2015 and exploring these in the context of the country’s right-wing populist politics, the paper develops a...

This article explores the discourse-conceptual linkages between ‘Brexit’ and ‘crisis’ in European news media reporting about the UK referendum on leaving the European Union of 23 June 2016. The study examines media discourse about the Brexit vote in Austria, Germany, Poland and Sweden at the transformative moment in between the pre/after vote period. The conceptually-oriented critical discourse analysis shows how Brexit was not only constructed as an imaginary or a future crisis but also how its mediated visions were made real by recontextualising elements of various past social/political/economic crises. As is shown, such a strategy of discursively amalgamating the real and the imaginary, as well as the experienced/past and the expected/future, often allowed constructing Brexit as one of the most significant, critical occurrences of post-War Europe. Through the analysis, the article aims to show how wide and diverse the importance of ‘Brexit as crisis’ has been for European news media discourse. It also emphasises that while in the UK itself–including huge part of the UK traditional media–the critical nature of Brexit was often strategically downplayed, the wider European discourse would see it as a multifaceted ‘crisis’ of huge significance to both the present and the future of the EU, wider Europe and the world.

Free from toxic elements biomaterial potentially applicable for load bearing biomedical implants was obtained for the first time by laser cladding of S520 bioactive glass onto ultrafine-grained commercially pure titanium. The cladding process affected the refined structure of the substrate inducing martensitic transformation near its surface. The α’ acicular martensite gradually passes into relatively large grains with increasing distance from the substrate surface, which subsequently are transformed into smaller grains of about 2 μm in diameter. Both the melted zone, where the martensite crystalline structure was found, and the HAZ are characterised by relatively lower hardness in comparison with that of the substrate core indicating increased ductility. Such a combination of zones with different properties may have a synergistic effect and is beneficial for the obtained biomaterial. A characteristic region in the form of about 3 μm width band was formed in the melted zone at about 10 μm below the titanium surface. The results of EDS analysis indicate that several glass elements moved into the region while the titanium content in the same area was decreased. High bioactivity of the coated S520 glass was revealed by in vitro testing with SBF solution and almost complete reduction of P concentration occurred after 14 days.

Current European air pollution levels, which are in most places well below air quality limit values, still have deleterious health effects. The report discusses ways to move forward with air quality legislation to improve public health.https://bit.ly/3kFRHHf

This essay illustrates the extent to which crisis has had an impact on public perceptions and discourses of contemporary migration in Poland. We focus on the actual moment of the ‘coming together’ between crisis- and immigration-related discourses and argue that this connection has arisen as part of the recent political strategies of Poland’s right-wing populist government ‘Law and Justice’ (PiS) party. The strong anti-immigration and anti-refugee rhetoric orchestrated by PiS across the Polish public sphere has also played a pivotal role in countenancing xenophobic as well as outright racist sentiments in wider Polish public discourse and society.

The main objectives of this study were (1) investigation of the temporal variations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM; 2.5; ) and ground level ozone (O; 3; ) concentrations in Tehran megacity, the capital and most populous city in Iran, over a 10-year period from 2006 to 2015, and (2) estimation of their long-term health effects including all-cause and cause-specific mortality. For the first goal, the data of PM; 2.5; and O; 3; concentrations, measured at 21 regulatory monitoring network stations in Tehran, were obtained and the temporal trends were investigated. The health impact assessment of PM; 2.5; and O; 3; was performed using the World Health Organization (WHO) AirQ+ software updated in 2016 by WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. Local baseline incidences in Tehran level were used to better reveal the health effects associated with PM; 2.5; and O; 3; . Our study showed that over 2006-2015, annual mean concentrations of PM; 2.5; and O; 3; varied from 24.7 to 38.8 μg m; -3; and 35.4 to 76.0 μg m; -3; , respectively, and were significantly declining in the recent 6 years (2010-2015) for PM; 2.5; and 8 years (2008-2015) for O; 3; . However, Tehran citizens were exposed to concentrations of annual PM; 2.5; exceeding the WHO air quality guideline (WHO AQG) (10 μg m; -3; ), U.S. EPA and Iranian standard levels (12 μg m; -3; ) during entire study period. We estimated that long-term exposure to ambient PM; 2.5; contributed to between 24.5% and 36.2% of mortality from cerebrovascular disease (stroke), 19.8% and 24.1% from ischemic heart disease (IHD), 13.6% and 19.2% from lung cancer (LC), 10.7% and 15.3% from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 15.0% and 25.2% from acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), and 7.6% and 11.3% from all-cause annual mortality in the time period. We further estimated that deaths from IHD accounted for most of mortality attributable to long-term exposure to PM; 2.5; . The years of life lost (YLL) attributable to PM; 2.5; was estimated to vary from 67,970 to 106,706 during the study period. In addition, long-term exposure to O; 3; was estimated to be responsible for 0.9% to 2.3% of mortality from respiratory diseases. Overall, long-term exposure to ambient PM; 2.5; and O; 3; contributed substantially to mortality in Tehran megacity. Air pollution is a modifiable risk factor. Appropriate sustainable control policies are recommended to protect public health.

International audience; Microstructure evolution around highly reactive interfaces in processing of nanocrystallised multilayered metallic materials has been investigated and discussed in the present work. Conditions leading to grain refinement during co-rolling stage of the duplex processing technique are analysed using the multi-level finite element-based numerical model combined with three-dimensional frontal cellular automata. The model was capable to simulate development of grain boundaries and changes of the boundary disorientation angle within the metal structure taking into account crystal plasticity formulation. Appearance of a large number of structural elements, identified as dislocation cells, sub-grains and new grains, has been identified within the metal structure as a result of metal flow disturbance and consequently inhomogeneous deformation around oxide islets at the interfaces during the co-rolling stage. These areas corresponded to the locations of shear bands observed experimentally using SEM-EBSD analysis. The obtained results illustrate a significant potential of the proposed modelling approach for quantitative analysis and optimisation of the highly refined non-homogeneous microstructures formed around the oxidised interfaces during processing of such laminated materials.

This paper looks at how social/online media – using the example of Twitter – are used in the politico-organizational communication of the European Union at a time when it faces multiple crises and is in acute need of effectively communicating its politics to the European demos. Proposing a critical discourse framework for the analysis of the politico-organizational use of Twitter, the paper shows that while, to some extent, bringing change or ‘modernization’ to EU political communication patterns, social/online media help in sustaining some of the deep-seated dispositions in EU communicative and organizational practices as well as political discourses. As deployed by the EU’s – and specifically the European Commission’s – spokesperson service, social/online help in solidifying some of the controversial patterns in EU political communication. They also bring in other, more contemporary, challenges as regards using Twitter and social media as parts of political and institutional/organizational communication.

Purpose The holistic numerical model based on cellular automata (CA) and lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) are being developed as part of an integrated modelling approach applied to study the interaction of different physical mechanisms in laser-assisted additive layer manufacturing (ALM) of orthopaedic implants. Several physical events occurring in sequence or simultaneously are considered in the holistic model. They include a powder bed deposition, laser energy absorption and heating of the powder bed by the moving laser beam, leading to powder melting or sintering, fluid flow in the melted pool and flow through partly or not melted material, and solidification. The purpose of this study is to develop a structure of the holistic numerical model based on CA and LBM applicable for studying the interaction of the different physical mechanisms in ALM of orthopaedic implants. The model supposed to be compatible with the earlier developed CA-based model for the generation of the powder bed. Design/methodology/approach The mentioned physical events are accompanied by heat transfer in solid and liquid phases including interface heat transfer at the boundaries. The sintering/melting model is being developed using LBM as an independent numerical method for hydrodynamic simulations originated from lattice gas cellular automata. It is going to be coupled with the CA-based model of powder bed generation. Findings The entire laser-assisted ALM process has been analysed and divided on several stages considering the relevant physical phenomena. The entire holistic model consisting of four interrelated submodels has currently been developed to a different extent. The submodels include the CA-based model of powder bed generation, the LBM-CA-based model of heat exchange and transfer, the thermal solid-liquid interface model and the mechanical solid-liquid interface model for continuous liquid flow. Practical implications The results obtained can be used to explain the interaction of the different physical mechanisms in ALM, which is an intensively developing field of advanced manufacturing of metal, non-metal and composite structural parts, for instance, in bio-engineering. The proposed holistic model is considered to be a part of the integrated modelling approach being developed as a numerical tool for investigation of the co-operative relationships between multiphysical phenomena occurring in sequence or simultaneously during heating of the powder bed by the moving high energy heat source, leading to selective powder sintering or melting, fluid flow in the melted pool and through partly (or not) melted material, as well as solidification. The model is compatible with the earlier developed CA-based model for the generation of the powder bed, allowing for decrease in the numerical noise. Originality/value The present results are original and new for the study of the complex relationships between multiphysical phenomena occurring during ALM process based on selective laser sintering or melting, including fluid flow and heat transfer, identified as crucial for obtaining the desirable properties.

The influence of various combinations of punch and die materials, such as different carbide grades, and also the cutting radius on tool wear is the aim of this investigation. The numerical analysis results are supported by the relevant experimental evidence to validate the main model assumptions such as assumed material flow stress curve and the damage criteria. Taguchi method is utilised to effectively model and analyse relationship between process parameters. Roll-over and burr formation for a given punch-die clearance and cutting radius have been discussed and analysed in terms of tool wear reduction for different materials.

International audience; Inhomogeneity of microstructure evolution in cold-rolled austenitic stainless steel after surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was investigated. A characteristic deformation pattern was obtained for all studied specimens. Selected areas were examined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Estimation of the α′-martensite volume fraction below the treated surfaces showed, that some of the studied areas are characterised by significant different amount of this phase (from 10 to 22% - BB, from 19 to 31% - GIXD). The performed finite element (FE) numerical analysis showed, that the reason for this may be the presence of an air gap between the impacted material and fixation and also relatively short high stress time duration due to surface inclination during the surface treatment. Annealing at 550 and 650 °C greatly increased the volume fraction of α′-martensite (up to 47% - BB) and formed Fe2O3 as well as Fe3O4, whereas annealing at 700 °C resulted in both disappearance of α′-martensite and in reduction of oxides.

This paper analyzes politicization and mediatization of immigration in Poland in the context of the recent European "refugee crisis." Although largely absent from Polish political discourse after 1989, anti-refugee and anti-immigration rhetoric has recently become extremely politically potent in Poland. The analysis shows that, soon taken over by other political groups, the new anti-immigration discourses have been enacted in Poland's public sphere by the right-wing populist party PiS (Law and Justice). Its discourse in offline and online media has drawn on discursive patterns including Islamophobia, Euro-scepticism, anti-internationalism, and historical patterns and templates of discrimination such as anti-Semitism.

Poor ventilation in schools is associated with accumulation of indoor-generated pollutants, which is associated with “stuffy” air, elevated risk of infectious diseases and impaired learning outcomes. This survey in Albania was conducted as part of WHO’s efforts to facilitate assessments of indoor air quality and other environmental factors in schools in the European Region. The survey was conducted in 36 classrooms in 12 middle schools (eight urban and four rural) from December 2011 through March 2012. In each school, carbon dioxide (CO2) was continuously measured in three classrooms during one school week. Ventilation rates during classes were estimated using the build-up and steady-state mass balance equations utilizing CO2 concentration data, classroom occupancy and classroom volume. All 12 schools had gravimetric ventilation systems. Heating systems were absent or not operational in most schools. Average classroom temperatures during lessons varied from 9.1 to 14.4 °C (median 11.7 °C) with lower temperature associated with poorer ventilation. Weekly average CO2 levels during classes ranged from 1286 to 5546 ppm (median 2776 ppm) while average ventilation rates ranged from 0.8 to 3.6 (median 1.8) litres per second per person. Classrooms with indoor combustion heaters had higher indoor temperature, lower CO2 levels and higher levels of carbon monoxide (CO). WHO guidelines on 1- and 8-h CO exposure levels were exceeded in one classroom. Classroom CO2 levels were substantially above and ventilation rates below existing national and international guidelines. Detrimental impacts of poor ventilation on health and learning outcomes are likely to be substantial in Albanian schools during the cold season. Indoor temperature in most classrooms was below the commonly recommended levels.

The objective of this study was to determine the population exposure to PM2.5, and to quantify the effect of eliminating short-term pollution peaks on the number of cause-specific deaths, the number of years of life lost (YLL), and economic losses attributed to exposure to PM2.5 in 25 Iranian cities with available air quality data. Number of deaths and YLL were estimated with AirQ + software tool using available concentration-response functions and life table approach. Furthermore, the value of lost life in each city were calculated using the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) method. Two scenarios were defined; Scenario A, considering actual observed concentrations to estimate the real health effects of PM2.5, and Scenario B, controlling for the effect of air pollution episodes. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 in cities were 1.5–6.1 times higher than the guideline value of WHO (10 μg/m³). The total number of all-cause deaths due to long-term exposure exceeding WHO air quality guideline level was 13321 (95% C.I.: 8837–17378) cases per year in all cities. The total numbers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke deaths attributed to the exposure were 274, 315, 1536, and 963 cases, respectively. The total number of YLL over 10 years period in all 25 cities was 486,289 years and the loss of life expectancy ranged from 0.43 to 1.87 years. The sum of economic losses due to lost life exceeded 5.8 billion USD. Except for some cities, avoiding highly polluted days in Scenario B would result in only 5% reduction in overall health or economic effects. These results indicate an urgent need for new comprehensive plans to tackle air pollution in Iranian cities focused on reduction of long term average pollution levels since programs for avoiding highly polluted days lead to a limited health benefits only., The authors wish to thank Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (grant number #20330). We thank the Environmental and Occupational Health Centre of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education for providing data.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are developing fast in recent years. Many of them, such as Selective Laser Sintering/Melting (SLS/SLM) and also Laser Cladding, deal with materials in different states of matter that are changed during processing. The holistic numerical model based on Lattice Boltzmann and cellular automata methods (LBM-CA) is currently being developed for simulation of the laser assisted AM processes where changes of the physical state of matter are essential. The presented qualitative results are mainly related to melting and solidification of the powder bed under the influence of a moving laser beam considering free surface flow, wettability, surface tension and other relevant physical phenomena showing effectiveness of the proposed holistic and homogeneous modelling approach. In this work, we also discuss the potential 3D extension and applications of the model.

The critical juncture of Brexit in media & political discourses : from national-populist imaginary to cross-national social and political crisis

Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of multilayered metallic materials obtained during novel joining technique called Constrained Compression (CC) is presented. 316L stainless steel material was used in CC to achieve multi-layered structure. Microstructural study based on light microscopy was performed focused presumably on the joining areas of the deformed metallic laminate. The qualitative and quantitative assessment of the processing conditions, microstructure development and microhardness distributions showed the possibility of achievement good bonding quality. Experimental study was supported by numerical stress and strain analysis. It has been shown that determination of the optimum processing parameters allowed for improvement of the joining process, which in turn will enable to produce multilayered metallic materials on a larger scale.

Thermal and strain-stress transient fields during laser cladding of bioactive glass coatings on the Ti6Al4V alloy basement were numerically calculated and analysed. Conditions leading to micro-cracking susceptibility of the coating have been investigated using the finite element based modelling supported by experimental results of microscopic investigation of the sample coatings. Consecutive temperature and stress peaks are developed within the cladded material as a result of the laser beam moving along the complex trajectory, which can lead to micro-cracking. The preheated to 500°C base plate allowed for decrease of the laser power and lowering of the cooling speed between the consecutive temperature peaks contributing in such way to achievement of lower cracking susceptibility. The cooling rate during cladding of the second and the third layer was lower than during cladding of the first one, in such way, contributing towards improvement of cracking resistance of the subsequent layers due to progressive accumulation of heat over the process.

This article emphasises the need to devote more attention to concepts and theories in critical discourse studies (CDS). We are particularly eager to emphasise that CDS theory of the second decade of 2000s – often known as the post-crisis era or as the period of ‘late neoliberalism’ – faces a number of challenges that are both real world (social) and academic in nature. On the one hand, CDS theory must be reconsidered from the point of view of socio-political challenges and the necessity to tackle new (public and private) discourses as well as their trajectories that no longer undergo the once long-standing socio-political or politico-economic dynamics. On the other hand, we see the need for embracing new ways of theorising and conceptualising discourse in late modernity in the wider landscape of the social theories and their engagement with discourse. This article emphasises the need to address some voices that come from beyond the ‘core’ CDS community with the aim to enrich CDS theory by ideas that would help us move the latter beyond its foundations as well as face socio-political and academic challenges ahead.

Analysis of real contact area and thermal resistance combined with experimentally derived interfacial heat transfer coefficient values led to the development of an advanced finite element based model to simulate the heat transfer at the oxidised tool/workpiece interface during hot steel rolling. An extensive progress review and building on the Sellars 1990's core assumptions are discussed. Today, oxide scale failure is predicted, taking into account the main physical phenomena such as stress directed diffusion, fracture and adhesion of the oxide scale. The separation loads within the scale metal/system are measured during testing. They are sensitive to the chemical composition of steel. The assumption of several parallel heat flow systems at the roll/stock interface remains the core model for today's research.

This paper presents an original model of powder\ud bed generation developed within the frame of an integrated\ud modelling approach for studying the interaction of physical\ud mechanisms in additive layer manufacturing (ALM) of orthopaedic\ud implants. The model is based on cellular automata\ud (CA) approach and describes the relationship between moving\ud particles of different sizes during deposition on a surface in\ud three dimensions. The surface is defined by the horizontal\ud two-dimensional CA on which particles fall and irreversibly\ud stick to a growing deposit. The model allows for consideration\ud of different restructuring cases when particles are allowed to\ud rotate as often as necessary until achievement of a local minimum\ud position. Changes in the packing density of the powder\ud bed have been investigated numerically depending on technological\ud parameters, such as particle size distribution, deposition\ud rate and sequence of powder deposition. The model has\ud been developed with the aim of merging to the finite element\ud (FE)-based integrated model and is applicable to a different\ud ranges of materials including metals and also non-metals.

International audience; Nanocrystallised multilayered metallic material was obtained via duplex technique combining the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) with a novel constrained compression (CC) process. At the initial stage the 1 mm thick sheets of 316L austenitic stainless steel were processed by the SMAT in order to form a nanocrystalline structure. At the final stage disc-shaped plates excised from SMATed sheets, were assembled in a package and compressed in order to produce metallurgical bonding between individual plates. The characterization of such a multilayered structure was studied both experimentally and numerically. The microscopic examination revealed that the bonding occurred in the central portions of the package where the oxide scale covering each plate was fragmented by high shear strains. The numerical analysis confirmed that the strains at the interior interfaces are significantly higher than at the external ones. A high degree of structural inhomogeneity was observed via TEM studies in the regions where the successful bonding was achieved. Regions characterised by fine band structure with the presence of α′-martensite phase as well as coarse cellular structure within a single γ-austenite phase were identified.

Designing air quality policies that improve public health can benefit from information about air pollution health risks and impacts, which include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and premature death. Several computer-based tools help automate air pollution health impact assessments and are being used for a variety of contexts. Expanding information gathered for a May 2014 World Health Organization expert meeting, we survey 12 multinational air pollution health impact assessment tools, categorize them according to key technical and operational characteristics, and identify limitations and challenges. Key characteristics include spatial resolution, pollutants and health effect outcomes evaluated, and method for characterizing population exposure, as well as tool format, accessibility, complexity, and degree of peer review and application in policy contexts. While many of the tools use common data sources for concentration-response associations, population, and baseline mortality rates, they vary in the exposure information source, format, and degree of technical complexity. We find that there is an important tradeoff between technical refinement and accessibility for a broad range of applications. Analysts should apply tools that provide the appropriate geographic scope, resolution, and maximum degree of technical rigor for the intended assessment, within resources constraints. A systematic intercomparison of the tools' inputs, assumptions, calculations, and results would be helpful to determine the appropriateness of each for different types of assessment. Future work would benefit from accounting for multiple uncertainty sources and integrating ambient air pollution health impact assessment tools with those addressing other related health risks (e.g., smoking, indoor pollution, climate change, vehicle accidents, physical activity).

The behaviour of the highly reactive interfaces during the processing of nanocrystallised multilayered materials has been investigated in the present work. Conditions leading to the formation of strain localisations around the oxidised interfaces during the thermomechanical stage of the duplex processing route have been investigated using multilevel numerical analysis. The analysis is based on the finite element methodology and involved coupling of the macro level model representing the rolling of the multilayered metallic material at elevated temperatures with the meso level model representing the oxidised interface within the nanocrystallised material. The multilevel thermomechanical model has been applied for the analysis of the strain, stress and damage evolution around the oxidised interfaces for the different technological parameters. The analysis included verification of the modelling results with the available experimental material. The 316L stainless steel is considered in the investigation.

This article analyses European Union policy discourses on climate change from the point of view of constructions of identity. Articulated in a variety of policy-related genres, the EU rhetoric on climate change is approached as example of the Union’s international discourse, which, contrary to other areas of EU policy-making, relies strongly on discursive frameworks of international and global politics of climate change. As the article shows, the EU’s peculiar international – or even global – leadership in tackling the climate change is constructed in an ambivalent and highly heterogeneous discourse that runs along several vectors. While it on the one hand follows the more recent, inward-looking constructions of Europe known from the EU policy and political discourses of the 1990s and 2000s, it also revives some of the older discursive logics of international competition known from the earlier stages of the European integration. In the analysis, the article draws on the methodological apparatus of the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) in Critical Discourse Studies. Furthering the DHA studies of EU policy and political discourses, the article emphasises the viability of the discourse-historical methodology applied in the combined analysis of EU identity and policy discourses.

This article reviews research on public discourses in postcommunist, that is, posttotalitarian Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. It looks especially at those recent discourses that, in various ways, reappropriate pretotalitarianism, totalitarianism, and posttotalitarianism in instances of public communication. The article looks at how language and discourse function within the national public spheres in the posttotalitarian CEE and at how, within those spheres, certain common, cross-national tendencies as well as differences can be observed between the studied countries. As the article shows, temporality and spatiality constitute two basic dimensions of the “late” posttotalitarian (public) discourses in CEE. Those discourses also often oscillate between locality and globality and reappropriate collective pasts and futures as key means of constructing postcommunist CEE identities. Keywords: identity; language and social interaction; mass media; political communication; social change

Much has been said in 2015–2016 and beyond about the so-called Refugee Crisis—that is, yet another pan-European “crisis” caused by the sudden massive asylum-seeker flow from countries such as Syria...

The main objectives of this study were (1) investigation of the temporal variations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM

This chapter outlines a set of 'critical approaches' to media analysis by looking specifically at how the language of the media has been approached within the research tradition described as Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). The common ground that exists between different approaches in CDS allows the critical discourse research tradition to be anchored in–and indeed centered on–a number of central interpretive concepts. The notion of power is another concept that helps to understand how CDS sees language in society, and thereby in the media. CDS is an interdisciplinary research tradition comprising several research trends or 'schools' evolving from earlier CDA and critical linguistics frameworks. The social-semiotic approach in CDS is often aligned to multimodal critical discourse studies. If the aim of CDS is to reveal discourses and challenge ideologies it is important to understand how texts relate to power interests and also how the discourses they carry are taken on by audiences.