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Sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks explored by the Opportunity rover during its 14-year surface mission at Meridiani Planum provide an invaluable window into the thousands of sulfate deposits detected on Mars via remote sensing. Existing models explaining the formation of martian sulfates can be generally described as either bottom-up, groundwater-driven playa settings or top-down icy chemical weathering environments. Here, we propose a hybrid model involving both bottom-up and top-down processes driven by freeze-thaw cycles. Freezing leads to cryo-concentration of acidic fluids from precipitations at the surface, facilitating rapid chemical weathering despite low temperatures. Cryosuction causes the upward migration of vadose water and even groundwater with dissolved ions, resulting in the accumulation of ions in near-surface environments. Evaporation precipitates salts, but leaching separates chlorides from sulfates during the thawing period. Freeze-thaw cycles, therefore, can enrich sulfates at the surface. While freeze-thaw is more commonly understood as a mechanism of physical weathering, we suggest that it is a fundamental aspect of chemical weathering on Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: In the absence of hawkmoth pollinators, chasmogamous (CH) flowers of Ruellia humilis self‐pollinate by two secondary mechanisms. Other floral visitors might exert selection on CH floral traits to restore outcrossing, but at the same time preferential predation of CH seeds generates selection to increase the allocation of resources to cleistogamous (CL) flowers. Methods: To assess the potential for an evolutionary response to these competing selection pressures, we estimated additive genetic variances (σA2 ${\sigma }_{{\rm{A}}}^{2}$) and covariances for 14 reproductive traits and three fitness components in a Missouri population lacking hawkmoth pollinators. Results: We found significant σA2 ${\sigma }_{{\rm{A}}}^{2}$ for all 11 floral traits and two measures of resource allocation to CL flowers, indicating the potential for a short‐term response to selection on most reproductive traits. Selection generated by seed predators is predicted to increase the percentage of CL flowers by 0.24% per generation, and mean stigma–anther separation is predicted to decrease as a correlated response, increasing the fraction of plants that engage in prior selfing. However, the initial response to this selection is opposed by strong directional dominance. Conclusions: The predicted evolutionary decrease in the number of CH flowers available for potential outcrossing, combined with the apparent preclusion of potential diurnal pollinators by the pollen‐harvesting activities of sweat bees, suggest that 100% cleistogamy is the likely outcome of evolution in the absence of hawkmoths. However, rare mutations with large effects, such as delaying budbreak until after sunrise, could provide pathways for the restoration of outcrossing that are not reachable by gradual quantitative‐genetic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article develops an explanation of corporal punishment (CP) as an expression of family violence by developing a multi-level, conciliatory model of human behavior. The synthesis builds upon a review of the relevant analytic approaches and empirical evidence spanning multiple levels of human behavior to include five interrelated frameworks: (1) behavioral investment; (2) socialization; (3) cultural justification; (4) social location; and (5) societal context. The analytic levels highlight the various explanatory principles that address questions relevant mainly to investigators who study behavior in terms of different levels of informational complexity. The paper outlines the most important factors that shape the use and non-use of CP within family settings. The model identifies key ontogenetic and biophysiological factors linked to the fitness of parents’ offspring, along with primary socialization processes and cultural justification mechanisms that increase the probability of the intergenerational transmission of violence. In addition, the model identifies the sociological dimensions of family relationships and the importance of social locational variables in shaping parental usage of CP, as well as the importance of communities and institutions as situated within sociocultural contexts. The main conclusion suggests that to understand and explain more fully why human beings use violence in the context of familial relationships—including corporal punishment practices—analysts must consider the different influences and possible impacts of factors across all five levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science is an ethical community whose practitioners aim to discover information about the natural world and to explain discernible patterns that might be detected. Those who pursue science generally embrace certain epistemic values that help establish the moral boundaries of the community, while the twin pillars of rationality and empiricism serve as the foundations upon which scientists establish their truth claims. Yet however robust the assertions might appear, they nevertheless are the by-products of an exclusively human endeavor directly impacted by those sociological forces that apply throughout the social universe, including the scientist's social location and the importance of enhancing one's reputation. The current paper identifies key sociological factors that help shape scientific bias and the nature of the justifications used to defend truth claims. A case study of one community committed to a sociological paradigm demonstrates the utility of the explanatory framework advanced. A more self-conscious awareness of the forces at play that create such biases can help mitigate their deleterious impacts that subvert the quest for explanatory knowledge and valid truth claims about observable phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabia Terra is an ancient, geologically complex region of Mars. It is not typically described as volcanic because it lacks prominent, easily recognizable shield volcanoes. However, Arabia Terra contains flood lavas and widespread layered materials that might represent airfall pyroclastics from unknown sources. Here we explore the geology of some complex topographic depressions in Arabia Terra previously hypothesized to represent collapse features termed "plains style caldera complexes," an enigmatic category of volcanic feature on Mars characterized by surface collapse rather than construction of topographic shields. Geomorphological observations and geologic mapping carried out here support a volcanic origin of these features, providing a possible source for volcaniclastic sediments. The identification of caldera complexes in Arabia Terra raises the questions of how they are linked to the geotectonic setting of the region and whether similar features might be much more abundant in the ancient Martian crust than is currently recognized. Plain Language Summary: The most recognizable volcanoes on Mars correspond to large topographic shields, similar to Hawaiian volcanoes. These are constructional features built by layer upon layer of lava, with a summit caldera. It is possible that Mars contains many other volcanoes that are less recognizable, however, because they consist only of the caldera complex without the topographic rise built by lava. These calderas could signify much more explosive volcanism or collapse due to migration of magma in the subsurface, or both. In this work, we describe more identifications of plains style caldera complexes, which are collapsed calderas without the easily recognizable shield topography. We describe the geology of these calderas in the Arabia Terra region, their possible links to tectonic setting there, and the possibility that similar features are much more common on Mars than is currently understood. Key Points: Collapsed calderas are recognized in eastern Arabia TerraAncient Martian crust may have far more collapsed calderas than commonly recognizedPlains style caldera complexes could be a source of huge volumes of volcaniclastic materials on Mars [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research report on intense subaerial weathering of eolian sediments in Gale crater, Mars. Topics include early observations of a lacustrine environment, few of the subsequent deposits exhibit demonstrable lacustrine character; and discoveries by Curiosity provide a critical piece to Mars' global alteration puzzle.

Potassium metasomatism is a common geologic process occurring in a range of environments on Earth. K‐metasomatism can dramatically change the chemistry of large volumes of crust resulting in formation of abundant K‐rich feldspar while preserving original rock textures. Remote sensing of Mars has revealed the presence of rare but striking felspar‐rich terrains as well as K‐rich phyllosilicates such as illite or muscovite. Furthermore, the Curiosity Rover has detected evidence for K‐enrichment in rocks at Gale Crater. In this study, we use spectroscopic and remote sensing analyses of K‐metasomatized rocks on Earth as a comparison to K‐rich and/or possible granitic rocks on Mars. The results suggest that evidence for K‐feldspar rich, quartz‐bearing, and illite‐bearing rocks on Mars is consistent with K‐metasomatism. K‐rich rocks in Gale Crater have themselves likely not been metasomatized, but the abundant feldspar within them might have been derived from metasomatized crust. Plain Language Summary: Mars is a volcanic planet with a surface dominated by basalt and sedimentary rocks derived from basalt, similar to oceanic crust on Earth (though Mars' crust is thicker). For decades, Mars has been considered a "one plate planet" where plate tectonics never occurred and where continental type rocks never formed. Recent observations have, however, revealed enticing evidence that felsic "continental type" rocks containing K‐feldspar and quartz are present. Such rock units were recognized in Gale Crater based on their high potassium abundances. Granite‐type rocks detected from orbit using infrared data would also presumably be rich in potassium. However, rocks of the same composition can be made through aqueous alteration rather than from magma in the crust. This study shows a striking example of potassium enrichment and mineralogical changes in basaltic rocks on Earth caused entirely by low‐temperature hydrothermal brine in the crust. We use analogous remote sensing measurements to study these potassic rocks on Earth and compare the results to Mars. It appears that at least some of the felsic rock compositions on Mars were caused by metasomatism. Key Points: Subsurface brines can deposit significant potassium in volcanic rocks while preserving original texturesSpectral signatures of K‐metasomatism include K‐feldspar and illiteFelsic compositions on Mars might occur because of low‐temperate alteration by subsurface brines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the concept of behavior is central to modern psychology, there is no consensus regarding what the term behavior means. The current paper focuses on disentangling two separate conceptions of the term that have added to the confusion. One meaning of the term behavior pertains to natural scientific epistemology, specifically the requirements of empirical methodology and its reliance on data that are measurable and available to public observation. The second meaning pertains to ontology and relates to the fact that at a descriptive level there are different kinds of behavioral patterns in the universe. Put simply, inanimate material objects behave differently from living organisms, which behave differently from animals, which behave differently from people. This paper introduces a "Periodic Table of Behavior" derived from Henriques', Review of General Psychology, 7, 150–182, (2003, 2011) Tree of Knowledge System to map the different kinds of behaviors that are described and examined by different sciences. It concludes by using the formulation to clarify the relationship between the methodological and ontological description of behavior and argues how the basic science of psychology can be effectively defined as the science of mental behavior going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper examines terrorism as a special form of moralistic violence, with several key features that distinguish such behaviour from other types of violence. The theory of lethal moralism highlights the importance of social polarization, characterized by vast differences in social space and inequality between adversaries as crucial to explaining deadly terrorist attacks. Where the differences are more permanent or chronic – and the groups in question define and justify their existence specifically in contradistinction to 'other' groups – then the polarization intensifies and attacks tend to be more lethal. In contrast, groups that appeal to broader audiences or the general public as potential allies more often use non‐lethal terrorism to their strategic advantage. The study examines the United States and the United Kingdom to classify each of more than 8,000 attacks between 1970 and 2017 in terms of their ideological orientations. The evidence highlights the arc of terrorism in relation to different types of groups, as well as confirms the more lethal nature of terrorism linked especially to radical Islam, right‐wing religious extremists, hate groups, ethno‐nationalist sectarian violence, and anti‐government anarchists. Yet apart from the extensive use of terrorism associated with 'The Troubles' in Northern Ireland, the majority of terrorist attacks in the US and the UK have not produced deaths. Most terrorism instead has been perpetrated by groups aiming to rally support for a general cause and has been far less deadly on balance. The implications of these findings are discussed with a view toward developing more powerful explanatory models that focus on the socio‐cultural contexts and justification frameworks that inspire extremism and the use of lethal moralism to settle disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe(II) only occupies octahedral sites in phyllosilicates, whereas Fe(III) can occupy both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The controls on Fe(III) distribution between tetrahedral and octahedral sites have been a matter of great interest to understand the interplay between formation environment (Fe abundance, redox conditions) and crystal-chemical factors (stability of the crystal lattice) during crystallization of Fe-phyllosilicates. Here, for the first time, we present a model of Fe(III) distribution in 2:1 phyllosilicates. We investigated 21 samples of 2:1 phyllosilicates of submarine hydrothermal origin using XRD, chemical analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy (and other supporting techniques not presented here). An additional data set of 49 analyses of 2:1 phyllosilicates from the literature was also used. Overall, the data cover a wide range of dioctahedral and trioctahedral phyllosilicates, including end-member minerals and interstratified phases. Dioctahedral phyllosilicates have a steric control whereby tetrahedral Fe(III) is only allowed if at least five out of six octahedral atoms are larger than Al (typically Fe[III], Fe[II], Mg) that produces an expanded structure where tetrahedral sites can accommodate Fe(III). After this threshold, further Fe(III) atoms occupy tetrahedral sites preferentially (~73% of further Fe[III] atoms) over octahedral sites. In trioctahedral 2:1 phyllosilicates there is no steric hindrance to tetrahedral Fe(III) because the crystal dimensions are such that tetrahedral sites can accommodate Fe(III). On average, Fe(III) enters tetrahedral and octahedral sites in similar proportion, and the only apparent control on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance is Fe(III) availability during crystallization. This model allows to predict Fe(III) distribution between structural sites, provides an avenue for further exploration of the thermodynamic stability of phyllosilicates using cationic size, and provides a tool to better describe stability/reactivity of Fe-rich phyllosilicates, the most reactive of phyllosilicates and very relevant in geochemical and biological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While some advocate the use of arts programmes to help improve inmates' lives and reduce recidivism, the process of how such programmes can have therapeutic and practical value in prison's hostile environs requires further study. This project investigates how one prison arts instructor approaches the task of developing the inmates' creative potential and unleashing their 'inner artist'. The article describes the pedagogical approach aimed at helping prison inmates redefine themselves as artists via art classroom rituals. The imprisoned self as the artist, however, emerges mainly as a temporary identity that must be submerged upon return to the daily routines of hypermasculine prison environments. Thus inmates experience a profound duality of their identities, split between 'artist' and 'inmate', which constrains the long‐term therapeutic and rehabilitative value of the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punishment exists universally as a form of social control, spanning a continuum from the physically inconsequential to lethality. What explains observable variations in punishment, or lethal punishment as a form of social control? This paper builds upon Black's pure sociology framework and Milner's theory of status relations to argue that lethal punishment occurs mainly under conditions of marginalization, disruptions of the previous social geometries, and social polarization that characterize interpersonal encounters or inter-group relationships. These conditions facilitate the status degradation processes that lead to the dehumanization of the "other." By the same token, such conditions do not often prevail in familial settings and hence lethal punishments are far less common than the lethality associated with other forms of moralistic violence and state-sanctioned punishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The serial homology of floral structures has made it difficult to assess the relative contributions of selection and constraint to floral integration. The interpretation of floral integration may also be clouded by the tacit, but largely untested, assumption that genetic and environmental perturbations affect trait correlations in similar ways. In this study, estimates of both the genetic and environmental correlations between components of the hawkmoth pollination syndrome are presented for chasmogamous flowers of Ruellia humilis, including two levels of control for serial homology. Methods A greenhouse population for quantitative genetic analysis was generated by a partial diallel cross between field-collected plants. An average of 634 chasmogamous flowers were measured for each of eight floral traits that contribute to the hawkmoth syndrome. Genetic correlations (across parents) and environmental correlations (across replicate flowers) were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. Key Results Stigma height, anther height and floral tube length were very tightly integrated in their responses to both genetic and environmental perturbations. The inclusion of floral disc width as a control for serial homology suggests this integration is an adaptive response to correlational selection imposed by pollinators. In contrast, integration of non-homologous traits was low. Furthermore, when comparisons between the dimensions of serially homologous structures were excluded, the genetic and environmental correlation matrices showed little congruence. Conclusions The results suggest that hawkmoths have imposed strong correlational selection on floral traits involved in the deposition and removal of pollen, and that this is a consequence of stabilizing selection on the relative positions of stigmas and anthers in the face of substantial flower size variation. Low integration of other floral traits, and conflicting patterns of genetic and environmental correlations among these traits, suggest weak or no correlational selection within the range of variability expressed within a population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article applies D. Black's pure sociology paradigm to examine the degree to which scientific evidence supports ideas deduced from the perspective. The main argument suggests that the empirical support for pure sociology varies inversely with the social distance separating scholars in social space. Moreover, the nature of the evidence adduced and the use of qualitative or quantitative methodologies predictably vary with social distance as well, increasing the likelihood of finding confirming or disconfirming evidence. The study tests these ideas by examining the full range of refereed journal articles ( n = 191) published from 1976 to 2015 with pure sociology as the main focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critics assert that a significant proportion of incarcerated individuals suffers from mental health issues, i.e. ‘the criminalization hypothesis.’ The current paper reviews the scholarly literature to address five interrelated questions: (1) What are the risks of those classified as mentally ill for committing crimes and, in particular, violent crimes? (2) As the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system, what happens during ‘first encounters’ between the police with those who have mental illnesses? (3) What community-based services are available for effective diversions as an alternative to incarceration for those with mental illnesses? (4) What are the impacts of treatment options upon those experiencing mental illnesses while incarcerated, including the impact upon recidivism? (5) What types of pre-release planning and community responses have the most positive effects to help reduce recidivism and assist offenders in coping with mental health issues in the Canadian context? After summarizing key evidence pertaining to these questions, the paper presents case studies as exemplars of ‘best practices’ to illustrate promising directions conducive to integrated, holistic, and effective responses at the intersection of the criminal justice and mental health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents the results of a national survey of 190 full-time members of Canadian sociology departments to examine the state of the discipline in 2014-15. The paper focuses on the extent of epistemological diversity in an effort to answer two key questions. First, what intellectual perspectives prevail among Canadian sociologists and, along these lines, does any particular perspective hold greater prominence? Second, what might explain the variation in the epistemological stances most commonly endorsed? The evidence reveals a preponderance of critical and feminist scholars, which can be explained in large measure by considering the social locations of sociological practitioners. The results of a logistic regression model confirm that gender, generation, geography, and disciplinary genre are significant predictors of critical and critical-feminist orientations. A discussion of qualitative responses fleshes out the dominant themes that Canadian scholars expressed in their survey responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'pure sociology' reflects some of the most important disciplinary concerns that have helped shape the intellectual development of sociology in the United States, particularly in the effort to establish disciplinary boundaries and achieve academic legitimacy. To flesh out the thesis, the current paper recounts briefly the early discussions associated with pure sociology before examining the various usages in the U.S. since the establishment of the discipline. While selected classical theorists employed the concept in framing their discussions, pure sociology represents a distinctively American idiom. The etymological history coincides with the institutionalization of sociology in U.S. universities, while informing key debates about the nature of sociological analysis throughout the past 120 years. Drawing upon an electronic search of multiple databases, a content analysis highlights the prevalence of the different meanings that mainly U.S. social scientists have attached to the concept. The paper then traces the varying trajectories of the many different usages over time, concluding with a discussion of the ascendance of Donald Black's theoretical paradigm that has appropriated the term with considerable success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article examines rape as a form of sexual violence, drawing upon comparative research to describe and then proffer a tentative explanation of one specific type, referred to as ritualistic rape. Several cross-cultural examples and selected national data are referenced to examine three different forms of ritualistic rape: forced marriages or abductions, ritual defloration, and wife-lending. The evidence indicates that such “normative” or socially condoned rapes appear quite commonly in one form or another in nearly every society. The last section offers a general theory of ritualistic rape rooted in D. Black’s pure sociology perspective by identifying the confluence of several underlying structural features that purport to explain the conditions under which ritualistic rapes tend to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared remote sensing data of Mars have revealed thousands of ancient deposits of Fe/Mg-rich smectitic clay minerals within the crust with relevance to past habitability. Diagnostic metal–OH infrared spectroscopic absorptions used to interpret the mineralogy of these phyllosilicates occur at wavelengths of 2.27–2.32 μm, indicating variable Fe/Mg ratios in the clay structures. The objective of this work is to use these near infrared absorptions to constrain the mineralogy of smectites on Mars. Using Fe/Mg-rich seafloor clay minerals as mineralogical and spectroscopic analogs for Martian clay minerals, we show how crystal–chemical substitution and mixed layering affect the position of the diagnostic metal–OH spectral feature in smectitic clay minerals. Crystal-chemistry of smectites detected on Mars were quantitatively constrained with infrared data and categorized into four mineralogical groups. Possible alteration processes are constrained by comparisons of clay chemistry detected by remote sensing techniques to the chemistry of candidate protoliths. Of the four groups identified, three of them indicate significant segregation of Fe from Mg, suggestive of alteration under water-rich and/or oxidizing conditions on Mars. The fourth group (with low Fe/Mg ratios) may result from alteration in reducing or water-limited conditions, potentially in subsurface environments. Some samples are interstratified di–trioctahedral clay minerals that have characteristics of dioctahedral clay minerals but clear chemical evidence for trioctahedral sheets. Approximately 70% of smectite deposits previously detected on Mars are classified as Fe-rich (FeO/MgO > 10). Only 22% of detections are trioctahedral and relatively Mg-rich. An additional ∼8% are difficult to characterize, but might be very Fe-rich. The segregation of Fe from Mg in Martian clay minerals suggests that Mg should be enriched in other contemporaneous deposits such as chlorides and carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Seafloor hydrothermal sites generate abundant Mg- and Fe-rich clays. These clays are structurally and compositionally interesting because these environments are characterized by large, dynamic temperature and chemical gradients in their deposition environment, which promote the formation of chemically and structurally complex clays, including interstratified phases. The system is also interesting as a proxy for the study of the large Mg- and Fe-rich phyllosilicate deposits on Mars, which are broadly characterized as smectitic clay of hydrothermal, volcanic or sedimentary origin. Thirty submarine samples and four terrestrial ones, for comparison, were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), mid-IR and Mössbauer spectroscopies and chemical analysis. The samples include nontronite and the mixed-layer phases glauconite–nontronite, talc–nontronite and talc–saponite. Some of the talc–saponite samples have Fe contents well above those typical for these Mg-rich, trioctahedral phases (up to 1.69 Fe per O10[OH]2, in the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets). Tetrahedral Fe ranges from 0 to 0.66atoms per O10[OH]2 across the samples. As found in previous studies of similar specimens, Fe promotes the retention of molecular water that is released upon heating above 200C, and is mainly emplaced in non-expandable layers (talc and glauconite layers). In talc–nontronite and talc–saponite octahedral Fe (both di- and trivalent) appears to be bound to this trapped molecular water, whereas in glauconite–nontronite the bond appears to be with tetrahedral Fe. Samples typically show more than one dehydroxylation event in the TG analysis. The weight loss at each dehydroxylation event is broadly consistent with the proportion of individual layers as determined by means of XRD, but there is no good correlation between both. By contrast, the weight loss at each dehydroxylation event correlates with the chemistry of the layers, where certain cations promote chemical domains in the octahedral sheet (e.g., trioctahedral, nontronite-like, and montmorillonite-like) that dehydroxylate at the several temperatures. The correlations found for talc–nontronite and glauconite–nontronite samples suggest that the distribution of cations in the octahedral sheets of most, but not all, samples is intermediate between total dispersion and total segregation, perhaps random. The talc–nontronite samples have talc layers with cation-deficient octahedral sheets. The above results are best explained by layers of polar character, where the octahedral sheets are composed of domains with different chemical characteristics corresponding to the two types of layers in the interstratified clay. The existence of molecular water (bands at 1635 and 3300–3500cm−1, or ~6.1 and 2.9–3.1μm, respectively) bound in non-expanding layers is relevant to the mineral characterization of Martian Fe-rich clays with spectroscopic methods, where molecular water is so far assumed to be linked to smectite. The variety of mixed-layer clays in which Fe is found in the submarine samples suggests that mixed-layering may be important in Martian clays, which are spectroscopically variable but generally Fe-rich. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several irregularly shaped craters located within Arabia Terra, Mars, represent a new type of highland volcanic construct and together constitute a previously unrecognized Martian igneous province. Similar to terrestrial supervolcanoes, these low-relief paterae possess a range of geomorphic features related to structural collapse, effusive volcanism and explosive eruptions. Extruded lavas contributed to the formation of enigmatic highland ridged plains in Arabia Terra. Outgassed sulphur and erupted fine-grained pyroclastics from these calderas probably fed the formation of altered, layered sedimentary rocks and fretted terrain found throughout the equatorial region. The discovery of a new type of volcanic construct in the Arabia volcanic province fundamentally changes the picture of ancient volcanism and climate evolution on Mars. Other eroded topographic basins in the ancient Martian highlands that have been dismissed as degraded impact craters should be reconsidered as possible volcanic constructs formed in an early phase of widespread, disseminated magmatism on Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The origin of compositional stratigraphy is a global scale problem on Mars. [•] The Mawrth Vallis area provides insights into key geological relationships. [•] Compositional stratigraphy likely formed from chemical weathering of dust or ash. [•] The source of water was likely acidic ice and snow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The cameras on the Pathfinder probe (Imager for Pathfinder) and the rovers Spirit and Opportunity (Panoramic Camera), Curiosity (Mast Camera) and Perseverance (Mast Camera-Z) produce visible-range spectra of limited wavelength resolution but of great target resolution which allows mineralogical analysis of selected areas within martian rocks. Laboratory spectra of relevant specimens were transformed into the spectra corresponding to each of the above cameras to increase our capability to interpret martian spectral data collected in-situ. The focus was on finding spectral features that can be detected by the cameras on Mars and are diagnostic of specific minerals. The samples are a collection of (1) Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates from submarine hydrothermal sites and (2) of rocks from acid alteration environments containing goethite, hematite, jarosite and Fe-bearing chlorite as these minerals are detectable in the extended visible range. Among all the samples, interstratified glauconite-nontronite has the most unique spectral features and should be easily detectable with the rover cameras. The spectral features of talc from Fe-bearing interstratified specimens are described. These data are especially relevant as glauconite and talc have been proposed to be fairly abundant on Mars and their detections are suggested from remote-sensing near-IR data. Several indices are proposed to assess Fe content on the investigated samples as well as mineral concentration of goethite and hematite. Among these indices, the normalized spectral slope in the range 420–600 nm increases with total Fe content for all samples, whether phyllosilicates, oxides or sulphates (R2 = 0.7–0.8). For pure phyllosilicates, the slope from 600 to 1010 nm decreases with increasing octahedral Fe (R2 = 0.75). An index for goethite produced excellent results assessing goethite concentration (R2 = 0.84). Of all cameras, Mast Camera reproduces the spectra with lowest fidelity and generates the poorest correlations between indices and tested variables. The other three cameras perform similarly. [Display omitted] • Lab spectra of Earth analogues shown with the resolution of martian rover cameras. • Spectral fidelity of Fe-clays and Fe oxides is: IMP, PanCam, MastCam-Z > MastCam. • Interstratified glauconite-nontronite easily recognizable on Mars by rover cameras. • Spectral features of Fe-rich talc and interstratified talc layers are shown. • Spectral indexes correlate well with Fe content and goethite content in samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aluminous clay deposits on Mars are recognized from remotely sensed infrared spectral features similar to those of montmorillonite, beidellite, and/or kaolinite. The nature of aluminous clay deposits on Mars is of interest because they likely indicate a different formation mechanism than that of Fe–Mg clays, which are widespread on Mars and likely alteration products of the Fe–Mg-rich basaltic crust. The near-infrared reflectance spectra of aluminous martian clay deposits frequently display characteristics typical of both montmorillonite and kaolinite. The question arises whether such mixed character is due to the existence of end-member phases or to kaolinite–smectite mixed-layer (K–S). The issue is relevant because K–S implies the existence of a smectite precursor that alters into kaolinite, and thus constrains the timing and intensity of the alteration processes that generates it. A mixture of kaolinite and smectite end-members may indicate locally heterogeneous alteration processes, or alternatively, could result from the physical mixing of altered materials of different provenance. A group of natural K–S samples and synthetic kaolinite/smectite mixtures of known proportion, all of which had been thoroughly characterized in previous work using several analytical techniques, were investigated here using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The NIR spectral features correlate well with their kaolinite–smectite relative proportions. The shape of spectral features attributed to Al–OH in K–S is subtly different from those in physical mixtures of kaolinite and smectite. Based on qualitative comparison, some regions on Mars appear to have spectral signatures similar to K–S. We also applied a quantitative technique using the second derivative of spectra. In this technique, plots of the height of the features at (λ=) 2.21μm (band present in kaolinite and montmorillonite) and 2.17μm (kaolinite only) were able to discriminate between K–S and kaolinite–smectite physical mixtures, as they generated correlations with different slopes. The method of discrimination was applied to Mars spectra, which resulted in reasonable evidence for the existence of K–S in Nili Fossae and Mawrth Vallis, and mixtures of end-members in Mawrth Vallis and Leighton Crater. This is one of the first times that evidence for mixed-layer clay minerals, and particularly K–S, on Mars has been gathered. The ability to detect mixed-layer clays is an important step forward for further development of our understanding of the processes that generated clay on Mars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sulfate-dominated sedimentary deposits are widespread on the surface of Mars, which contrasts with the rarity of carbonate deposits, and indicates surface waters with chemical features drastically different from those on Earth. While the Earth's surface chemistry and climate are intimately tied to the carbon cycle, it is the sulfur cycle that most strongly influences the Martian geosystems. The presence of sulfate minerals observed from orbit and in-situ via surface exploration within sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated regolith traces a history of post-Noachian aqueous processes mediated by sulfur. These materials likely formed in water-limited aqueous conditions compared to environments indicated by clay minerals and localized carbonates that formed in surface and subsurface settings on early Mars. Constraining the timing of sulfur delivery to the Martian exosphere, as well as volcanogenic HO is therefore central, as it combines with volcanogenic sulfur to produce acidic fluids and ice. Here, we reassess and review the Martian geochemical reservoirs of sulfur from the innermost core, to the mantle, crust, and surficial sediments. The recognized occurrences and the mineralogical features of sedimentary sulfate deposits are synthesized and summarized. Existing models of formation of sedimentary sulfate are discussed and related to weathering processes and chemical conditions of surface waters. We also review existing models of sulfur content in the Martian mantle and analyze how volcanic activities may have transferred igneous sulfur into the exosphere and evaluate the mass transfers and speciation relationships between volcanic sulfur and sedimentary sulfates. The sedimentary clay-sulfate succession can be reconciled with a continuous volcanic eruption rate throughout the Noachian-Hesperian, but a process occurring around the mid-Noachian must have profoundly changed the composition of volcanic degassing. A hypothetical increase in the oxidation state or in water content of Martian lavas or a decrease in atmospheric pressure is necessary to account for such a change in composition of volcanic gases. This would allow the pre mid-Noachian volcanic gases to be dominated by water and carbon-species but late Noachian and Hesperian volcanic gases to be sulfur-rich and characterized by high SO content. Interruption of early dynamo and impact ejection of the atmosphere may have decreased the atmospheric pressure during the early Noachian whereas it remains unclear how the redox state or water content of lavas could have changed. Nevertheless, volcanic emission of SO rich gases since the late Noachian can explain many features of Martian sulfate-rich regolith, including the mass of sulfate and the particular chemical features (i.e. acidity) of surface waters accompanying these deposits. How SO impacted on Mars's climate, with possible short time scale global warming and long time scale cooling effects, remains controversial. However, the ancient wet and warm era on Mars seems incompatible with elevated atmospheric sulfur dioxide because conditions favorable to volcanic SO degassing were most likely not in place at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first photogeologic exploration of Mars, vast mounds of layered sediments found within the Valles Marineris troughs (interior layered deposits, ILDs) have remained unex- plained. Recent spectroscopic results showing that these materials contain coarse-grained hematite and sulfate suggest that they are fundamentally similar to layered sulfate deposits seen elsewhere on Mars, and are therefore a key piece of the global aqueous history of Mars. In this work we constrain the origin of the ILDs by considering mass balance equations. One model involving formation of the ILDs by groundwater upwelling requires that a significant fraction of the global Martian sulfur budget was concentrated in the Valles Marineris at the time when the ILDs formed. It also necessitates high deposition and erosion rates in the Hesperian. We favor an alternative model in which the ILDs formed in a configuration similar to what is observed today through atmospherically driven deposition of ice, dust, and volcanogenic sulfuric acid. Such a model is easily compatible with the global sulfur budget, and does not require significant erosion rates or large volumes of liquid water. We propose that formation of sulfate-rich layered sediments on Mars was governed through time by volcanogenic SO2 and H2 O emission rates and dust production against a backdrop of obliquity variation in a largely cold and dry climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Diverse phyllosilicate deposits discovered previously in the Nili Fossae region with near infrared reflectance data are a window into the complex history of aqueous alteration on Mars. In this work, we used thermal infrared data from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) in combination with near infrared data from the Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces, et l’Activité (OMEGA) to better constrain the mineralogy and geologic origin of these deposits. We developed a TES spectral index for identification of clay minerals, which correctly identifies the phyllosilicates in the Nili Fossae area and points to several other interesting deposits in the Syrtis Major region. However, detailed inspection of the TES spectral features of Nili Fossae phyllosilicates shows a feature at low wavenumbers (350–550cm−1) that is not an exact match to any specific Fe3+-, Al-, or Mg-rich phyllosilicate phase. Instead, the feature is more similar to basaltic glass and may indicate that the phyllosilicates in this region are: (1) rich in Fe2+ (based on similarity to trends seen in laboratory data of clay minerals), (2) poorly crystalline/extremely disordered, and/or (3) present within a matrix of actual basalt glass. This feature is similar to spectral features seen in altered rocks in the Columbia Hills region of Gusev Crater by previous authors. By calibrating measured spectral index values against mathematical spectral mixtures of typical martian dark surfaces and known abundances of alteration minerals, we are able to estimate an enrichment in abundance of alteration minerals in the altered surfaces. Many dark, Noachian deposits in the Nili Fossae area are enriched phyllosilicates by 20–30% (±10–15%) relative to dark, volcanic surfaces in the same region. The distribution and abundance of these phases indicates that alteration in the region was pervasive, but did not completely erase the original mineralogy of what was likely an Fe-rich basalt protolith. As a group, the Nili Fossae phyllosilicate deposits are fundamentally different from those found in the Mawrth Vallis region. Nili Fossae deposits have strong thermal infrared features related to admixed pyroxene, plagioclase, and occasionally olivine, whereas the Mawrth Vallis deposits contain no mafic minerals. Comparison of TES and OMEGA data also illustrates some more general differences between the datasets, including the impact of physical character of the martian surface on detectability of minerals in each spectral range. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Clay mineral-bearing deposits previously discovered on Mars with near infrared () remote sensing data are of major significance for understanding the aqueous history, geological evolution, and past habitability of Mars. In this study, we analyzed the thermal infrared () surface properties of the most extensive phyllosilicate deposit on Mars: the Mawrth Vallis area. Clay mineral-bearing units, which in visible images appear to be relatively light-toned, layered bedrock, have thermal inertia values ranging from 150 to 460 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2. This suggests the deposits are composed of a mixture of rock with sand and dust at 100-meter scales. Dark-toned materials that mantle the clay-bearing surfaces have thermal inertia values ranging from 150 to 800, indicating variable degrees of rockiness or induration of this younger sedimentary or pyroclastic unit. Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) spectra of the light-toned rocks were analyzed with a number of techniques, but none of the results shows a large phyllosilicate component as has been detected in the same surfaces with near-infrared data. Instead, TES spectra of light-toned surfaces are best modeled by a combination of plagioclase feldspar, high-silica materials (similar to impure opaline silica or felsic glass), and zeolites. We propose three hypotheses for why the clay minerals are not apparent in thermal infrared data, including effects due to surface roughness, sub-pixel mixing of multiple surface temperatures, and low absolute mineral abundances combined with differences in spatial sampling between instruments. Zeolites modeled in TES spectra could be a previously unrecognized component of the alteration assemblage in the phyllosilicate-bearing rocks of the Mawrth Vallis area. TES spectral index mapping suggests that (Fe/Mg)-clays detected with near infrared data correspond to trioctahedral (Fe2+) clay minerals rather than nontronite-like clays. The average mineralogy and geologic context of these complex, interbedded deposits suggests they are either aqueous sedimentary rocks, altered pyroclastic deposits, or a combination of both. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The model of Fe3+ distribution between octahedra and tetrahedra in dioctahedral smectites by Decarreau and Petit (2014) used data from infrared analysis. From their own and other general evidence, the resulting data are likely to be affected by significant uncertainty. This aside, their model has limited application because it is based on synthetic smectites containing only Si, Al, and Fe3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization affords an excellent opportunity to develop a genuinely universal, scientific sociology. In recent decades, the politicization of the discipline has undermined the central mission of sociology: scientific discovery and explanation. The paper identifies several intellectual shifts that will facilitate expansion and communication in an emerging global village of sociological analysts: 1) breaking with classical sociology to build upon innovative theoretical ideas; 2) eliminating the ideological and normative focus that plagues much contemporary sociology; 3) moving beyond teleological approaches to scientific explanation; 4) embracing a distinctively "social" conceptualization of sociology's subject matter; and 5) eliminating nationalistic disciplinary boundaries and the attendant parochialism that obscures the search for universal principles of social behaviour. The final section of the paper emphasizes the internationalization of sociology, reorganized along epistemological lines. Those scholars whose research focuses on observable variations in social behaviour occupy an intellectual location quite distinct from those who place their politics at the centre of their social analyses, focus on the meanings that individuals attach to their experiences, or reject science altogether as a valid form of knowledge building. Rather than continue fruitless dialogues with those who have different objectives with their work, sociological analysts are invited to join a global village of scientists who examine the full range of cases that reflect purely social behaviour, drawing upon the dimensions of social space or networks of resource flows that are most relevant to their general explanations. Conceptualized this way, sociology becomes a global science no longer handicapped by individualistic theories or nationalistic political fervour. The net result is the development of a genuine "sociology without borders" aimed at realizing the discipline's fullest scientific potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marshall's (2008 ) critique of Black's (1995, 2000a, 2000b ) pure sociology paradigm reveals his preference for studying the psychological properties of individuals, rather than developing a genuinely sociological framework for studying “social life.” The current rejoinder concentrates on four main issues, starting with a discussion of the ontological status of social life as a reality sui generis. The second section deals with the scientific status of pure sociology and clarifies the underlying logic of the explanatory approach. The third part considers the scientific adequacy or validity of pure sociology. Where the intellectual stakes are highest—the theoretical validity of “pure sociology”—Marshall's critique falls flattest: the available evidence overwhelmingly supports the theoretical claims of pure sociologists. By the same token, Marshall fails to demonstrate the utility of psychologizing social life, or how the imputation of psychological variables enhances the explanatory power of purely sociological models. The paper then reveals the hypocrisy of particular aspects of Marshall's critique, as the evidence indicates that he has used some similar elements of theory construction for which he has criticized Black and the pure sociology framework. The conclusion reminds readers of the excitement of pure sociology's mission beyond the futility of irresolvable philosophical quibbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay minerals detected spectroscopically in the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars correspond to a complex, layered, thick (>600 m) stratigraphic section of ancient bedrock. Because the lighttoned, clay-bearing rocks are lithologically diverse over a broad area (>80,000 km2), have significant internal layering and complexity, and contain buried impact craters within the section (demonstrating that they were deposited over a geologically significant duration of time), we interpret the host rocks as sedimentary or possibly pyroclastic. Crater counts date the claybearing rocks to early-middle Noachian time (estimated as 3.8-4.1 Ga). Geomorphic observations suggest that the rocks were lithified early and deeply eroded during the late Noachian-early Hesperian. The combination of a probable ancient sedimentary context of the clays and a moderate pH formation environment implied by the occurrence of smectites clearly places these rocks among the most important targets for future astrobiological exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rocks in detachment zones are commonly enriched in K2O, thought to originate from K-metasomatism by basin brine associated with tectonically controlled basins in semiarid settings. We used infrared spectroscopic and remote sensing techniques to investigate the geologic and mineralogical context of K-metasomatism associated with the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault near Swansea, Arizona, where spectacular alteration and exceptional exposures are observed. The goals are to (1) determine the mineralogy associated with K2O enrichment in this area, (2) define the lithologic and structural controls on alteration in this region, and (3) construct a general model for alteration in detachments zones, context of K2O enrichment, and relation to detachment-related ore deposits. In the Swansea area, Miocene volcanic rocks were completely and pervasively altered in an early stage of K-metasomatism to ferruginous illite, K-feldspar, and hematite, and later replaced by calcite, celadonite, hematite, and jasper. The mineralogy of these altered rocks and their geologic context suggest initial K-metasomatism by warm, alkaline surface water and/or groundwater related to a Miocene lacustrine environment. We propose that the carbonate overprint occurred due to increased fluid temperatures as the K-metasomatized rocks moved down the detachment fault in an environment of high heat flow. The spatial distribution of alteration minerals observed in the field and from remote sensing data shows that alteration was driven by reactivity of host rocks and host-rock permeability; normal faults and fractures associated with detachment faulting were not significant conduits of hydrothermal fluids. These results illustrate well the spatial relationships between alteration minerals and fluid conduits in detachment zones, which are usually studied only by chemical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article analyzes 1994-2000 data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth to examine the relevance of family structures to trajectories of parental reports on hyperactivity-inattention among elementary school aged children. We use a latent growth modelling approach to compare children living in intact families, lone-parent families, stepfamilies, and families where parents divorced or separated. The results highlight the apparent advantages to living in intact families and the slightly greater risks experienced by children living in stepfamilies. Children in lone-parent families, while experiencing an initial disadvantage, displayed a similar trajectory on hyperactivity to children in intact families over the 1994-2000 period. With regard to the children of divorce, the current study finds little evidence of a pre-disruption effect, as the children whose parents divorce or separate over 1994-2000 appear initially no worse off than children whose parents stay together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We investigated the mineralogy of basalt weathering rinds and fresh basaltic rocks using visible/near-infrared (VNIR) (λ =0.4–2.5 μm) and thermal emission (λ =6–30 μm) spectroscopy to 1) constrain the effects of chemical weathering on rock spectra, and 2) further understand the context of infrared spectra of Mars, which may contain evidence for weathered rocks and particulates derived from them. VNIR spectra of weathered rock surfaces are generally redder and brighter than fresh surfaces. Thermal infrared spectra of weathered basalts show evidence for aluminous opal and clay minerals (or clay precursor mineraloids) in natural surfaces. Supporting VNIR observations generally do not show the same evidence for neoformed clays or silica because of their textural occurrence as thin coatings and microfracture-fill, and possibly due to poor crystallinity of the aluminosilicate weathering products in this context. Spectral trends observed at Mars, such as the detection of low to moderate (10–25%) abundances of silica and clay that are observed in the thermal infrared but not in the VNIR, are therefore consistent with trends observed for natural rock surfaces in the laboratory. The combined use of thermal infrared and VNIR suggest that vast areas of martian dark regions contain sandy–rocky basaltic materials with weathering rinds and thin coatings that could have formed in conditions of relatively low water/rock ratios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines whether differentiating among types of intimate partner violence enhances the explanatory capacity of extant empirical models.The analysis uses national-level Canadian data to evaluate an alternative approach to operationalizing intimate partner violence, drawing upon Black's (1990) and Johnson's (1995) theoretical work. The main argument suggests that current efforts to explain intimate partner violence with victimization studies are inadequate because they typically do not measure key sociological variables. The failure to assess the contexts within which different types of violence occur further hinders explanatory efforts.The paper concludes with recommendations for innovative theoretical and methodological strategies to address these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) has observed a high-silica material in the dark regions of Mars that is spectrally similar to obsidian glass and may have a volcanic origin. An alternate interpretation is that the spectrally amorphous material consists of clay minerals or some other secondary material, formed by chemical alteration of surface rocks. The regions where this material is observed (e.g., Acidalia Planitia) have relatively high spectral contrast, suggesting that the high-silica material exists as coarse particulates, indurated soils or cements, within rocks, or as indurated coatings on rock surfaces. The geologic interpretation of this spectral result has major implications for understanding magmatic evolution and weathering processes on Mars. One of the complications in interpreting spectral observations of glasses and clay minerals is that both are structurally and compositionally complex. In this study, we perform a detailed spectroscopic analysis of indurated smectite clay minerals and relate their thermal emission spectral features to structural and crystal chemical properties. We examine the spectral similarities and differences between smectite clay minerals and obsidian glass from a structural-chemical perspective, and make further mineralogical interpretations from previous TES results. The results suggest that neither smectite clays nor any clay mineral with similar structural and chemical properties can adequately explain TES observations of high-silica materials in some martian dark regions. If the spectrally amorphous materials observed by TES do represent an alteration product, then these materials are likely to be poorly crystalline aluminosilicates. While all clay minerals have Si/O ratios 0.4, the position of the emissivity minimum at Mars suggests a Si/O ratio of 0.4–0.5. The spectral observation could be explained by the existence of a silica-rich alteration product, such as Al- or Fe-bearing opal, an intimate physical mixture of relatively pure silica and other aluminosilicates (such as clay minerals or clay precursors), or certain zeolites. The chemical alteration of basaltic rocks on Mars to phyllosilicate-poor, silica-rich alteration products provides a geologically reasonable and consistent explanation for the global TES surface mineralogical results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite evidence of a cultural shift in orientations toward violence, the problem of violence against women persists across a range of different societies. The preoccupation with the psychology of violence and the focus on cultural orientations obscure the more salient features of social life that promote violence: the structure of interpersonal relationships. The exploration of sociodemographic correlates and the search for "risk factors" of intimate partner violence have overshadowed the inclusion of a distinct set of social structural characteristics that are conducive to domestic violence. The current article draws on comparative research and Donald Black's theoretical approach to argue that key factors include (a) the degree of social isolation, (b) interdependence of support networks, (c) inequality, (d) relational distance, (e) centralization of authority, and (f) exposure to violent networks. The weak explanatory power of previous research can be improved by developing measures to evaluate an integrated structural model of violence against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper examines the demographic characteristics and economic status of food bank users in a large Canadian metropolis. The analysis documents some of the empirical complexity of the coping strategies employed by low-income households to obtain essential resources, including the multiple economies (domestic, informal, social, market and state) that households engage on a routine basis. The data for the study derive from interviews with a stratified random sample of 800 food bank users. The results confirm that food bank users had an economically marginal position and used emergency food programs as an important supplemental source of support among their patchwork of survival strategies. Many of their coping strategies, however, tended toward social marginalization and exclusion. Housing costs consumed the majority of their available monthly income, while several factors helped to predict the depth of the poverty that the respondents experienced. While those with market income benefited the most on average, both state transfers and informal support had positive effects on food bank users' economic statuses. For women in the sample, labour market attachment exerted a negative influence, suggesting that the low-wage work available was insufficient to lift them out of the depths of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions concerning the essential nature of altruism, the existence of an altruistic personality, and the genetic, biosocial, and social psychological bases of altruistic behavior have dominated theory and research on the topic. The current paper reconceptualizes financial altruism sociologically as a form of unilateral resource exchanges, or welfare.The alternative definition employs Donald Black's (1979, 2000) analytic approach to describe and explain the behavior of welfare with its location and direction in social space. The paper offers several propositions that purport to explain variations in welfare by drawing upon cross-cultural research. In general, welfare flows in the direction of those who are less integrated and who have lower social status. In addition, welfare varies directly with intimacy, conventionality, and respectability. Finally, welfare varies inversely with relational distance, cultural distance, and group size. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of strengths and limitations of the general propositions advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper examines trends in the social and economic correlates of food bank usage in the Greater Toronto Area through annual interviews with food bank users between 1990-2000. The analysis tests the thesis that the effects of social assistance rate reductions and housing costs contributed to the economic vulnerability of these already marginalized families and households. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression modelling were used to assess changes in post-shelter income available to food bank users prior to (1990-1995) and following Ontario social assistance cuts (1996-2000). The results confirm the importance of social assistance rate reductions and housing affordability problems as factors contributing to the decline in post-shelter income available to food bank users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a multi-method impact evaluation of a therapeutic summer camp program for children and youth with learning disabilities and related psychosocial problems. The study examines the degree to which program objectives were achieved through a pre-camp, post-camp, follow-up design using a series of standardized instruments, camp evaluations, and interviews with parents. The results indicate that the campers reported less social isolation, experienced modest improvements in self-esteem, and expressed high levels of satisfaction with the camp. The measures for social skills generally failed to register significant changes, although parents reported improvements in the areas of cooperation, responsibility, and self-control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues for restoration of the value of camping programs as effective social work interventions. Therapeutic camp programs provide a unique intervention through which vulnerable children and youth may make gains in their emotional and social functioning while having fun with peers. An evaluation of a camp program for children and adolescents with learning disabilities and psychosocial problems offers a compelling illustration of how camp can provide an effective context for social group work interventions. Evaluative findings are presented, along with campers' and parents' impressions of the program. Therapeutic camp programs link new approaches with enduring social work principles that reflect social work's roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Volcanic history of the Apollo basin where Chang'e-6 is going to land. • Crustal thickness controls the volcanic activities of the Apollo basin. • Scientific significances of the returned Chang'e-6 samples. A major lunar scientific question is the cause of the paucity of farside mare basalts. The South Pole-Aitken Basin (SPA) is the largest (2400×2050 km) and most ancient lunar impact basin. The Apollo peak-ring basin, the largest impact feature within the SPA, is located on its northeast edge in a transitional zone of crustal thickness and compositions. The Chang'e-6 (CE-6) mission, the first sample-return mission to the lunar farside, is targeted to land in the southern Apollo basin, sampling farside mare basalts with critical insights into early lunar evolution. In preparation for the CE-6 sample return, we conducted a comprehensive study of Apollo basin volcanism. We found that volcanic activity began in the Nectarian Period (∼4.05 Ga) (cryptomaria) and continued into the Eratosthenian Period (∼1.79 Ga). At least two Imbrian-aged episodes of eruptions occurred in the southern part of the Apollo basin where CE-6 is targeted to land. At ∼3.35 Ga, low-Ti (∼3.2 wt %) volcanism was active, and its products covered the entire low topographic region of the southern Apollo basin, between the inner and outer rings. Closely following its eruption at ∼3.07 Ga, high-Ti basalts (∼6.2 wt %) erupted close to the Chaffee S crater and flowed east with decreasing thickness until encountering proto-wrinkle ridges. In addition, volcanic activity in the region is significantly correlated with low crustal thickness, primarily thinned by the SPA and Apollo impact events. For regions of intermediate-thick crust (Oppenheimer crater), dikes stalled under the crater floor, spreading to form sills and a floor-fractured crater. For thin crust regions (Apollo basin interior), dikes erupted directly, forming extensive lava flows. In areas of thick highland crust, we see no evidence of extrusive activity or floor-fractured craters, suggesting that dikes there do not reach the surface and are intrusive. CE-6 samples returned from the unique geological setting will provide significant petrogenetic information to address further the paucity of farside mare basalts and the lunar nearside-farside dichotomy. To solve those scientific questions, the high-Ti mare region in south Apollo basin is recommended as the priority landing site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical and structural complexities in interstratified clay minerals arising from mineral transformations and evolving formation conditions should be recorded in their stable isotope signatures. This paper examines the controls on the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of Fe3+-rich, glauconite-nontronite, talc-nontronite and talc-saponite from submarine hydrothermal sites, with a focus on the Red Sea Atlantis II Deep. Values of δ 18O became less positive in the order nontronite > glauconite-nontronite > talc-nontronite > talc-saponite, yielding oxygen isotope temperatures ranging from ∼40 °C for nontronite to ∼135–300 °C for talc-saponite. These clay minerals have low δ 2H, ranging from −145 to −127‰ for talc-nontronite, −135‰ for nontronite, −129 to −85‰ for glauconite-nontronite, and −95 to −59‰ for talc-saponite. The clay mineral-water hydrogen isotope fractionation is strongly affected by Fe3+ content, with increasing structural Fe3+ causing progressive weakening of O-H bonds. The large ionic radius and high charge of Fe3+ cause it to be more poorly shielded by surrounding oxygen from hydroxyl hydrogen relative to other octahedral or tetrahedral cations. The resulting lengthening of O-H bonds favours 1H over 2H. Our results confirm that Fe-rich phases, such as nontronite-glauconite, are produced at the lowest temperatures and Mg-rich phases, such as talc-saponite, are formed at the highest temperatures in seafloor hydrothermal environments. Evolving fluid chemistry and fluid pathways during clay mineral formation are also important. Glauconite layer formation from precursor nontronite likely occurred during diagenesis; redox changes causing Fe-reduction and an increase in layer charge facilitated interlayer K-fixation. Talc-saponite compositions vary with temperature and fluid chemistry, forming at variable sediment depths depending on access to the hottest hydrothermal fluids. • Fe3+ content controls δ 2H OH of seafloor Fe-rich hydrothermal, interstratified clay. • Large ionic radius and high charge of Fe3+ causes systematic decrease in clay δ 2H. • Seafloor clay δ 18O indicates lower temperature formation of Fe- versus Mg-rich phases. • Diagenetic glauconite-nontronite formed at ∼75 °C (Atlantis II Deep) from nontronite. • Talc-nontronite formed at ∼95 °C and talc-saponite at ∼240 °C (Atlantis II Deep). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the impact of organizational restructuring on social work practice at a large, university-affiliated hospital. The article first reviews relevant literature on the patient-focused care model and presents an overview of the study setting. Several hypotheses are then presented that informed the research process. Workload measurement, interview, and questionnaire data are analyzed to test these hypotheses. The results indicate that the shift to program management has had some intended effects, particularly regarding increases in direct services supporting patients. Social workers reported somewhat lower levels of job satisfaction than expected, which partly reflects the dismantling of the professional infrastructure. Finally, the authors discuss implications for the future of the social work profession under the program management model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports Peer Support Program (PSP), an intervention program for parents of sexually abused children and youth in Canada. Development, implementation, and evaluation of the PSP; Characteristics of service delivery and level of consumer satisfaction with PSP; Implications for interventions with the parents and victims of sexual abuse.

To explore the influence of social work education on students' professional identification and practice interests (and to examine recent concern that students' career goals no longer match social work's traditional mission), authors of this study surveyed 180 graduate students at one school of social work at the beginning and end of the 1991-92 academic year. Analysis focusing on the students' interest in 12 practice areas was undertaken for three cohorts: beginning MSW students, second- year MSW students, and BSW graduates who entered directly into the second year of MSW study. The results indicate that most students are still attuned to social work's traditional mission, and that graduate education does have significant influence on practice interests and self-identification, especially for beginning students. Implications for the design of graduate programs are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Phyllosilicates; glauconite; nontronite; peak shift EN Phyllosilicates glauconite nontronite peak shift 1080 1090 11 06/01/22 20220601 NES 220601 Introduction Raman spectroscopy found widespread application in the rapid and non-destructive characterization of silicate minerals ([26]; [8]; [35]; [34]; [44]; [31]; [1]; [45], 2015; [30]). Concluding remarks In this study, Raman spectroscopy analysis of nontronite and glauconite-nontronite mixed-layer phases from deep-sea hydrothermal fields reveals that these phyllosilicates have diagnostic Raman spectral features that include a series of strong peaks in the low wavenumber region (<700 cm SP -1 sp ) and the hydroxyl domain (3500-3700 cm SP -1 sp ). To fill these knowledge gaps, this study reports a comprehensive Raman spectral characterization of nontronite and glauconite-nontronite mixed-layer phases (i.e., vertical mixing/interstratification of glauconite and nontronite layers) from seafloor hydrothermal fields. Chemistry/structure-dependent Raman spectral features of glauconite and nontronite For the analyzed nontronite and glauconite-nontronite mixed-layer samples, the covariations between Raman spectral properties and octahedral chemistry (Table 2; Figs. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures pose many treatment challenges due to their complex fracture patterns and associated soft tissue compromise. We aim to evaluate outcomes of acute ORIF (aORIF) versus staged ORIF (sORIF) of high energy bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 186 patients at two high-volume Level I trauma centers. One hundred one patients underwent aORIF and 85 underwent sORIF between 2011 and 2019. Clinical outcomes of interest included operative time, wound dehiscence, superficial and deep infection, nonunion, flap coverage, arthrodesis, and early conversion to arthroplasty. Results: Patients had a median follow up of 12 months (6–98 months). The sORIF group had a higher ISS (p = 0.02) and a higher rate of open fractures (24.7% vs 11.9%, p = 0.03). The groups were statistically similar in other demographics and co-morbidities. Operative time was significantly shorter in the aORIF group (157 vs 213 min., p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in wound dehiscence, deep infection, flap coverage, nonunion, unplanned reoperation, or post-traumatic arthritis between groups. However, aORIF was associated with a significantly lower rate of superficial infection (p = 0.01), arthroplasty (p = 0.003) and unplanned reoperation (p = 0.005). Subgroup analysis of only the 41C3 fractures showed a lower rate of superficial infections in the aORIF group (p = 0.04). No difference in complications was found between the fracture subgroups. Conclusion: We found no increased risk of complications with aORIF compared to sORIF for bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. While not all injuries may be appropriate for aORIF, our results demonstrate the safety of aORIF when patients are properly selected by experienced fracture surgeons. Level of evidence: Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]