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espanolEl objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el aumento de la vida util del fruto de calabacin cortado fresco con el uso de acido glutamico. Los tratamientos consistieron en aplicaciones foliares de soluciones acuosas de la fermentacion bacteriana de acido L-glutamico 30%, a los 14, 21, 28 y 35 dias despues del trasplante, en diferentes concentraciones (0,2 y 0,4 mL L-1), cada aplicacion fue de 100 mL. La primera aplicacion foliar fue despues de 14 dias de realizado el trasplante en campo. En un ciclo total de 42 dias. Posteriormente fueron preseleccionados los frutos, desinfectados y minimamente procesados en tiras. Se usaron 100 g de fruto, colocados en bolsas de plastico de polietileno de baja densidad (70 fim), selladas y almacenadas a 6 ± 1 °C con humedad relativa del 95%. Fue medido el peso, contenido de solidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable y color, en intervalos regulares de dos dias durante un total de ocho dias. Se concluye que para aumentar la vida util del calabacin recien cortado se recomienda aplicar 0,4 mL L-1 de acido glutamico. EnglishThe goal of this study was to increase the fresh-cut zucchini shelf-life with glutamic acid biofertilizer. Treatments consisted of foliar applications of aqueous solutions of the bacterial fermentation containing 30% L-glutamic acid, at 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days after transplanting, at 0.2 and 0.4 mL L-1, 100 mL per plant of 7 days, starting at 14 days after transplant during the whole cycle (42 days). Zucchini fruits were pre-selected, sanitized and minimally processed into strips. Fruits were weighed (100 g) and placed into plastic bags of low density polyethylene (70 um). After sealing bags were stored. Plastic bags were kept at 6 ± 1 °C and 95% relativity humidity. Weight loss, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, and color were performed at regular intervals of two days during eight days. To increase the fresh-cut zucchini shelf-life it is recommended to apply 0.4 mL L-1 glutamic acid biofertilizer.

The goal of this study was to increase the fresh-cut zucchini shelf-life with glutamic acid biofertilizer. Treatments consisted of foliar applications of aqueous solutions of the bacterial fermentation containing 30% L-glutamic acid, at 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days after transplanting, at 0.2 and 0.4 mL L-1, 100 mL per plant of 7 days, starting at 14 days after transplant during the whole cycle (42 days). Zucchini fruits were pre-selected, sanitized and minimally processed into strips. Fruits were weighed (100 g) and placed into plastic bags of low density polyethylene (70 um). After sealing bags were stored. Plastic bags were kept at 6 ± 1 °C and 95% relativity humidity. Weight loss, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, and color were performed at regular intervals of two days during eight days. To increase the fresh-cut zucchini shelf-life it is recommended to apply 0.4 mL L-1 glutamic acid biofertilizer. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el aumento de la vida útil del fruto de calabacín cortado fresco con el uso de ácido glutámico. Los tratamientos consistieron en aplicaciones foliares de soluciones acuosas de la fermentación bacteriana de ácido L-glutámico 30%, a los 14, 21, 28 y 35 días después del trasplante, en diferentes concentraciones (0,2 y 0,4 mL L-1), cada aplicación fue de 100 mL. La primera aplicación foliar fue después de 14 días de realizado el trasplante en campo. En un ciclo total de 42 días. Posteriormente fueron preseleccionados los frutos, desinfectados y mínimamente procesados en tiras. Se usaron 100 g de fruto, colocados en bolsas de plástico de polietileno de baja densidad (70 fim), selladas y almacenadas a 6 ± 1 °C con humedad relativa del 95%. Fue medido el peso, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable y color, en intervalos regulares de dos días durante un total de ocho días. Se concluye que para aumentar la vida útil del calabacín recién cortado se recomienda aplicar 0,4 mL L-1 de ácido glutámico.

espanolLas sustancias humicas pueden favorecer el desarrollo vegetativo, promoviendo el crecimiento de la parte aerea y raices, pero su uso en la produccion de plantulas es poco estudiado. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicacion de diferentes dosis de las sustancias humicas en el desarrollo de las plantulas de cebolla 'Alfa Sao Francisco Ciclo VIII'. El diseno experimental fue completamente al azar, con cinco repeticiones y seis tratamientos, siendo ellos: testigo, con aplicacion de agua y cinco dosis de las sustancias humicas que contenga 10% de acido fulvico (5, 10, 15, 20 y 25 mL L-1). La aplicacion se realizo a 28 dias despues de la siembra (DDS) por medio de la inmersion de las bandejas con las plantulas en la solucion segun cada tratamiento. A los 48fueron evaluados: altura de la parte aerea, la longitud de las raices, diametro de pseudocaule, masa fresca y seca de la parte aerea, masa fresca y seca de la raiz, area y volumen de la hoja y area y volumen de la raiz. El uso de las sustancias humicas influencian las caracteristicas evaluadas. La mayoria de los efectos en el crecimiento de plantulas de cebollasfue promovido por las concentraciones entre 17 y 20 mL L-1 de las sustancias humicas en la solucion de inmersion de plantulas de cebolla. EnglishHumic substances can increment plant development, promoting the growth of shoots and roots, but their use in the production of seedlings is little studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of humic substances in promoting the growth of onion seedlings of the Alfa Sao Francisco Ciclo VIII variety. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications and six treatments: control with application of water and 5 doses (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mL L-1) of humic substances containing 10% fulvic acid. The application was performed 28 days after sowing (DAS), by immersion of trays with the seedlings in the solution according to each treatment. The following characteristics were evaluated at 48 DAS (seedling transplanting time): shoot height, root length, pseudostem diameter, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, root fresh mass, root dry mass, foliar area, foliar volume, root volume and root area. The use of humic substances influenced the evaluated characteristics. The greatedy growth promotion of onion seedlings occurred between the concentrations of 17 and 20 mL L-1 of humic substances in the immersion solution.

Humic substances can increment plant development, promoting the growth of shoots and roots, but their use in the production of seedlings is little studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of humic substances in promoting the growth of onion seedlings of the Alfa São Francisco Ciclo VIII variety. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications and six treatments: control with application of water and 5 doses (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mL L-1) of humic substances containing 10% fulvic acid. The application was performed 28 days after sowing (DAS), by immersion of trays with the seedlings in the solution according to each treatment. The following characteristics were evaluated at 48 DAS (seedling transplanting time): shoot height, root length, pseudostem diameter, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, root fresh mass, root dry mass, foliar area, foliar volume, root volume and root area. The use of humic substances influenced the evaluated characteristics. The greatedy growth promotion of onion seedlings occurred between the concentrations of 17 and 20 mL L-1 of humic substances in the immersion solution. Las sustancias húmicas pueden favorecer el desarrollo vegetativo, promoviendo el crecimiento de la parte aérea y raíces, pero su uso en la producción de plántulas es poco estudiado. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de las sustancias húmicas en el desarrollo de las plántulas de cebolla 'Alfa São Francisco Ciclo VIII'. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con cinco repeticiones y seis tratamientos, siendo ellos: testigo, con aplicación de agua y cinco dosis de las sustancias húmicas que contenga 10% de ácido fúlvico (5, 10, 15, 20 y 25 mL L-1). La aplicación se realizó a 28 días después de la siembra (DDS) por medio de la inmersión de las bandejas con las plántulas en la solución según cada tratamiento. A los 48fueron evaluados: altura de la parte aérea, la longitud de las raíces, diámetro de pseudocaule, masa fresca y seca de la parte aérea, masa fresca y seca de la raíz, área y volumen de la hoja y área y volumen de la raíz. El uso de las sustancias húmicas influencian las características evaluadas. La mayoría de los efectos en el crecimiento de plántulas de cebollasfue promovido por las concentraciones entre 17 y 20 mL L-1 de las sustancias húmicas en la solución de inmersión de plántulas de cebolla.

International audience; Agrarian reform has become at highly topical issue in Brazil and is proceeding mainly along the Amazonian pioneer fronts, thus jeopardising the continuity of forest cover. Although it is sometimes accompanied by highly proactive policies for sustainable development, the results of these policies areextremely variable. In this article, we compare four sites where agrarian reforms have been applied; they are located along the boundary between eastern Amazonia (deforestation arc) and central Amazonia (along a pioneer front) and are variously covered by sustainable development policies. In each of thesesites, we surveyed plant cover, existing production systems, the characteristics of the local populations and their quality of life in the sites themselves. We bring out discrepancies between sustainable development policies applied in the sites and their environmental preservation status. These discrepanciescannot be accounted for by the characteristics of the populations and do not bear any relation to people's quality of life in the different sites. While effects of context and of local levels of acceptance account for the success or failure of sustainable development projects, the agrarian reform policies weinvestigated are characterized by impacts that are negative for the environment but positive for the quality of life of local populations. By proposing a series of multivariate analyses and their combination through a scalar analysis, this article also puts forward an original methodology for studies of relationshipsbetween people and their environment.

The growing demand for organic products and the need to plant onions (Allium cepa L.) in the town of Pinhais, Brazil at different times of the year generated this study in the Organic Horticulture Experimental Station of Canguiri-Federal University of Parana, Pinhais, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance of seven cultivars of open-pollinated onion in an organic system in two planting seasons (January and September) different than traditional times (April and June). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 7x2 factorial scheme with three replicates: Franciscana IPA-10, Vale Ouro IPA-11, Brisa IPA-12, Alfa São Francisco (Cycle VIII), Alfa São Francisco -RT (Thrips tabaci-resistant genotype assessment - Embrapa Semiarid) and BR-29. The results were evaluated for homogeneity by Bartlett’s test and treatment means were compared by Tukey’s test at a significance level of 5%. The variables assessed at the start of bulb formation and harvest were stem height, fresh and dry leaf weight, leaf number and scape diameter. At harvest we measured dry and fresh mass of the bulb, bulb type according to the diameter and productivity. The cultivars Alfa São Francisco and Alfa São Francisco-RT produced higher values of dry mass and productivity in January.

Biofertilizers based on seaweed extract are a source of nutrients that can replace conventional synthetic fertilizers, allowing their use in organic agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis seaweed extract on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) yield and vegetative development. The experiment was carried out under protected cultivation and in the field, using the Piccolo F1 cultivar. The experimental design was completely randomized in 5 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (five combinations of doses and frequency of seaweed extract application; two environments: greenhouse and field, with five assessment dates) for the variables: stem diameter, average number of leaves and relative chlorophyll content. For the other variables, a 5 × 2 factorial design was used (five combinations of doses and frequency of seaweed extract application; two environments); the following variables were evaluated: stem diameter, leaf relative chlorophyll content, number of leaves, average fruit weight, number of fruits, longitudinal and transverse fruit diameter, rachis length and average yield. It was possible to verify that the 0.3% seaweed extract dose under protected cultivation and in the field, applied every two weeks, increased the tomato yield, without altering the characteristics of fruits and vegetative growth.

Biofertilizers based on seaweed extract are a source of nutrients that can replace conventional synthetic fertilizers, allowing their use in organic agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis seaweed extract on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) yield and vegetative development. The experiment was carried out under protected cultivation and in the field, using the Piccolo F1 cultivar. The experimental design was completely randomized in 5 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (five combinations of doses and frequency of seaweed extract application; two environments: greenhouse and field, with five assessment dates) for the variables: stem diameter, average number of leaves and relative chlorophyll content. For the other variables, a 5 × 2 factorial design was used (five combinations of doses and frequency of seaweed extract application; two environments); the following variables were evaluated: stem diameter, leaf relative chlorophyll content, number of leaves, average fruit weight, number of fruits, longitudinal and transverse fruit diameter, rachis length and average yield. It was possible to verify that the 0.3% seaweed extract dose under protected cultivation and in the field, applied every two weeks, increased the tomato yield, without altering the characteristics of fruits and vegetative growth. Biofertilizantes a base de extrato de alga marinha podem substituir os fertilizantes sintéticos convencionais permitindo sua utilização na agricultura orgânica. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de alga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis no desenvolvimento vegetativo e na produção do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum). O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido e a campo utilizando-se a cultivar Piccolo F1. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições em arranjo fatorial 5 × 2 × 5 (cinco combinações de doses e frequências de aplicação de extrato de alga, dois ambientes: cultivo protegido e campo e 5 datas de avaliação) para as variáveis diâmetro médio do caule, número médio de folhas, teor relativo de clorofila, já para as demais variáveis o delineamento foi em esquema fatorial 5 × 2 (cinco combinações de doses e frequências de aplicação de extrato de alga, dois ambientes). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: diâmetro do caule, teor relativo de clorofila da folha, número de folhas, massa média dos frutos, número de frutos, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal dos frutos, comprimento da ráquis e produção média. Verificou-se que a dose de 0,3% de extrato de alga em cultivo protegido e a campo, aplicados a cada quinze dias proporcionou o aumento da produção, sem alterar as características dos frutos e o crescimento vegetativo da planta.

The growing demand for organic products and the need to plant onions (Allium cepa L.) in the town of Pinhais, Brazil at different times of the year generated this study in the Organic Horticulture Experimental Station of Canguiri-Federal University of Parana, Pinhais, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance of seven cultivars of open-pollinated onion in an organic system in two planting seasons (January and September) different than traditional times (April and June). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 7x2 factorial scheme with three replicates: Franciscana IPA-10, Vale Ouro IPA-11, Brisa IPA-12, Alfa São Francisco (Cycle VIII), Alfa São Francisco -RT (Thrips tabaci-resistant genotype assessment - Embrapa Semiarid) and BR-29. The results were evaluated for homogeneity by Bartlett’s test and treatment means were compared by Tukey’s test at a significance level of 5%. The variables assessed at the start of bulb formation and harvest were stem height, fresh and dry leaf weight, leaf number and scape diameter. At harvest we measured dry and fresh mass of the bulb, bulb type according to the diameter and productivity. The cultivars Alfa São Francisco and Alfa São Francisco-RT produced higher values of dry mass and productivity in January. La necesidad de abastecer la creciente demanda de productos orgánicos y permitir la plantación de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en el municipio de Pinhais, Brasil en épocas diferentes a las tradicionales, llevó a realizar un estudio en el Área Experimental de Horticultura Orgánica de la Estación del Canguiri-Universidad Federal de Paraná, municipio de Pinhais, Brasil. El objetivo fue evaluar el desempeño agronómico de siete cultivares de cebolla de polinización abierta, en un sistema orgánico, en dos épocas de siembra (enero y septiembre) diferentes a las épocas tradicionales (abril y junio). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, en un esquema factorial 7x2, con tres repeticiones: Franciscana IPA-10 (roja), Vale Ouro IPA-11 y Brisa IPA-12 de la Empresa Pernambucana de Investigación Agropecuaria-IPA, Alfa Tropical de Embrapa Hortalizas, Alfa San Francisco (ciclo VIII), Alfa San Francisco-RT (resistente al Thrips tabaci -genotipo en evaluación- Embrapa Semiárido) y BR-29 de Topseed-Agristar. Los resultados fueron evaluados en cuanto a homogeneidad por el Test de Bartlett y las medias de los tratamientos fueron comparadas por el Test de Tukey al nivel de significancia del 5% de probabilidad. Las variables evaluadas al inicio de la bulbificación y al final del ciclo fueron: altura del vástago, masa fresca y seca de hojas, número de hojas y diámetro del pseudotallo. En el momento de la cosecha se cuantificó la masa seca y fresca del bulbo, clase de bulbos de acuerdo al diámetro y la productividad. Los cultivares de Alfa San Francisco y Alfa San Francisco-RT obtuvieron altos valores de masa seca y productividad en enero.

Since late 90s, the valuation of ecosystem services (ES) has become a fundamental principle for fulfilling poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation. As a result, scientific studies as well as management projects applying ES have proliferated, scarcely proposing a proper integration of ecological and social issues. Here, we question the universality of the ES concept and its capacity to fulfill ecological and socio-economical demands. First, we consider ES concept origin among scientific arenas and the international institutionalization process from bibliometric and content analysis of scientific papers and policy reports. We further investigate its effectiveness for assuring a harmonious development of society as well as the maintenance of natural systems. We will address its relevance as a concept born in scientific spheres, then institutionalized in political arenas and implemented at the ground level in a diversity of situations around the world. Second, to explore the importance of scale and social issues for the management of ES by family farmers, we confront theoretical findings and a study case concerning a recently colonized area of Brazilian Amazon. We use landscape structure as a mean for measuring ES variation. We demonstrate that ES variations are well explained by the high diversity of agricultural logics among family farmers, which is directly related to their cultural backgrounds. Moreover, institutional and environmental contexts strongly influence family logics and resulting agricultural practices. We conclude by suggesting future steps required to improve ES valuation and payment for family farmers by taking into account geographical and social aspects.

Thrips tabaci Lindeman is the main pest of onion crops, and chemical control is the main method adopted by farmers. Alternative control methods should be prioritised to reduce the amount of insecticides used. Resistant cultivars are one efficient way to control thrips in the field. Our aim was to assess the influence of morphological and chemical characteristics of seven onion cultivars and their resistance to T. tabaci. The number of thrips and the morphological and chemical characteristics of the plants were assessed. Among the evaluated cultivars, Alfa Sao Francisco RT, BR 29 and Sirius showed resistance to T. tabaci, as indicated by the lower number of thrips observed during the cycle (64, 87, and 74 thrips, respectively). Morphological and chemical characteristics were associated with onion's resistance to T. tabaci. For the cultivar Alfa Sao Francisco RT, a wider central angle (16.4°), a thinner cuticle, a larger amount of epicuticular waxes, and stomata on the surface of leaves accounted for resistance. For the cultivars BR 29 and Sirius, the resistance was likely due to the presence of resistance-conferring substances or high amounts of some component in the chemical composition of plants.