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Objective: People with severe mental illnesses experience difficulty finding and maintaining employment, even if they are offered psychiatric vocational rehabilitation services. When service recipients are able to apply more effective illness self-management strategies, vocational rehabilitation outcomes improve. To assess the use of these strategies, the Illness Self-Management assessment instrument for Psychiatric Vocational Rehabilitation (ISM-PVR) was developed., Methods: Experts were consulted to design the ISM-PVR instrument which was then tested by 8 vocational rehabilitation workers and 26 of their service recipients., Results: This study indicated sufficient internal consistency of the ISM-PVR self-report questionnaire, especially for the subscales assessing goal related self-efficacy, perceived illness-related barriers, and four of the eight coping scales. The number of self-reported illness barriers was associated with a higher number of reported work-related coping strategies. The ISM-PVR aided the identification of specific mental illness-related barriers perceived by the service recipients. The instrument also facilitated obtaining information on individual self-management strategies that clients employed to overcome such barriers or make them manageable., Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The application of the ISM-PVR in vocational rehabilitation practice warrants further research. The study suggests that this instrument is a useful add-on to existing vocational assessment and provides insight in self-management strategies that people use, and that may help those people and their job coaches make more effective vocational plans.

This paper reports on an evaluation of a 'social participation' improvement project in a mental health care and care for the intellectually disabled setting. The main research question is how sociality (i.e. clients' social lives) was constructed and what consequences this had for the project and for the clients. We undertook a dual approach: investigating the predefined outcomes and analysing the improvement processes in terms of how these processes construct sociality. As to the predefined outcomes, clients' social networks were not widened, but clients felt significantly less lonely at the end of the project. In a bottom-up analysis of data gathered on the improvement processes, we articulated two ways of constructing sociality: individualization, in which clients had to verbalize their wishes (verbalization) and to act upon them more actively (enterprising); and normalization, in which a good social life was one embedded in 'normal' community. We argue that this (explorative) way of conceptualizing change corresponds with some of the quantitative findings but also brings to light aspects that would have gone unnoticed by using only the predefined outcomes. Therefore, a mixed methods approach in studying effectiveness is a fruitful addition to the quality improvement literature., (© 2010 Blackwell Publishing.)

Background: Both mental disorders and personality characteristics are associated with impaired work functioning, but these determinants have not yet been studied together. The aim of this paper is to examine the impairing effects that mental disorders and personality characteristics (i.e. neuroticism, locus of control and self-esteem) have on work functioning., Method: Data for a representative sample of 3570 working people were derived from the first two waves of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a prospective cohort study in the Dutch adult population., Results: Higher neuroticism, more external locus of control and lower self-esteem were each significantly associated with subsequent impairment in work functioning, independently of any effects from mental disorders. Associations between mental disorders and subsequent work impairment disappeared once personality traits were taken into account. Personality traits did not moderate the relationships between mental disorders and work functioning., Conclusions: Working people with vulnerable personalities have a greater risk of impaired work functioning, independent of the risk from any mental disorder they may have.

Objective: This article reports on the implementation of the individual placement and support model of supported employment in four Dutch regions., Methods: The authors used structured site visits, employment data, and semistructured interviews to assess fidelity, employment outcomes, and facilitators of and barriers to successful implementation., Results: At 24 months, the four sites reached a mean+/-SD fidelity score of 4.1+/-.3 (possible scores range from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating closer adherence to the model). Of the 316 persons with mental illnesses, 57 (18%) obtained competitive jobs. Barriers to implementation included lack of organizational standards, loss of vocational staff, funding problems, insufficient time for program leaders, and inadequate cooperation between the involved organizations. Important facilitators were the skills and commitment of the vocational team members and the integration of vocational and mental health staff., Conclusions: To implement evidence-based supported employment in the Netherlands will require changes in financing, organizational structures, attitudes, cultural beliefs, and labor and disability regulations.

Background: There is increasing recognition of the importance of psychiatric vocational rehabilitation (PVR) programmes in helping individuals with severe mental illnesses to find and secure jobs. However, little is known concerning the factors related to PVR outcomes., Objective: This review identifies those person-related factors which most strongly influence employment outcomes after participation in PVR programmes., Method: Medline, Psychinfo, Pubmed and CINAHL were searched for studies using multivariate analysis of longitudinal data, which analysed employment outcomes after at least 6 months of programme participation, and which analysed at least three predictor domains., Results: Eight studies presented in 16 publications met all the criteria. Better employment outcomes were most strongly related to better work performance measured during PVR participation and to higher work-related self-efficacy. Better social functioning during PVR participation was also significantly related to positive employment outcomes, but this relationship was generally weaker than those of the two aforementioned factors. In most studies, employment outcomes after PVR were not related to past functioning, including work history and diagnosis. Findings on the severity of psychiatric symptoms measured during PVR were mixed. In terms of contribution to outcome, severity of symptoms usually ranked below work performance, when measured concurrently., Conclusion: Contrary to previous reviews, this study suggests that the influence of past functioning, including work history, diagnosis and psychiatric history, is outweighed by work performance in PVR. Further prospective and controlled studies are needed to reach more definite conclusions about the individual contributions of person-related factors.

The purpose of this study was the development of a short self-reporting and supervisor-reporting questionnaire to assess generic work behavior of people with severe mental illnesses participating in psychiatric vocational rehabilitation. An 18-item generic work behavior questionnaire (GWBQ) was developed, which contains core dimensions derived from both supervisor scores and self-report scores. The factor structure of the GWBQ was replicated for both versions (supervisor and self reports). The GWBQ was very reliable for supervisor reports and moderately so for self-reports. Although self-report scores and supervisor scores correlated significantly, participants rated their own work behavior consistently higher than supervisors did.