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Characteristics of microbiome of the pig's digestive tract play an important role in the animal's physiology, including metabolism, nutrient processing, the body's immune response, and disease resistance. This study aims to analyze the abundance and diversity of microorganisms (pathogenic and non-pathogenic) from the digestive system of pigs on farms in Tangerang District. The samples used in this research were pig feces from 43 pig farms in Tangerang District. Then DNA extraction was carried out using the Zymo Quick-DNA Fecal/Soil Microbe Kit according to manufacturing procedures. Sequencing was performed using an MGI DNBSEQ-G50 machine with a DNBSEQG50RS High-throughput sequencing set (FCL PE100) according to manufacturing procedures. The quality of fastq files was evaluated with FastQC. Taxonomic classification of the processed sequences was performed using Diamond, followed by MEGAN6. The microbiome of the pig's digestive system was dominated by bacteria (85%) with the taxonomic profile at the phylum level of abundance dominated by Firmicutes (84.46%) and Bacteroidetes (9.11%). Abundance at the genus level was dominated by Enterococcus (20.44%) and Clostridium (10.31%), and at the species level it was dominated by Escherichia coli (4.92%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (4.84%). There were 10 species of pathogenic bacteria detected, with E. coli showing the highest relative abundance (4.92%). Changes in the gut microbiome play an important role in the physiology of animal health and disease. In addition, the pathogenic bacteria detected not only affect the health and productivity of pigs but also have the potential to threaten public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an ecologically diverse pest species that interacts with and feeds on various microbial pathogens including bacteria and yeast found in decomposing fruits. However, the interaction of Z. indianus with its microbial community and microbial pathogens is obscure. To determine the presence of fungal pathogens, we collected wild Z. indianus from the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder & Kreger‐van Rij (isolate ziha1) was the most commonly observed fungus associated with Z. indianus. Furthermore, we identified two more opportunistic fungal pathogens: Aspergillus flavus Link (isolate zias2), and Pichia kudriavzevii Boidin, Pignal & Besson (isolate zibd3). The interaction of isolated fungi with Z. indianus was evaluated in terms of larval mortality, adult emergence, and fecundity. Debaryomyces hansenii ziha1 resulted in 90% emergence rate for adults, and did not cause significant mortality in the larval stage. In contrast, A. flavus zias2 and P. kudriavzevii zibd3 showed a significant reduction in fecundity and caused 99% and 74% larval mortality of Z. indianus, respectively. In the laboratory oviposition preference assay, mated females of Z. indianus preferred D. hansenii ziha1 supplemented food with a positive oviposition index compared to the uninfected control and compared to food infected with P. kudriavzevii zibd3 or A. flavus zias2. These findings underscore Z. indianus' potential to act as a reservoir for both symbiotic and pathogenic fungal species, some of which may be further harnessed for effective fruit fly pest control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) projects a “global emergency” and necessitates a need to discover alternative resources for combating drug-resistant pathogens or “superbugs.” One of the key themes in “One Health Concept” is based on the fact that the interconnected network of humans, the environment, and animal habitats majorly contribute to the rapid selection and spread of AMR. Moreover, the injudicious and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare, the environment, and associated disciplines, further aggravates the concern. The prevalence and persistence of AMR contribute to the global economic burden and are constantly witnessing an upsurge due to fewer therapeutic options, rising mortality statistics, and expensive healthcare. The present decade has witnessed the extensive exploration and utilization of bio-based resources in harnessing antibiotics of potential efficacies. The discovery and characterization of diverse chemical entities from endophytes as potent antimicrobials define an important yet less-explored area in natural product-mediated drug discovery. Endophytes-produced antimicrobials show potent efficacies in targeting microbial pathogens and synthetic biology (SB) mediated engineering of endophytes for yield enhancement, forms a prospective area of research. In keeping with the urgent requirements for new/novel antibiotics and growing concerns about pathogenic microbes and AMR, this paper comprehensively reviews emerging trends, prospects, and challenges of antimicrobials from endophytes and their effective production via SB. This literature review would serve as the platform for further exploration of novel bioactive entities from biological organisms as “novel therapeutics” to address AMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Land snails are considered a delicacy in many countries in Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. However, the interaction of microbial pathogens with land snails may present a public health threat when handling and/or consuming snails. This study examines the survival of Escherichia coli in edible land snails in a model system. Methods: Well-studied Shigatoxigenic (STEC) and non-STEC strains were compared. Mature Helix spp. were experimentally fed with E. coli-inoculated oats for 48 h. The snail feces after inoculation were periodically sampled and cultured for a 30-day period and subjected to microbiological analyses. Results: The average rate of decline of the non-STEC strain CSH-62 in the feces of live snails was significantly (p < 0.05) faster than that of STEC ERL 06-2503. In addition, the viable population of E. coli ERL 06-2503 significantly (p < 0.05) persisted for a longer time in the intestine of land snails than E. coli CSH-62. Conclusion: The results showed that the viable population of the E. coli strains examined demonstrated first-order kinetics, and their survival (CFU/mL) appeared significantly (p < 0.05) dependent on the E. coli pathotype. In addition, the continuous enumeration of E. coli in snail faeces indicated that land snails could serve as a mode of transmission of microbial pathogens to susceptible hosts, including humans. Further research is recommended to better quantify the direct and indirect health risks of pathogen transmission by edible snails to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of microbiome of the pig’s digestive tract play an important role in the animal’s physiology, including metabolism, nutrient processing, the body’s immune response, and disease resistance. This study aims to analyze the abundance and diversity of microorganisms (pathogenic and non-pathogenic) from the digestive system of pigs on farms in Tangerang District. The samples used in this research were pig feces from 43 pig farms in Tangerang District. Then DNA extraction was carried out using the Zymo Quick-DNA Fecal/Soil Microbe Kit according to manufacturing procedures. Sequencing was performed using an MGI DNBSEQ-G50 machine with a DNBSEQ-G50RS High-throughput sequencing set (FCL PE100) according to manufacturing procedures. The quality of fastq files was evaluated with FastQC. Taxonomic classification of the processed sequences was performed using Diamond, followed by MEGAN6. The microbiome of the pig’s digestive system was dominated by bacteria (85%) with the taxonomic profile at the phylum level of abundance dominated by Firmicutes (84.46%) and Bacteroidetes (9.11%). Abundance at the genus level was dominated by Enterococcus (20.44%) and Clostridium (10.31%), and at the species level it was dominated by Escherichia coli (4.92%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (4.84%). There were 10 species of pathogenic bacteria detected, with E. coli showing the highest relative abundance (4.92%). Changes in the gut microbiome play an important role in the physiology of animal health and disease. In addition, the pathogenic bacteria detected not only affect the health and productivity of pigs but also have the potential to threaten public health.

Clinical research documents causal relationships between periodontitis and depression. Furthermore, it has been revealed that clinical depression can also negatively affect periodontal treatment outcomes. The present study aimed to analyze subgingival microbial profiles in patients with periodontal disease and those with depression by qualitative and quantitative determination of 4 periodontal pathogens. Material and method. The study was carried out on a number of 40 patients between the ages of 20 and 48 within the Periodontology Clinic of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, within the “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași or in an office with private practice within the radius of the city of Iași. Analyzing the obtained results, it can be seen that the average age is significantly lower for the group of patients with periodontal disease compared to the average age of patients with periodontal disease and depression (p=0.02). Regardless of which method, the individualized determination of periodontal pathogens helps guide targeted systemic antibiotic therapy (individualization of the treatment plan). It limits self-medication or the possibility of developing bacterial resistance.

Microorganisms colonizing modern water-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) have been implicated in various occupational respiratory health hazards to machinists. An understanding of the exposure risks from specific microbial groups/genera/species (pathogenic or allergenic) and their endotoxins and the need for strategies for effective, timely fluid management warrant real-time extended tracking of the establishment of microbial diversity and the prevailing fluid-related factors. In the current study, the microbial community composition, succession, and dynamics of a freshly recharged industrial semi-synthetic MWF operation was tracked in real-time over a period of 50 weeks, using a combination of microbiological and molecular approaches. Substantial initial bacterial count (both viable and non-viable) even in the freshly recharged MWF pointed to the inefficiency of the dumping, cleaning, and recharge (DCR) process. Subsequent temporal analysis using optimized targeted genus/group-specific qPCR confirmed the presence of Pseudomonads, Enterics, Legionellae, Mycobacteria (M. immunogenum), Actinomycetes, and Fungi. In contrast, selective culturing using commercial culture media yielded non-specific isolates and collectively revealed Gram-negative (13 genera representing 19 isolates) and Gram-positive (2 genera representing 6 isolates) bacteria and fungi but not mycobacteria. Citrobacter sp. and Bacillus cereus represented the most frequent Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates, respectively, across different media and Nectria haematococca isolation as the first evidence of this fungal pathogen colonizing semi-synthetic MWF. Unbiased PCR-DGGE analysis revealed a more diverse whole community composition revealing 22 bacterial phylotypes and their succession. Surges in the endotoxin level coincided with the spikes in Gram-negative bacterial population and biocide additions. Taken together, the results showed that semi-synthetic MWF is conducive for the growth of a highly diverse microbial community including potential bacterial and fungal pathogens, the current DCR practices are inefficient in combating microbial reestablishment, and the practice of periodic biocide additions facilitates the build-up of endotoxins and non-viable bacterial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the growing global concern for environmental sustainability, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted to evaluate the environmental benefits of the "Formula Servizi" GREEN protocol compared to a conventional cleaning protocol, as mandated by the updated Criteria for Environmental Sustainability (CAM—Criteri Ambientali Minimi) for cleaning services. The CAM, effective on 19 June 2021, requires companies to demonstrate the environmental advantages of their cleaning protocols over traditional methods. This study aligns with the new CAM guidelines and employs UNI EN ISO 14040–14044 technical standards for a comprehensive comparative analysis. The study highlights the significance of maintaining hygiene to ensure safety in various contexts, emphasizing the importance of environmental sampling and monitoring to prevent contamination and infection transmission. Despite the complexity and expenses associated with microbiological monitoring, this research affirms its crucial role in validating cleaning procedures, particularly in healthcare facilities, food service areas, and industrial settings. The findings reveal that both the "Traditional" and "GREEN" cleaning protocols demonstrate satisfactory effectiveness in controlling microbiological contamination according to established guidelines. Moreover, the LCA results indicate that the "GREEN" protocol, while exhibiting higher water consumption and wastewater treatment, showcases a strategic use of more sustainable cleaning and laundry detergents. Despite the increased water usage in certain phases, the significantly lower environmental impact per unit of weight demonstrates the potential for optimizing both environmental sustainability and operational efficiency in future Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) endeavors. The comparative LCA further reveals that the "GREEN" protocol enables an annual avoidance of 260 g of CO2-e emissions per square meter of cleaned surface. The most significant reduction in absolute terms is associated with the use of eco-labeled detergents in the laundry system, resulting in the avoidance of 654.1 kg of CO2-e per year of service (−77% compared to traditional laundry detergents). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant number of people around the world suffer from illnesses that are related to the consumption of unsafe vegetable crops. Early identification of waterborne microbial pathogens affecting vegetable crops can be an important step towards the control of disease. Microbial pathogens secrete extracellular metabolic volatiles or molecular biomarkers that affect the yield and quality of vegetable crops. These secreted compounds can be investigated using several applied analytical techniques, such as metabolomics, proteomics and other 'omics' tools. Currently, it is possible to use these approaches to characterize a broad range of specialized metabolites present in vegetable crops affected by waterborne and soilborne microbial pathogens. Such approaches may be used to determine molecular biomarkers, which can subsequently be exploited for the diagnosis of microbial pathogens that affect vegetable crops. Molecular biomarkers are involved in complex pathogenic biological processes involving mechanisms of pathogenesis and could be of great interest in the field of metabolomics. This review investigates disease diagnostic strategies and emerging analytical metabolomics techniques for waterborne microbial pathogens in vegetable crops. These will be vital in building comprehensive and more reliable data regarding the nature of secreted proteins and other specialized metabolites in vegetable crops and will lead to an increased understanding of the interactions between the host and pathogenic oomycetes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial titled "The role of regulatory networks in virulence and antimicrobial resistance of microbial pathogens." It discusses the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the need for research in various areas related to AMR, such as identifying resistance mechanisms, developing new therapeutic approaches, and improving epidemiological investigation and diagnostics. The editorial highlights several articles within the research topic that cover topics such as mechanisms of resistance in specific pathogens, the role of efflux pumps, and the impact of regulatory networks on virulence and drug resistance. The overall goal of the research topic is to advance our understanding of microbial drug resistance and regulatory networks in order to develop more effective intervention strategies. [Extracted from the article]

Insects and microbial pathogens are ubiquitous and play significant roles in various biological processes, while microbial pathogens are microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in multiple hosts. Insects and microbial pathogens engage in diverse interactions, leveraging each other's presence. Metals are crucial in shaping these interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. However, metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Ni are integral to various physiological processes in insects, including immune function and resistance against pathogens. Insects have evolved multiple mechanisms to take up, transport, and regulate metal concentrations to fight against pathogenic microbes and act as a vector to transport microbial pathogens to plants and cause various plant diseases. Hence, it is paramount to inhibit insect–microbe interaction to control pathogen transfer from one plant to another or carry pathogens from other sources. This review aims to succinate the role of metals in the interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. It summarizes the significance of metals in the physiology, immune response, and competition for metals between insects, microbial pathogens, and plants. The scope of this review covers these imperative metals and their acquisition, storage, and regulation mechanisms in insect and microbial pathogens. The paper will discuss various scientific studies and sources, including molecular and biochemical studies and genetic and genomic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute fascia dehiscence (FD) is a threatening complication occurring in 0.4–3.5% of cases after abdominal surgery. Prolonged hospital stay, increased mortality and increased rate of incisional hernias could be following consequences. Several risk factors are controversially discussed. Even though surgical infection is a known, indisputable risk factor, it is still not proven if a special spectrum of pathogens is responsible. In this study, we investigated if a specific spectrum of microbial pathogens is associated with FD. Methods: We performed a retrospective matched pair analysis of 53 consecutive patients with an FD after abdominal surgery in 2010–2016. Matching criteria were gender, age, primary procedure and surgeon. The primary endpoint was the frequency of pathogens detected intraoperatively, the secondary endpoint was the occurrence of risk factors in patients with (FD) and without (nFD) FD. Results: Intraabdominal pathogens were detected more often in the FD group (p = 0.039), with a higher number of Gram-positive pathogens. Enterococci were the most common pathogen (p = 0.002), not covered in 73% (FD group) compared to 22% (nFD group) by the given antibiotic therapy. Multivariable analysis showed detection of Gram-positive pathogens, detection of enterococci in primary laparotomy beside chronic lung disease, surgical site infections and continuous steroid therapy as independent risk factors. Conclusion: Risk factors are factors that reduce wound healing or increase intra-abdominal pressure. Furthermore detection of Gram-positive pathogens especially enterococci was detected as an independent risk factor and its empirical coverage could be advantageous for high-risk patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Land snails are considered a delicacy in many countries in Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. However, the interaction of microbial pathogens with land snails may present a public health threat when handling and/or consuming snails. This study examines the survival of Escherichia coli in edible land snails in a model system. Methods: Well-studied Shigatoxigenic (STEC) and non-STEC strains were compared. Mature Helix spp. were experimentally fed with E. coli-inoculated oats for 48 h. The snail feces after inoculation were periodically sampled and cultured for a 30-day period and subjected to microbiological analyses. Results: The average rate of decline of the non-STEC strain CSH-62 in the feces of live snails was significantly (p < 0.05) faster than that of STEC ERL 06-2503. In addition, the viable population of E. coli ERL 06-2503 significantly (p < 0.05) persisted for a longer time in the intestine of land snails than E. coli CSH-62. Conclusion: The results showed that the viable population of the E. coli strains examined demonstrated first-order kinetics, and their survival (CFU/mL) appeared significantly (p < 0.05) dependent on the E. coli pathotype. In addition, the continuous enumeration of E. coli in snail faeces indicated that land snails could serve as a mode of transmission of microbial pathogens to susceptible hosts, including humans. Further research is recommended to better quantify the direct and indirect health risks of pathogen transmission by edible snails to humans.

Microorganisms colonizing modern water-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) have been implicated in various occupational respiratory health hazards to machinists. An understanding of the exposure risks from specific microbial groups/genera/species (pathogenic or allergenic) and their endotoxins and the need for strategies for effective, timely fluid management warrant real-time extended tracking of the establishment of microbial diversity and the prevailing fluid-related factors. In the current study, the microbial community composition, succession, and dynamics of a freshly recharged industrial semi-synthetic MWF operation was tracked in real-time over a period of 50 weeks, using a combination of microbiological and molecular approaches. Substantial initial bacterial count (both viable and non-viable) even in the freshly recharged MWF pointed to the inefficiency of the dumping, cleaning, and recharge (DCR) process. Subsequent temporal analysis using optimized targeted genus/group-specific qPCR confirmed the presence of Pseudomonads, Enterics, Legionellae, Mycobacteria (M. immunogenum), Actinomycetes, and Fungi. In contrast, selective culturing using commercial culture media yielded non-specific isolates and collectively revealed Gram-negative (13 genera representing 19 isolates) and Gram-positive (2 genera representing 6 isolates) bacteria and fungi but not mycobacteria. Citrobacter sp. and Bacillus cereus represented the most frequent Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates, respectively, across different media and Nectria haematococca isolation as the first evidence of this fungal pathogen colonizing semi-synthetic MWF. Unbiased PCR-DGGE analysis revealed a more diverse whole community composition revealing 22 bacterial phylotypes and their succession. Surges in the endotoxin level coincided with the spikes in Gram-negative bacterial population and biocide additions. Taken together, the results showed that semi-synthetic MWF is conducive for the growth of a highly diverse microbial community including potential bacterial and fungal pathogens, the current DCR practices are inefficient in combating microbial reestablishment, and the practice of periodic biocide additions facilitates the build-up of endotoxins and non-viable bacterial population.

Poultry litter is a valuable crude protein feedstuff for ruminants, but it must be treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens, but it risks losing ammonia to volatilization or leaching during degradation of uric acid and urea. Hops bitter acids also exert antimicrobial activity against certain pathogenic and nitrogen-degrading microbes. Consequently, the present studies were conducted to test if adding bitter acid-rich hop preparations to simulated poultry litter composts may improve nitrogen retention while simultaneously improving pathogen killing. Results from an initial study, testing doses of Chinook or Galena hops preparations designed to each deliver 79 ppm hops β-acid, revealed that, after nine days simulated composting of wood chip litter, ammonia concentrations were 14% lower (p < 0.05) in Chinook-treated composts than untreated composts (13.4 ± 1.06 µmol/g). Conversely, urea concentrations were 55% lower (p < 0.05) in Galena-treated than untreated composts (6.2 ± 1.72 µmol/g). Uric acid accumulations were unaffected by hops treatments in this study but were higher (p < 0.05) after three days than after zero, six, or nine days of composting. In follow-up studies, Chinook or Galena hops treatments (delivering 2042 or 6126 ppm of β-acid, respectively) for simulated composts (14 days) of wood chip litter alone or mixed 3:1 with ground Bluestem hay (Andropogon gerardii) revealed that these higher dosages had little effect on ammonia, urea, or uric acid accumulations when compared to untreated composts. Volatile fatty acid accumulations measured in these later studies were affected by the hops treatments, with butyrate accumulations being lower after 14 days in hops-treated composts than in untreated compost. In all studies, beneficial effects of Galena or Chinook hops treatments were not observed on the antimicrobial activity of the simulated composts, with composting by itself decreasing (p < 0.05) counts of select microbial populations by more than 2.5 log10 colony forming units/g compost dry matter. Thus, while hops treatments had little effect on pathogen control or nitrogen retention within the composted litter, they did lessen accumulations of butyrate, which may prevent adverse effects of this fatty acid on palatability of litter fed to ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees, Apis mellifera are highly beneficial insects that constitute both the livelihood of the producers and the food source of the consumers. However, there are some diseases that affect the yield of bees and cause the collapse of almost the entire colony. Most of these diseases are caused by microbial pathogens originating from viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Beekeeping is an important source of livelihood both in the center of Amasya and in almost all its districts. In this study, microbial pathogens that cause mass bee deaths and epidemics in Amasya province were determined using molecular methods. The results showed that the most common honey bee pathogens in Amasya are the Deformed wing virus, Chronic bee paralysis virus, and Aspergillus flavus fungus. Thus, the profile of bee diseases in Amasya province was determined for the first time with this study. In addition, this study guides other studies planned for the prevention of bee diseases and healthy beekeeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in human consumption of animal proteins implies changes in the management of meat production. This is followed by increasingly restrictive regulations on antimicrobial products such as chemical biocides and antibiotics, used in particular to control pathogens that can spread zoonotic diseases. Aligned with the One Health concept, alternative biological solutions are under development and are starting to be used in animal production. Beneficial bacteria able to form positive biofilms and guide surface microbial ecology to limit microbial pathogen settlement are promising tools that could complement existing biosecurity practices to maintain the hygiene of livestock buildings. Although the benefits of positive biofilms have already been documented, the associated fundamental mechanisms and the rationale of the microbial composition of these new products are still sparce. This review provides an overview of the envisioned modes of action of positive biofilms used on livestock building surfaces and the resulting criteria for the selection of the appropriate microorganisms for this specific application. Limits and advantages of this biosecurity approach are discussed as well as the impact of such practices along the food chain, from farm to fork.

Laboratory experiments in which blood‐borne parasitic microbes evolve in their animal hosts offer an opportunity to study parasite evolution and adaptation in real time and under natural settings. The main challenge of these experiments is to establish a protocol that is both practical over multiple passages and accurately reflects natural transmission scenarios and mechanisms. We provide a guide to the steps that should be considered when designing such a protocol, and we demonstrate its use via a case study. We highlight the importance of choosing suitable ancestral genotypes, treatments, number of replicates per treatment, types of negative controls, dependent variables, covariates, and the timing of checkpoints for the experimental design. We also recommend specific preliminary experiments to determine effective methods for parasite quantification, transmission, and preservation. Although these methodological considerations are technical, they also often have conceptual implications. To this end, we encourage other researchers to design and conduct in vivo evolution experiments with blood‐borne parasitic microbes, despite the challenges that the work entails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now-a-days, different bioproducts are being used extensively for the welfare of mankind. However, for proper utility of any bioproduct, the exact biotechnological potential of that product should be explored. Honey is produced in almost every country on the planet. It has long been used as a medicinal agent in addition to its broader use as a popular food throughout the human history. It can be used to treat various diseases without causing any negative side effects. In the present study, the antibacterial potential of honey produced by A. dorsata was investigated at its variable concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) against four pathogenic bacterial species. The highest antimicrobial action was seen against E. coli at 100 % concentration of the honey while showing zone of inhibition of 37.5 ± 3.5 mm. However, the lowest antibacterial action was observed against E. faecalis. The overall order of growth inhibition by the honey at its 100 % concentration for the implicated bacterial species appeared as: E. coli ˃ P. aeruginosa ˃ S. aureus ˃ E. faecalis. The honey couldn’t show antibacterial action at its 25 % concentration. Our findings of the present study will be helpful for utility of the honey as an alternative medicine for curing different complications caused by microbial pathogens.

The current study summarizes the current status of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) treatment plants that have already been built in 11 governorates throughout Egypt. Moreover, this study aims to determine the most appropriate chlorine dose for waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) effluents to ensure the treated effluents are suitable for reuse in unrestricted irrigation and to comply with the current legislation on direct discharge onto water bodies. According to the findings, the chlorine doses used as a disinfectant in the treated effluents of the majority of WSP treatment plants ranged from 3 to 13 mg/L. Meanwhile, two of the WSPs treatment plants effluents, the Qus WSPs treatment plant in Qena governorate and the Al Zarabii WSPs treatment plant in Asyut governorate used high chlorine doses reached to 17 and 19 mg/L, respectively. This is due to the fact that both the Qus and Al Zarabii WSPs treatment plants have a high organic load, which necessitated the use of more chlorine to achieve the optimum chlorine dose at 13 mg/L for Qus and 11mg/L for Al Zarabii. The findings demonstrated that chlorine has a powerful effect in completely removing bacteria. Furthermore, in most chlorine-treated wastewater final effluents, as the chlorine doses increased, the chlorophyll-a reading decreased. The amount of trihalomethanes (THMs) produced as disinfectant byproduct was measured. The results proved that the water can be used in unrestricted irrigation, and after adding chlorine, it can be dumped on water bodies without health risks.

Microbial infections and antibiotic resistance are some of the prime factors that are ascribed to endanger human health. Several reports have highlighted that drug-resistant pathogens assist in the etiology of various chronic diseases and lead to fatality. The present study deciphered the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as therapeutics against selected bacterial strains. The plant-based technique was followed to synthesize ZnO NPs. The synthesis was confirmed with different techniques viz. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope (interplanar spacing at 0.126 nm), scanning electron microscope (flower-like structure), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial analysis revealed that ZnO NPs inhibited the growth of all tested strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) to a greater extent (MIC ranged between 0.013±0.004-0.0625±0 mg/mL) as compared with ZnO compound (Bulk material). In the present study, ZnO NPs were produced in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable way using a green process and can be used as a remedy for drug-resistant pathogens.

Insects and microbial pathogens are ubiquitous and play significant roles in various biological processes, while microbial pathogens are microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in multiple hosts. Insects and microbial pathogens engage in diverse interactions, leveraging each other’s presence. Metals are crucial in shaping these interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. However, metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Ni are integral to various physiological processes in insects, including immune function and resistance against pathogens. Insects have evolved multiple mechanisms to take up, transport, and regulate metal concentrations to fight against pathogenic microbes and act as a vector to transport microbial pathogens to plants and cause various plant diseases. Hence, it is paramount to inhibit insect–microbe interaction to control pathogen transfer from one plant to another or carry pathogens from other sources. This review aims to succinate the role of metals in the interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. It summarizes the significance of metals in the physiology, immune response, and competition for metals between insects, microbial pathogens, and plants. The scope of this review covers these imperative metals and their acquisition, storage, and regulation mechanisms in insect and microbial pathogens. The paper will discuss various scientific studies and sources, including molecular and biochemical studies and genetic and genomic analysis.

Propolis has gained wide popularity over the last decades in several parts of the world. In parallel, the literature about propolis composition and biological properties increased markedly. A great number of papers have demonstrated that propolis from different parts of the world is composed mainly of phenolic substances, frequently flavonoids, derived from plant resins. Propolis has a relevant role in increasing the social immunity of bee hives. Experimental evidence indicates that propolis and its components have activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Mechanisms of action on bacteria, fungi, and viruses are known for several propolis components. Experiments have shown that propolis may act synergistically with antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirus drugs, permitting the administration of lower doses of drugs and higher antimicrobial effects. The current trend of growing resistance of microbial pathogens to the available drugs has encouraged the introduction of propolis in therapy against infectious diseases. Because propolis composition is widely variable, standardized propolis extracts have been produced. Successful clinical trials have included propolis extracts as medicine in dentistry and as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients against COVID-19. Present world health conditions encourage initiatives toward the spread of the niche of propolis, not only as traditional and alternative medicine but also as a relevant protagonist in anti-infectious therapy. Production of propolis and other apiary products is environmentally friendly and may contribute to alleviating the current crisis of the decline of bee populations. Propolis production has had social-economic relevance in Brazil, providing benefits to underprivileged people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The drumstick tree Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), distributed in many parts of the world, is an important food plant with high nutritional value and used in medical applications and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to highlight the gastroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera in hydrochloric acid/Ethanol (HCl/EtOH) in a rat model. Methods: Moringa phytocompounds were characterized by infrared spectra (FTIR). Rats were induced for gastric ulcer with 150 mmol/L HCl/60% EtOH solution and pretreated orally with the edible infusion extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera at a single dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (bw). Antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxide levels were measured and the pathological damage was histologically analysed. Results: The FTIR analysis showed the presence of several chemical biocompounds. The methanolic extract is the potent radical-scavengers with an estimated value of 87.54% at the higher concentration used (500 µg/ml) and antibacterial agent. Further, the DPPH inhibition value of the M. oleifera infusion was 80.58%. For in vivo analysis, mucus was highly produced in gastric mucosa of plant-treated rats, thereby pH were elevated in rats pretreated with M. oleifera compared to ulcerated animals. Whereas, lesion index was markedly reduced (79%) in stomach protected with plant. Interestingly, oral administration of M. oleifera protected gastric mucosa through decreasing MDA levels as well as increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPx). Conclusion: Overall, the therapeutic value against acidified ethanol induced gastric and ulcer ability of M. oleifera might be due to its biocompounds.

Poultry litter is a valuable crude protein feedstuff for ruminants, but it must be treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens, but it risks losing ammonia to volatilization or leaching during degradation of uric acid and urea. Hops bitter acids also exert antimicrobial activity against certain pathogenic and nitrogen-degrading microbes. Consequently, the present studies were conducted to test if adding bitter acid-rich hop preparations to simulated poultry litter composts may improve nitrogen retention while simultaneously improving pathogen killing. Results from an initial study, testing doses of Chinook or Galena hops preparations designed to each deliver 79 ppm hops β-acid, revealed that, after nine days simulated composting of wood chip litter, ammonia concentrations were 14% lower (p < 0.05) in Chinook-treated composts than untreated composts (13.4 ± 1.06 µmol/g). Conversely, urea concentrations were 55% lower (p < 0.05) in Galena-treated than untreated composts (6.2 ± 1.72 µmol/g). Uric acid accumulations were unaffected by hops treatments in this study but were higher (p < 0.05) after three days than after zero, six, or nine days of composting. In follow-up studies, Chinook or Galena hops treatments (delivering 2042 or 6126 ppm of β-acid, respectively) for simulated composts (14 days) of wood chip litter alone or mixed 3:1 with ground Bluestem hay (Andropogon gerardii) revealed that these higher dosages had little effect on ammonia, urea, or uric acid accumulations when compared to untreated composts. Volatile fatty acid accumulations measured in these later studies were affected by the hops treatments, with butyrate accumulations being lower after 14 days in hops-treated composts than in untreated compost. In all studies, beneficial effects of Galena or Chinook hops treatments were not observed on the antimicrobial activity of the simulated composts, with composting by itself decreasing (p < 0.05) counts of select microbial populations by more than 2.5 log10 colony forming units/g compost dry matter. Thus, while hops treatments had little effect on pathogen control or nitrogen retention within the composted litter, they did lessen accumulations of butyrate, which may prevent adverse effects of this fatty acid on palatability of litter fed to ruminants.

• Microbiological biopreparations improved strawberry fruit quality. • Biopreparations delayed the ripening of strawberries. • Increase in SSC, anthocyanin and vitamin C treated with biostimulants. • Lower number of fungal and bacterial microorganisms for fruits treated with biostimulants. • K6 formulation was the most effective in maintaining post-harvest quality of strawberries. Strawberries, as non-climacteric fruits, undergo unfavourable changes after harvest such as cell damage, softening and a loss in fruit quality. One of the methods of maintaining high-quality fruit is using ecological preparations defined as biostimulants, which also eliminate the usage of pesticides and support a sustainable agriculture approach. The effectiveness of microbial preparations used as biostimulants was studied in our experiment. The use of preparations containing Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus polymyxa strains and bioactive substances (K4, K5 and K6) delayed the ripening processes of the Honeoye and Rumba strawberry, which resulted in a brighter colour of the skin as compared to the control (K1 I, K1 II). After applying the biopreparations, the taste was improved and the nutritional value of the strawberries increased. An average of a 14 % increase in the soluble solid content (SSC) content was observed for Honeoye strawberries treated with K4 and K6 and also the Vibrant variety treated with K6, compared to the control samples (K1 I, K1 II). The antioxidant capacity, which was determined in terms of the DPPH level in the three cultivars of the strawberries (Honeoye, Rumba and Vibrant) treated with the tested preparations, was similar and ranged between 83 and 90 %. The greatest differences in the content of antioxidants were found for anthocyanins, whose content increased by an average of 27 % in the Vibrant (K5, K6) and Rumba (K3, K5, K6) strawberries. Together, these results show that the selected preparations improve the quality of strawberries of the Honeoye, Vibrant and Rumba varieties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now-a-days, different bioproducts are being used extensively for the welfare of mankind. However, for proper utility of any bioproduct, the exact biotechnological potential of that product should be explored. Honey is produced in almost every country on the planet. It has long been used as a medicinal agent in addition to its broader use as a popular food throughout the human history. It can be used to treat various diseases without causing any negative side effects. In the present study, the antibacterial potential of honey produced by A. dorsata was investigated at its variable concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) against four pathogenic bacterial species. The highest antimicrobial action was seen against E. coli at 100 % concentration of the honey while showing zone of inhibition of 37.5 ± 3.5 mm. However, the lowest antibacterial action was observed against E. faecalis. The overall order of growth inhibition by the honey at its 100 % concentration for the implicated bacterial species appeared as: E. coli ˃ P. aeruginosa ˃ S. aureus ˃ E. faecalis. The honey couldn't show antibacterial action at its 25 % concentration. Our findings of the present study will be helpful for utility of the honey as an alternative medicine for curing different complications caused by microbial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We cloned and characterized the SOCS-6 cDNA from the Chinese oak silkworm Antheraea pernyi. • ApSOCS-6 mRNA expresses ubiquitously in various tissues. • Microbial challenge affected the expression profiles of the ApSOCS-6 gene. • ApSOCS-6 is involved in immune responses via regulating antimicrobial peptides. The SOCS/CIS is a family of intracellular proteins distributed widely among living organisms. The members of this family have extensively been studied in mammals and have been shown to regulate various physiological processes. In contrast, the functional roles of SOCS/CIS family proteins are unknown in most invertebrates, including insects. Here, we retrieved a full-length open reading frame (ORF) of SOCS-6 from Chines oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Designated as ApSOCS-6), using the RNA-seq database. The predicted ApSOCS-6 amino acid sequence comprised an N-terminal SH2 domain and a C-terminal SOCS-box domain. It shared the highly conserved structures of the SOCS proteins with other lepidopteran species. ApSOCS-6 mRNA transcript was detected in all the tested tissues of the A. pernyi larvae; however, the highest mRNA levels were found in the larval hemocytes, fat bodies, and integuments. The mRNA transcript levels of ApSOCS-6 were increased in the A. pernyi larval hemocytes and fat bodies after a challenge by the Gram-positive bacteria, M. luteus , Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli , Virus, ApNPV, and Fungus, B. bassiana. After the knockdown of ApSOCS-6 , we found a significant increase in bacterial clearance and a decrease in the relative replication of bacteria. To evaluate the possible cause of enhanced antibacterial activity, we measured antimicrobial peptides expression in the fat body of A. pernyi larvae. The production of AMPs was strongly increased in the B. cereus infected larval fat bodies following silencing of ApSOCS-6. Our data indicate that ApSOCS-6 negatively regulates the expression of AMPs in immune tissues in response to the B. cereus challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial infections and antibiotic resistance are some of the prime factors that are ascribed to endanger human health. Several reports have highlighted that drug-resistant pathogens assist in the etiology of various chronic diseases and lead to fatality. The present study deciphered the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as therapeutics against selected bacterial strains. The plant-based technique was followed to synthesize ZnO NPs. The synthesis was confirmed with different techniques viz. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope (interplanar spacing at 0.126 nm), scanning electron microscope (flower-like structure), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial analysis revealed that ZnO NPs inhibited the growth of all tested strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) to a greater extent (MIC ranged between 0.013±0.004-0.0625±0 mg/mL) as compared with ZnO compound (Bulk material). In the present study, ZnO NPs were produced in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable way using a green process and can be used as a remedy for drug-resistant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of microorganisms in water and food products is a chronic problem worldwide. This study attempts to develop pathogenic bacteria detection strategies using anti body-decorated gold nanorods (Au-NRs-Avidin-Ab-E) by electrochemical analysis. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was detected as the target with the antibody-modified Au-NRs. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were run on the Au-NRs-Avidin-Ab-E. coli immobilized on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to capture the E. coli. The correlation between the different bacteria concentrations indicated excellent electrocatalytic activity within the linear range of 101 CFU/mL to 105 CFU/mL (R2 = 0.990), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.37 CFU/mL for the target. Findings revealed that electrochemical detection of the bacteria was enhanced after the deposition of antibody onto Au nanorods. The tailor-made approach offered multiple benefits, such as large sensing surface area and increased electron transfer abilities compared to the bare electrode. The developed dispersive electrode has potential selectivity towards the targeted bacteria among different bacteria electrochemically characterized. The developed E. coli ATCC 25922 antibody-based system optimized the sensing of the targeted bacteria in the presence of other bacteria, in particular E. coli O157/H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Vibrio cholera, in real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, green and non-toxic bismuth sulphide@graphitic carbon nitride (Bi2S3@g-C3N4) nanosheets (NCs) were firstly synthesized by ultrasonicated-assisted method and characterized with different tool. Bi2S3@g-C3N4 NCs antimicrobial activity tested against three types of microbes. As well the heterostructured Bi2S3@g-C3N4 NCs was investigated for removing dye and hexavalent chromium under visible light and showed high efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation/reduction higher than g-C3N4 alone, attributing to lower recombination photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Bi2S3@g-C3N4 NCs showed high antimicrobial efficiencies against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as a Gram positive bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. Coli)as a Gram negative bacterium and Candida albicans (C. albicans) and that the disinfection rates are 99.97%, 99.98% and 99.92%, respectively. The core mechanism is that the bacterial membrane could be destroyed by reactive oxygen species. The Bi2S3@g-C3N4 NCs is promising for environmental disinfection including water and public facilities disinfection and solar photocatalytic depollution. Turnover number (TON) and Turnover frequency (TOF) are used as concise assessment indicator for photocatalytic efficiency.

The paucity of proper sanitation facilities has contributed to the spread of waterborne diseases in many developing countries. The primary goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a wastewater electrolysis cell (WEC) for toilet wastewater disinfection. The treated wastewater was designed to reuse for toilet flushing and agricultural irrigation. Laboratory-scale electrochemical (EC) disinfection experiments were performed to investigate the disinfection efficiency of the WEC with four seeded microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, recombinant adenovirus serotype 5, and bacteriophage MS2). In addition, the formation of organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA5) at the end of the EC treatment was also investigated. The results showed that at an applied cell voltage of +4 V, the WEC achieved 5-log10 reductions of all four seeded microorganisms in real toilet wastewater within 60 min. In contrast, chemical chlorination (CC) disinfection using hypochlorite [NaClO] was only effective for the inactivation of bacteria. Due to the rapid formation of chloramines, less than 0.5-log10 reduction of MS2 was observed in toilet wastewater even at the highest [NaClO] dosage (36 mg/L, as Cl2) over a 1 h reaction. Experiments using laboratory model waters showed that free reactive chlorine generated in situ during EC disinfection process was the main disinfectant responsible for the inactivation of microorganisms. However, the production of hydroxyl radicals [OH], and other reactive oxygen species by the active bismuth-doped TiO2 anode were negligible under the same electrolytic conditions. The formation of THMs and HAA5 were found to increase with higher applied cell voltage. Based on the energy consumption estimates, the WEC system can be operated using solar energy stored in a DC battery as the sole power source.

Rice and flour products are a type of major food in China, which is abundant in nutrients and humidity and thus is suitable for microbial growth. Spoilage microbes could shorten the shell life of food, and pathogenic microbes could cause food poisoning cases. In recent years, rapid detection on food borne microbes includes traditional and nucleic acids amplification methods, of which PSR is advantageous on sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, showing a promising application prospect. In addition, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) microbial cells is incapable of being detected by “Golden standard” culturing methodology, and thus becomes an important threat for food safety. This review has summarized the major microbes in rice and flour products, currently available detection methodologies, as well as the biological characteristics and detection method of VBNC, which will provide significant information on further safety control of microbes in rice and flour products.

Introduction. Chronic and latent infections are often activated during pregnancy.Aim - to asses the pathogenetic role of microbial pathogens in urogenital tract infection (UTI) in pregnant women.Materials and methods. 89 pregnant women underwent general clinical examination, examination of smears from urethra, vagina, cervical canal; bacteriological analysis of vaginal contents; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction and determination of specific antibodies for verification of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I and II, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr (EBV) and UTI pathogens in pregnant women in blood and mucosal scrapes.Results. Prevalence of Herpesviridae was revealed (90-100% -EBV, HSV type I and II, CMV); in 41% of cases - bacterial pathogens, in 57% of cases - Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.Discussion. In preterm birth and pregnancy termination mycoplasma and ureaplasma were more often revealed, and in pregnancy termination - association of HSV type I and II in comparison with urgent birth; in the last equally often - HSV type I and association of HSV type I and II; in urgent birth (infection) more often - HSV type I, than association of HSV type I and II; in preterm birth more often - HSV type I, than the association of HSV types I and II, and less often than combination of HSV type I and association of HSV types I and II in pregnancy termination; in the last, the association of HSV types I and II is more common than HSV type I. Increase of TLRs genes expression levels depends on HSV type I less than from association of HSV types I and II, less than from combination of HSV type I and association of HSV types I and II (it determines the clinical manifestations of genital herpes).Conclusion. Microbial pathogens determine the character of pregnancy course, and HSV types I and II- are the triggers of the infectious process, prognosing its course.

Nowadays, edible insects are considered an outstanding source of nutrients, primarily because they contain high-quality protein, amino acids, and vitamins. Insects are considered a promising alternative protein source towards alleviating future global food shortage problems due to their production considered as being more sustainable by using less agricultural land and water, as well as releasing a smaller amount of greenhouse gas emissions. However, other important aspects to consider about the consumption of edible insects include their health benefits and some safety aspects, which has been relatively overlooked. In this sense, edible insects contain bioactive compounds that can provide diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory with a positive impact on human health. On the other hand, edible insects are a nutrient-rich food that can provide a perfect growth medium for diverse microorganisms, as well as possess some anti-nutritive factors. These two main aspects could represent food safety concerns for consumers. In this context, recent scientific evidence indicates that preservation methods, mainly thermal treatments, utilized in the cooking or processing of edible insects decreased the microbial levels and anti-nutritive factors, which suggests that edible insects do not represent a critical biological risk to humans. Besides, edible insects could have a positive effect on gut microbiota, either by their pre-biotic effect or their antimicrobial activity towards pathogens. Thus, this review is focused on studies related to the health benefits of edible insects and their isolated components, as well as discussion about potential issues related to their microbial content and anti-nutritive factors; this review will provide a synopsis on whether edible insects may be considered safe for human consumption.

Nosocomial infections are a severe public health concern around the world, particularly in developing nations where infection control is difficult owing to financial constraints. Despite the significant drop in infectious disease due to advances in medical technology and medicine, it is well acknowledged that nosocomial infection has been one of the key impediments to better health conditions. The spread of bacterial species associated with number of medical devices for example commonly used stethoscope is one of the sources of infection. The presence of coagulase negative Staphylococcus species, Enterococci species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Acinetobacter species found to be common on stethoscope. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics without any regulation and proper screening certainly making many antibiotics non-functional to control their targeted pathogens. The hospital acquired pathogens mainly showcase increased incidences of antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study is to examine epidemiologic characteristics of nosocomial infection and to find out effectives measures for their preventing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motility allows many microbes to traverse their environment to find nutrient sources or escape unfavorable environments. However, some microbes are nonmotile and are restricted to their immediate conditions. Intriguingly, sporadic reports have demonstrated that many nonmotile microbes can utilize the motility machinery of other microbes in their vicinity. This form of transportation, called hitchhiking, has been observed with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Importantly, many hitchhiking microbes are pathogenic to humans or plants. Here, we discuss reports of intermicrobial hitchhiking to generate a comprehensive view of hitchhiking mechanisms and how such interactions may influence human and plant health. We hypothesize that microbial hitchhiking is ubiquitous in nature and may become the subject of an independent subfield of research in microbiology. Sporadic reports demonstrate that some nonmotile microbes utilize trans-species hitchhiking to traverse their environment. Hitchhiking has been observed with eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes. Four general hitchhiking mechanisms have been elucidated thus far: mechanical pushing by motile cells, direct attachment to cell bodies, direct attachment to bacterial flagella, and internal transport by cells. Several immotile human and plant pathogens hitchhike motile microbes that are natively found in their vicinity. In some instances, hitchhiking is implicated in infectivity mechanisms of microbial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis has gained wide popularity over the last decades in several parts of the world. In parallel, the literature about propolis composition and biological properties increased markedly. A great number of papers have demonstrated that propolis from different parts of the world is composed mainly of phenolic substances, frequently flavonoids, derived from plant resins. Propolis has a relevant role in increasing the social immunity of bee hives. Experimental evidence indicates that propolis and its components have activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Mechanisms of action on bacteria, fungi, and viruses are known for several propolis components. Experiments have shown that propolis may act synergistically with antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirus drugs, permitting the administration of lower doses of drugs and higher antimicrobial effects. The current trend of growing resistance of microbial pathogens to the available drugs has encouraged the introduction of propolis in therapy against infectious diseases. Because propolis composition is widely variable, standardized propolis extracts have been produced. Successful clinical trials have included propolis extracts as medicine in dentistry and as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients against COVID-19. Present world health conditions encourage initiatives toward the spread of the niche of propolis, not only as traditional and alternative medicine but also as a relevant protagonist in anti-infectious therapy. Production of propolis and other apiary products is environmentally friendly and may contribute to alleviating the current crisis of the decline of bee populations. Propolis production has had social-economic relevance in Brazil, providing benefits to underprivileged people.