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Huge amount of waste is generated by the pineapple processing industries which raises concerns regarding its safe disposal into the environment. This ever-increasing problem of waste management can be solved by the valorization of pineapple by-products to high-value compounds. The extraction of proteolytic enzyme, bromelain from pineapple rind using green techniques can help to overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional methods. In the present study, the extraction of bromelain from pineapple rind using microwave assisted technique resulted in considerable amount of proteolytic activity (127.8 U/mL) and protein content (2.55 mg/mL). The optimized extraction conditions were found as 200 W microwave power, 1:5 solid/ liquid ratio and after treatment time of 10 min. Highest specific activity (512 U/mg) of bromelain was obtained after using gel filtration chromatography. FTIR result confirmed the presence of functional groups in bromelain, whereas, XRD analysis indicated the semi-crystalline nature of bromelain. The results indicated MAE as an effective green technique for the extraction of bromelain from pineapple rind. The proteolytic action of the extracted bromelain makes it a suitable functional ingredient for its applications in bakery, dairy, and seafood processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant attention is focused on mushrooms and mushroom protein hydrolysates owing to their sustainability and nutritional profile with different uses in diverse industries. This review examines the composition, functional properties, production methods and applications of mushroom protein hydrolysates. It commenced with a brief overview of protein hydrolysates where their importance and applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries were explored. The significance of mushrooms as alternatives to animal proteins applicable to producing protein hydrolysates was discussed. Methods including conventional (chemical and enzymatic) extraction, ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extractions used to extract proteins during protein hydrolysates production were discussed. Using enzyme-assisted-ultrasound-extraction to enhance protein extraction efficiency is exclusively highlighted as a promising technique. To obtain enhanced protein yield and quality, and protein hydrolysates with desired characteristics, crucial factors consisting of pH, temperature, extraction time, solvent type, enzyme concentration and ratio-of-substrate-concentration need to be optimized. The physicochemical and functional properties of mushroom protein hydrolysates are summarized. Variability of mushroom species, extraction efficiency, enzyme selection and cost, standardization, and consumer perception which constitute challenges and limitations for production and application of mushroom protein hydrolysates are addressed. Research should be conducted to optimize extraction and hydrolysis processes and explore new mushroom species.

IntroductionProcessing of Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAPs) results in the production of a significant amount of by-products, which are not commercially exploitable. Towards this direction, we studied extensively the by-products of oregano and thyme, remaining after the aromatization of olive oils with microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The purpose of the study was the exploitation of the “wastes” of these two economically significant herbs of Greece, for the potential development of innovative bioactive products.MethodsHence, superior and inferior quality plant material from Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum and Thymus vulgaris, were extracted with extra virgin olive oil using MAE. For the evaluation of raw plant material, beside the characterization of the essential oils (EOs), the hydroalcoholic extracts of superior and inferior plant material were afforded by ultrasound assistant extraction (UAE). In addition, the remaining plant material after the flavoring of olive oil by MAE, was extracted with c-Hex, MeOH, H2O:MeOH using UAE. All the extracts were evaluated for their DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC) as well as their chemical profile was investigated by HPTLC. In parallel, the EOs, the olive oils and the c-Hex extracts were analyzed by GC–MS and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC–MS.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the composition of the EOs and the volatile fraction of the olive oil extracts were similar for the superior quality material whereas for the inferior the composition of the volatile fraction of olive oil extracts was not analogous to the respective EOs. GC–MS analyses of oregano and thyme by-products revealed the presence of carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene among the major constituents. Moreover, the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the plant material remaining after olive oil flavoring with MAE showed similar phenolic content and scavenging activity with the hydroalcoholic extracts of the corresponding raw plant materials underlying their potent use in the preparation of high-added value products such as nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals as well as enriched animal nutrition products.

Abstract The study aimed to optimize microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of phenolics from gilaburu fruit (GF) with the response surface method (RSM). GF was used to produce two functional products: The first one was encapsulated hydrogel beads GF (eGF) using ionic gelation and chitosan system, and the second one was a sugar-free functional beverage (FB) enriched with black carrot, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 60 °C for temperature, 5 minutes for time, and 4.18 g/100 mL for solid/solvent ratio based on the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and extraction yield. The model was found to be sufficient for the successful prediction of experimental results. Chlorogenic acid was a major compound of GF, eGF, and sugar-free FB. The inhibition of α-glucosidase activity (%) for GF, eGF, and sugar-free FB was detected as 54, 92, and 77, respectively. These findings revealed that utilizing MAE may shorten the extraction of GF phenolics with low energy and maximum efficiency. Furthermore, GF, eGF, and sugar-free FB have promising antioxidant and antidiabetic activities due to their rich bioactive and fortified compounds. They may be regarded excellent sources of compounds for the functional food industry. Besides, they can be used to provide health benefits to diabetic patients and future consumers.

Perilla seed meal (PSM) is a by-product rich in proteins and bioactive compounds obtained by cold pressed oil extraction method. Microwave is an efficient nonconventional technology usually used to accelerate the recovery of the extracts. In this study, pH, microwave power and treatment time were optimized to maximize the recovery of targeted compounds using Box–Behnken design. The pH was found to be the most significant variable affecting the yield followed by microwave power and treatment time (based on F-value). Compared to conventional alkaline extraction, an increase in the yield of protein content by 10.58%, antioxidant activity by 7.48% and total phenolic content by 21.59% was recorded at the optimal values of pH (11.5) microwave power (160 W) and treatment time (30 s). Moreover, principle component analysis revealed opposite correlation between antioxidant activity and extraction of protein/phenolics suggesting the loss of bioactivity at the higher yield of extracts. Also, from the clustering analysis, the effect of microwave treatment found to be lower in more extreme alkaline conditions compared to lower pH values. Hence, lower alkaline conditions are suggested for the microwave treatment to develop better control system in the extraction industry. Plant extracts are frequently obtained using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) Alkalinity level, microwave power and exposure time were analyzed Multicomponent analysis revealed optimum microwave treatments at less alkaline conditions The protein yield was 10.5% higher while total phenolic content was 21.6% higher than conventional alkaline extraction in optimum microwave conditions The MAE is recommended to obtain a high recovery of extracts with minimum degradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dragon fruit is gaining its popularity in all over the world. The seed of the dragon fruit is highly nutritious in terms of essential fatty acid. The utilization of seed oils is getting increasingly common these days. In this work, a comparative analysis was undertaken for control and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) samples, using the RSM-CCD (Response Surface Methodology – Central composite Design) design, to determine the influences power and time on dragon fruit seed oil's Yield, PV, DPPH, and polyphenol content. The optimization was done, where the extraction yield (34.30 %), PV (3.23 me quiiv O2/kg), DPPH (69.65 %), and polyphenol (96.71 mg GAE/g) was observed. While comparing with the control sample the antioxidant activity of the seed oil in terms of (%DPPH, FRAP and ORAC) was better in microwave treated sample. The saturated fatty acid is 25 % with a monounsaturated fatty acid 20 % and Polyunsaturated fatty acid of 55 %. High amount of tocopherol content was determined having 93 % of γ -tocopherol. Dragon fruit seed oil has the possibility to be a good source for the functional components in the near future due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and essential fats.

In the present study, Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet-extraction (SE) were compared for the extraction of phytochemicals from the seed powder of Daucus carota. Results showed that only 5 min of MAE gave maximum phenolics 275 mg and flavonoids 229 mg as compared to SE, which took 5 h to give its maximum. GC-MS analysis of MAE and SE revealed 15 and 11 compounds respectively; Estragole (52.55%) and linalool (39.97%) being the major component in MAE and SE-derived extract respectively. HPLC analysis showed a variety of phenolics and flavonoids in MAE as compared to SE. MAE extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant (82%) and antifungal potential (89.3%inhibition) compared to SE (54.32% and 60.7% respectively). Results suggested that MAE can rapidly extract phytochemicals from carrot seeds without affecting their biological activities. The usage of MAE in analytical labs can safely opt for rapid extraction of required phytochemicals by optimizing the parameters.

Gelatine is frequently used as a food ingredient. However, Indonesia imports almost all of its gelatine, totaling 3990152 tons annually. Gelatine could be replaced with glucomannan compound which was found in porang tubers. However, it also contains calcium oxalate, which is harmful for the human body. In this study, calcium oxalate was first eliminated by the purification process using 10 % NaCl (w/w). Moreover, the microwave-assisted extraction method was used to extract the glucomannan compound by applying 300 W of microwave power with different extraction times (5, 10, 15, and 20 min) and different ethanol concentrations (60, 70, 80, and 96 %). Statistical analysis was used to optimize and identify significant parameters influencing the glucomannan concentration. The best conditions for glucomannan extraction were an extraction time of 10 min and an ethanol concentration of 80 % (v/v), resulting in a glucomannan yield of ≥96 %. Machine learning was successfully applied for data modelling using a Long Short-Term Memory block with an average R-square of 0.9772 (97.72 % accuracy) and an average MSE of 4.7719. Furthermore, physical and chemical characteristics of the extracted porang flour were accorded with SNI gelatine standards 06–3735 in 1995, which consisted of glucomannan (96.359 ± 1.164 %), calcium oxalate (0.009 ± 0.001 %), water (2.290 ± 0.986 %), ash (0.018 ± 0.002 %), fat (0.0235 ± 0.120 %), heavy metals (not identified), and pH (6.455 ± 0.191). Finally, the extracted glucomannan can be used as a potential regional substitute for gelatine production.

Oaks (Quercus L., Fagaceae) are a widespread tree species worldwide, and in Hungary they account for nearly 30 % of the forests. Their wood is valuable, but their bark is considered as a by-product. Oak bark, available in large quantities but with no dedicated use, contains a significant amount of valuable extractives. Its (+)-catechin content is around 1 %. (+)-Catechin is mostly used for food industry, medicine and many other industrial purposes, representing a significant financial value. The aim of the present research was to compare the (+)-catechin concentrations in the bark of the most important oak species found in Hungary and to optimize sample pretreatment (conservation) and extraction methods in order to achieve fast and efficient extraction. From these species the highest concentrations were measured in Q. robur and Q. robur ssp. slavonica (8–12 mg (+)-catechin/g dry bark). The combination of microwave sample pretreatment and microwave assisted extraction proved to be the most time- and cost-effective method. The utilization of the extracted bark powder for energetic purposes requires further investigations.

Curcumin is one of the major constituents of turmeric which possess multifarious therapeutic properties. However, owing of its limited solubility in water its bioavailability is poor. Thus, attempts have been made to increase the solubility of curcumin by fermenting turmeric followed by extraction and encapsulation. Lactobacillus fermentum was used for the fermentation of raw turmeric pulp. The influence of Lactobacillus fermentation and different extraction methods (conventional solvent extraction (CSE), ultrasound (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) on total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and curcumin content were analyzed. Further, to increase the stability of extract, different concentrations of maltodextrin were used to microencapsulate the curcumin extract. The results showed that, Lactobacillus fermentation increased the TPC and antioxidant activity from 5.59 ± 0.20 to 6.27 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g and 67.49 ± 1.51 to 79.00 ± 2.20%, respectively. MAE showed highest TPC (7.88 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g), antioxidant activity (94 ± 1.57%) and curcumin content (0.866 ± 0.05 mg/g) followed by UAE and CSE. Maximum yield of curcumin extract was observed in MAE, UAE and CSE as 59.93, 47.09 and 29.44% respectively, higher than non-fermented turmeric pulp. Maltodextrin percentage showed a significant influence on bio-functional properties of encapsulated powder. However, 20% maltodextrin exhibited better bio-functional properties as compared to other concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study covered the phenolic compounds extraction from tomato peels using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) system and their microencapsulation by spray drying technique. For this purpose, MAE conditions (microwave power: 250-500 W and extraction time: 1-60 min) for maximum recovery were optimized by response surface methodology. The highest values for total phenolic content (TPC) (3.58 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (29.85 mmol TE/g) were obtained at the point where the microwave power was 310 W and the extraction time was 35 min. Phenolic extracts produced under optimum conditions were mixed with maltodextrin (the ratio of soluble solids in the extracts to maltodextrin: 1/1 w/w) and converted into powder form using spray drying technique. The success of the microencapsulation process was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Powder yield, moisture content, water activity and solubility values for microcapsules were determined as 63.45%, 4.18, 0.19 and 92.34%, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the final powder products was investigated by TFM (3.17 mg GAE/g), DPPH (23.10 mmol TE/g), ABTS (75.83 mmol TE/g) and FRAP (13.95 mmol TE/g) methods. The results show that it is not a reasonable approach to dispose of waste materials or use them in field with low economic value. On the contrary, they have the potential to transform value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green extractive methods accompanied by resource conservation through process optimization are important in working towards sustainable processes. In the present paper, rutin was extracted from the leaf of female Carica papaya Linn using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), sequential microwave ultrasound-assisted extraction (MUAE), and sequential ultrasound microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) methods. Subsequently, the effect of extraction parameters on rutin yield were analyzed and compared. In addition, the extraction efficiency and energy consumption of the extraction processes were measured and discussed. In the present study, solid-liquid (S/L) ratio was determined to be the most significant extraction variable. Under optimized conditions, MUAE and UMAE were determined to yield the highest amount of rutin extracted at 18.46 ± 0.64 mg/g and 18.43 ± 0.81 mg/g, respectively. However, MUAE was determined to be the least resource efficient method as it consumed the highest amount of energy due to its relatively long extraction time. UAE was determined to be the most efficient in resource utilization as it required the least amount of energy for every mg/g of yield extracted, while the yield obtained was, nonetheless, comparatively high. The optimal condition obtained for UAE was 20 min of ultrasonic extraction time (TU), 20 % of ethanol mixture concentration (C), 710 μm of particle size (S), and 1:650 wt/wt of solid-liquid (S/L) ratio (R).

Valorisation of agro-industry organic wastes has gained importance in the last decades since it pursues two major goals: environment protection and economic profit. Squalene that represents one the most important natural antioxidant for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry, can be recovered from olive oil production wastes, playing a prominent role to substitute of the shark liver oil as main squalene resource, with great benefits from the marine species protection. The "Aged Extra Virgin Olive Oil-Sludge" (AEVOO-S) a less studied olive oil waste contains squalene in a good concentration depending by the starting Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) quality (cultivar, extraction processes) and storage conditions. In the present work, fresh EVOO, aged olive oil (AEVOO) and isolated sludge have been characterized and compared in some chemico/ physical properties that confirm the applicability of this waste as a further alternative squalene source. Organic solvent under different conditions and supercritical-CO2 extraction of squalene methodologies, were evaluated in order to optimize its recovery. The results showed that at room temperature, chloroform extracts the highest squalene amount (up to 500 mg/100 g of sludge) but with low selectivity (high amount of free fatty acids were also detected) whereas Microwave Assisted Extraction using n-hexane as solvent, provided high squalene yield (456 mg/100 g of sludge) but with less free fatty acid. Due to the high viscosity of the semi-solid sludge, supercritical carbon dioxide does not show the high squalene extraction ability showed using oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm-type plant that belongs to the Phoenix genus, which widely grows in the Middle East and South Africa. The use of date seeds was still limited. Dates seeds contain high amounts of nutrient and bioactive compounds, such as fiber, phenols, and antioxidants. The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method could increase the extract yields in a shorter time and reduces the solvent volume. This research aimed to evaluate the optimal extraction time and material: solvent (w/v) ratio. The response surface methodology (RSM) with the Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design with two factors of extraction time (5 - 7 minutes) and the material: solvent ratio (1:10 - 1:50 (w/v)) was employed in this study. The responses were antioxidant activity (IC50), total flavonoid, and density. The results show that the optimum solution was an extraction time of 5.451 minutes and the ratio of material: solvent of 1:10 (w/v). This treatment produced dates seed extract with antioxidant activity IC50 of 28.406 ppm, total flavonoid of 2544.951 mg QE/g, and density of 0.886 g/mL. The verification of the center point was antioxidant activity IC50 of 27.849 ppm (98.04%), total flavonoids of 2573.723 mg QE/g (98.87%), and density of 0.8889 g/mL (99.67%), respectively.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) needles contain a variety of bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds and flavonoids, many of which have been used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of novel extraction techniques, including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and simultaneous ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) on the recovery of phenolic, flavonoids and associated antioxidant and anti-cancer properties from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) needles. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, and the Alamar Blue assay using the human brain glioblastoma cancer cellline (U-251 MG) was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity activity. Results showed that US-probe accomplished the highest recovery of phenolic and flavonoids at 38 W cm-2 for 10 min (106.3 f 2.5 mg GAE g-1 DW and 63.2 i 3.8 mg QE g-1 DW, respectively). Hence, the highest cytotoxicity activity of IC5O (0.0114% w/v) was achieved by US-probe at 19 W cm-2 for 10 min. However, the antioxidant capacity of (2591.3 f 92.5 mM TE g-1 DUO was achieved under UMAE at ultrasound intensity of 38 W cm-2, microwave power of 302.4 W for 10 min. This study emphasised the potential application of UAE and MAE in the extraction of bioactive as an environmentally friendly method to be used in the valorisation of by-products in food and agro-industries. This supports the use of renewable natural resources in an efficient way to produce high-value compounds therefore it is in line with the new era of bioeconomy and its new biorefinery concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gedong mango plant (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) is a plant that has potential as herbal medicine, especially in its leaves because it contains many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, gallic tannins, catecat tannins, quinones and steroids or triterpenoids which can be used as antioxidants, antimicrobial and dandruff. This study aims to gedong mango leaf extract concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 10% in hair tonic preparations and to test the antidandruff activity. Gedong mango leaf simplicia (Mangifera indica L.var.Gedong) was extracted using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) sodium acetate dan lactic acid solvents with a molar ratlactic1:3. Hair tonic preparations are made in three formulas with the active ingredient of mango gedong leaf extract at a concentration of 5%, 7%, and 10%. Evaluation of hair tonic pr, separation air tonic preparation evaluation includes organ anoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity and eststy test of hair tonic anti-dandruffas carriedtestt by the healthy method against the fungus Pityrosporhealthyvale. Hair tonic of mango gedong leaf extract with concentrations of 5%, 7%, and 10% on organoleptic observations, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity met the requirements. The hair tonic has the potential as an antidandruff because it has antidandruff activity against the fungus Pityrosporum ovale and is classified as moderate to strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dragon fruit is gaining its popularity in all over the world. The seed of the dragon fruit is highly nutritious in terms of essential fatty acid. The utilization of seed oils is getting increasingly common these days. In this work, a comparative analysis was undertaken for control and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) samples, using the RSM-CCD (Response Surface Methodology – Central composite Design) design, to determine the influences power and time on dragon fruit seed oil's Yield, PV, DPPH, and polyphenol content. The optimization was done, where the extraction yield (34.30 %), PV (3.23 me quiiv O 2 /kg), DPPH (69.65 %), and polyphenol (96.71 mg GAE/g) was observed. While comparing with the control sample the antioxidant activity of the seed oil in terms of (%DPPH, FRAP and ORAC) was better in microwave treated sample. The saturated fatty acid is 25 % with a monounsaturated fatty acid 20 % and Polyunsaturated fatty acid of 55 %. High amount of tocopherol content was determined having 93 % of γ -tocopherol. Dragon fruit seed oil has the possibility to be a good source for the functional components in the near future due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and essential fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve the extraction rate of blueberry anthocyanins and overcome the shortcomings of traditional extraction. Methods: Firstly, single factor experiment was used to explore the effects of four experimental factors on the yield of anthocyanins. Response surface methodology was used to design the combination experiment, and genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the extraction process. The dynamic model of MAE process was established based on Fick's first law. According to Arrhenius equation and phase transition equilibrium principle, Ea, ΔS, ΔH, and ΔG in the extraction process were obtained to analyze the thermodynamics of microwave extraction process. Results: The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest yield of anthocyanins （83.15±2.03）% from blueberry via MAE were obtained at extraction temperature of 60 ℃, extraction time of 8 s, ethanol concentration of 57%, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶32 （g/mL）. The established kinetic model could predict the extraction effect of anthocyanins at different extraction temperatures. In the process of microwave extraction, the Ea, ΔS, and ΔH were 40 510 J/mol, 42.07 J/mol, and 190.64 J/mol, respectively. ΔG was less than zero, indicating that the microwave extraction process belonged to endothermic, entropy increasing and spontaneous process. Conclusion: The results provide theoretical basis and reference for the efficient extraction and deep development of anthocyanins.

This work represents a comprehensive analysis of pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) as a less desirable fruit, but valuable content such as pectin which obtained through extraction using microwave assisted extraction (MEA) method. Pectin is a water-soluble fiber widely used as a functional component in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The analysis focuses on the comparison profile of pectin from pedada fruit and Kepok banana peel. In addition, the effect of the concentration of the extracting solvent on the methoxyl levels of pectin was also evaluated using the chemometric method (partial least square (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA)). PLS was performed to determine the methoxyl content which plays a role in determining the pectin type. While PCA was to determine the pectin classification pattern based on the fruit supply location and the extracting solvent. The results showed that the PLS of extracted pectin of pedada fruit and Kepok bananas peels showed an R2 value of 1. This means that the pectin data model of each sample using the MAE method was in good classification. In addition, the PCA results show that the pectin extraction data plots are close together between samples in the quadrant, indicating the same characteristics and quality of pectin.

Extraction methods like maceration, ultrasonication, vortex mixer, soxhlet extraction and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), were evaluated for the extraction of Camptothecin (CPT) from the leaves and stem of Tabernaemontana alternifolia, Tabernaemontana divaricata and Tabernaemontana citrifolia. The extracts were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The results show that the leaves of Tabernaemontana alternifolia exhibited highest yield of CPT as compared to the other species. MAE was the most efficient extraction method with CPT extraction yield of 0.154 ± 0.004% w/w from Tabernaemontana alternifolia leaves followed by Soxhlet extraction, sonication, maceration, and vortex extraction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) contains several bioactive and volatile components, the repercussions of oxidative stress are mitigated by natural antioxidants also found in a Pineapple peels var. Jaldhup. This study aims to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) and antioxidant properties of Pineapple peel extracted in various polar and non polar solvents using Microwave assisted extraction (MAE). These peels contain polyphenols and flavonoids that act as free radical scavengers, reduce oxidative stress, and may be an alternative remedy to cure various detrimental human diseases. After investigating several solvents, the highest TPC value was found in methanolic extract at 15.25 mg GAE/g, while the lowest was found in ethyl acetate extract at 2.83 mg GAE/g. The highest TFC value was found in water at 11.18 mg QE/g, while the lowest was found in ethyl acetate at 2.9 mg QE/g. The peel had remarkable antioxidant properties. With methanol, pineapple peel has the highest In vitro antioxidant activity (76.25 µg/mL), whereas acetone has the lowest In vitro antioxidant activity (61.04 µg/mL). Since pineapple peel has exceptional phytoconstituents, it can be exploited in phytotherapy and pharmacology as a source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, custard apple fruit has been applied in food processing with various products. The purpose of this study aimed to valorize the peel as organic food waste produced by fruit processing. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive polyphenols from custard apple peel was performed at different aqueous ethanol composition, extraction irradiation time, solvent to solid ratio, and microwave power. Total polyphenols content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated. Response surface methodology was applied to find the optimal condition according to the central composite design with ethanol concentration ranged from 50 to 70%, extraction time from 3 to 7 min, solvent to solid ratio from 20 to 30 mL/g, and microwave power from 154 to 274 W. A quadratic model was respectively developed to correlate the investigated variables to the TPC and radical scavenging activity by DPPH and ABTS of the extracts. Optimum condition was successfully selected at an ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction time of 5 min, solvent-solid ratio of 25 mL/g, and microwave power of 214 W. With a good correlation between predicted values and actual experimental results, the developed response surface model can be used to optimize the extraction of polyphenols from custard apple peel by MAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet-extraction (SE) were compared for the extraction of phytochemicals from the seed powder of Daucus carota. Results showed that only 5 min of MAE gave maximum phenolics 275 mg and flavonoids 229 mg as compared to SE, which took 5 h to give its maximum. GC-MS analysis of MAE and SE revealed 15 and 11 compounds respectively; Estragole (52.55%) and linalool (39.97%) being the major component in MAE and SE-derived extract respectively. HPLC analysis showed a variety of phenolics and flavonoids in MAE as compared to SE. MAE extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant (82%) and antifungal potential (89.3%inhibition) compared to SE (54.32% and 60.7% respectively). Results suggested that MAE can rapidly extract phytochemicals from carrot seeds without affecting their biological activities. The usage of MAE in analytical labs can safely opt for rapid extraction of required phytochemicals by optimizing the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unfavourable impacts of organic solvents on the environmental and human health have increasingly drawn the attention of scientists and technologists for a long run solution. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative of choice to reduce the use of organic solvents. This review covers the data of literature published from 2011 to 2021. Literature search was performed for the relevant journal articles including books, and book chapters using the keywords of 'ionic liquid', 'extraction', 'medicinal plants', 'essential oil', 'waste water treatment', 'green extraction technology' and combination of them. ILs are designer solvents due to their modifiable properties according to the application conditions. Therefore, this review highlights the application of ILs in the extraction and purification of bioactive compounds (glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and others) and essential oils from plant materials. This includes the use of ILs in the microwave and ultrasound assisted extractions, as well as solid phase extraction. Previous studies reported about 20–35 % of increment in the yield of bioactive compounds with the use of ILs. • Literature review on articles reporting ionic liquids and their applications. • The applications of ionic liquids in the extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils. • Ionic liquids as green solvent in various conventional and advanced extraction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC is a highly valued medicinal herb that has been used in traditional medicinal systems for its remedial effects. Owing to the over-exploitation and unethical trade of N. jatamansi, the accelerating global demand of herbal products from this plant cannot be satisfied by the conventional extraction approach. In view of the progressive demand and incredible biological potential of herb, the present research was designed to optimize various extraction parameters for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The extracts obtained from the traditional and green approach were also assessed for the recovery of secondary metabolites and anti-Alzheimer's potential. Various parameters like microwave power, temperature, and time of irradiation were optimized for MAE using Box Behkhen Design (BBD) The scanning electron microscopy of different plant samples was also done to observe the effect of microwave radiations. Further, the metabolite profiling of different extracts was also done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also the different behavioral and biochemical parameters along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential were assessed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's potential. Optimized parameters for MAE were found to be as microwave power 187.04 W, temperature 90°C, and irradiation time 20 min. The extract yield in MAE was significantly enhanced as compared to the conventional method. Also, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC) were improved pointedly from 32.13 ± 0.55 to 72.83 ± 1.1 mg of GAE/g of extract and 21.7 ± 0.85 to 39.21 ± 0.7 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively. Later, the GC-MS analysis of various extracts confirmed the enhancement in the concentration of various sesquiterpenes like jatamansone, spirojatamol, valerenal, valeric acid, globulol, nootkatone and steroidal compounds such as sitosterol, ergosterol, stigmastanone, etc. in the optimized extract. A significant improvement in anti-Alzheimer's potential was also observed owing to the better concentration of secondary metabolites in the optimized microwave extract. From the current findings, it could be concluded that the MAE could be a successful and green alternative for the extraction and recovery of secondary metabolites from the selected medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites from the sawmill waste Picea abies bark were extracted using an innovative two-step extraction that includes a first step with supercritical CO2 (SCO2) and a second step using green solvents, namely ethanol, water, and water ethanol mixture. Maceration (M), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) techniques were applied in the second step. A total of nineteen extract were obtained and yield were compared. Bark extracts were characterized by LC-DAD-MSn and classes of compounds were quantified as abietane derivatives, piceasides, flavonoids, and phenolics to compare different extractions. Obtained extracts were studied by in vitro assay to evaluate potential pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic uses assessing the antioxidant activity as well as the inhibitory activity on target enzymes. Results show that the "smart extraction chain" is advantageous in term of yield of extraction and phytoconstituent concentration. SCO2 extract, presenting a unique composition with a large amount of abietane derivatives, exerted the best activity for amylase inhibition compared to the other extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube fruit is a considerable source of antioxidants that could be used as ingredients against several diseases. The optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from Z. lotus pulp and peel (Zlp) was achieved using response surface methodology. The effect of the extraction parameters (microwave power "MW", extraction time, ethanol/water solvent and liquid–solid ratio) on the total phenolic compounds (TPC) was well described by second-degree regression model. The liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) was done. Best results were obtained at 600 W MW power, 180 s irradiation time, 51% ethanol concentration and 47:1 mL/g solvent-to solid ratio obtaining 7473.38 ± 740.55 mg GAE/100 g of TPC, 1019.96 ± 75.03 mg CE/100 g of TFC, 14,253.11 ± 2453.86 mg CE/100 g of TTC. LC–MS–MS determined that from all phytochemicals, 44.51% of the extract was flavonoids which represent 80.75% of all secondary metabolites from which 5-hydroxy-7-O-nerylflavanone is found to be the most abundant one. The extracts revealed the presence of 34 bioactive compounds, from which 10 phenolic compounds have never been previously identified from Zizyphus plant. The Zlp extract exhibited a greatest antioxidant effects by PAOT, DPPH, and FRAP activity; as well as, a lowest cytotoxic effects against both HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. In a concentration of 1 mg/mL, Zlp produced a strong AChE inhibition. This research revealed that MAE is more rapid and an effective method to extract TPC recovery which can be used in food matrixes and/or in nutraceutical formulations for its good biological effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively utilize and develop Moringa oleifera seeds, the glycosides in Moringa oleifera seeds were extracted by microwave-assisted method with ethanol as solvent. Based on the single factor experiment, the extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology. The antioxidant activities in vitro of each polar part of the optimized Moringa oleifera seeds extract were determined by salicylic acid method, ABTS method and FRAP method. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Ethanol volume fraction 81%, solid-liquid ratio 1:30 g/mL, extraction time 20 min, microwave power 600 W. The order of antioxidant activity in vitro was ethyl acetate>petroleum ether > n-butanol > water. The results indicated that the microwave-assisted extraction of glycosides from Moringa oleifera seeds and the optimization of the extraction process of total glycosides from Moringa oleifera seeds by response surface methodology was feasible. In vitro, antioxidant activity tests showed that the polar parts of ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds had free radical scavenging ability, which laid a foundation for the further development of natural antioxidants.

The marine ecosystem provides resources for various food products and nutraceuticals with multiple benefits to human health. In this study, two underexploited seaweeds such as Sargassum polycystum (Sp) and Rosenvingea intricata (Ri) were used to investigate their biological potentials. The seaweeds underwent for washing and the washed water was examined to identify the bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The fucoxanthin was extracted from both seaweeds using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) with 100% of absolute ethanol and acetone, which resulted in higher fucoxanthin from unwashed Ri (0.8 ± 0.12 mg/g) and unwashed Sp (0.59 ± 0.03 mg/g). Further, the remnant biomass of both washed and unwashed forms was used for the fucoidan extraction by employing UAE and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE). Among these, the MAE process had yielded 1.86 folds higher fucoidan after fucoxanthin extraction from unwashed Sp compared to the washed. Finally, the relic seaweed residue of Sp underwent separate hydrolysis and batch fermentation (SHF) for the production of bioethanol, which was quantified by GC-MS. Thus, this study suggests that the entire biomass of seaweed would be a plausible feedstock for producing bioproducts. [Display omitted] • Decoding the various products garnered from S. polycystum and R. intricata. • Enhanced the yield of fucoxanthin from two seaweeds was achieved using UAE method. • Harnessing the remnant seaweed biomass for bioethanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, approximately 2 billion tons of agricultural waste is generated each year which is rich reservoirs of bioactive compounds. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to manage and treat waste in an environmentally, economically, and socially responsible manner. These compounds can be extracted without altering their properties through the utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DES). Given their exceptional qualities aligning with green chemistry principles, DESs possess significant promise in supplanting conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids (IL). This is owing to natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) unique physicochemical properties, which include its low toxicity, biodegradability, and biological activity. Meanwhile, conjugating DES using non-conventional extraction techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) may reduce extraction times, increase yields, and be more environmentally friendly. The purpose of this study is to give a thorough understanding of valorization of agro-industrial food wastes by extraction of phenolic compounds using green solvents. Specifically, the research concentrates on investigating the physicochemical attributes of NADES and their synergy with the MAE method to retrieve phenolic compounds. Additionally, discussion encompassed the impact of MAE and NADES on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and other health-promoting properties of bioactive compounds. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the feasibility of using these emerging solvents with MAE for the extraction process. Further, proper elucidation of the extraction mechanisms involved is necessary in order to expand the applications of these emerging solvents for bioactive compound recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC is a highly valued medicinal herb that has been used in traditional medicinal systems for its remedial effects. Owing to the over-exploitation and unethical trade of N. jatamansi, the accelerating global demand of herbal products from this plant cannot be satisfied by the conventional extraction approach. In view of the progressive demand and incredible biological potential of herb, the present research was designed to optimize various extraction parameters for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The extracts obtained from the traditional and green approach were also assessed for the recovery of secondary metabolites and anti-Alzheimer’s potential. Various parameters like microwave power, temperature, and time of irradiation were optimized for MAE using Box Behkhen Design (BBD) The scanning electron microscopy of different plant samples was also done to observe the effect of microwave radiations. Further, the metabolite profiling of different extracts was also done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also the different behavioral and biochemical parameters along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential were assessed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer’s potential. Optimized parameters for MAE were found to be as microwave power 187.04 W, temperature 90°C, and irradiation time 20 min. The extract yield in MAE was significantly enhanced as compared to the conventional method. Also, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC) were improved pointedly from 32.13 ± 0.55 to 72.83 ± 1.1 mg of GAE/g of extract and 21.7 ± 0.85 to 39.21 ± 0.7 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively. Later, the GC-MS analysis of various extracts confirmed the enhancement in the concentration of various sesquiterpenes like jatamansone, spirojatamol, valerenal, valeric acid, globulol, nootkatone and steroidal compounds such as sitosterol, ergosterol, stigmastanone, etc. in the optimized extract. A significant improvement in anti-Alzheimer’s potential was also observed owing to the better concentration of secondary metabolites in the optimized microwave extract. From the current findings, it could be concluded that the MAE could be a successful and green alternative for the extraction and recovery of secondary metabolites from the selected medicinal herb.

Functional foods have gained popularity in recent decades. They are exploited for their bioactive compounds like polyphenols, which are highly demanded in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. However, extractive techniques and conditions used up to recently are almost obsolete and must be optimized for higher efficiency. The current study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of an optimized extract of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) seeds. The optimal conditions for extracting polyphenolic compounds from okra seeds were determined using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). A Face Center Composite Design (FCCD) was used for optimization. Solvent/dry matter ratio, wavelength and time were considered while the response studied was the polyphenolic content. The extract obtained at optimal conditions was characterized using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, then tested for its antioxidant, alpha amylase inhibitory and antidiabetic activities. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) permitted the determination of the optimal conditions for phenols extraction as: microwave power 330 W, with a solvent ratio of 97.04/1 mL/g for 9.5 min of extraction time. The optimized extract showed a phenolic content up to 86.37 ± 1.13 mg GAE/g containing quercetin and catechin as revealed by the TLC. Functional groups characteristic of polyphenols were identified on FTIR spectra, and the extract exhibited good in vitro antioxidant capacities with DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay). An IC50 of 3.99 ± 0.15 μg/mL was obtained with the DPPH scavenging test. Alpha amylase inhibitory assay revealed that the optimized okra extract behaved as a non-competitive inhibitor of porcine pancreatic amylase with an IC50 of 484.17 ± 2.33 μg/mL. Antidiabetic activity of the extract was observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic males Wistar rats, as shown by the fasting blood glucose levels, food intake, changes in body weight and serum lipid profile among others.

This paper investigates the optimum processing conditions of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of anthraquinone (aloe emodin, AE) and flavonoids (kaempferol 3-gentiobioside, K3G and kaempferol, KA) from Senna alata (L.) Roxb. The kinetic study indicates that MAE showed a greater extraction rate, compared to ultrasonic-assisted and maceration, due to the enhanced power which altered the leaf microstructures. The optimisation was undertaken using one-factor-at-a-time, two-level factorial design and central composite design were used to maximise the yield of the target compounds. The optimum yield of K3G (4.27 mg/g DW), KA (8.54 mg/g DW) and AE (0.86 mg/g DW) was obtained at 90.5% ethanol, microwave power of 18.6 W/mL with a desirability of 0.82. In addition, the yield of K3G and KA is correlated positively with the antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Justicia pectoralis Jacq., widely used in traditional Cuban medicine as sedative and anxiolytic. Its main components, coumarins, have a recognized sedative activity, are used as markers in various extracts obtained from this plant. The hydroalcoholic extract 30% is used as raw material in the preparation of syrup. Microwave assisted extraction is of recognized importance because of the speed and efficiency in obtaining phytoconstituents compared to conventional methods and Response Surface Methodology is an efficient statistical tool that has been successfully used in testing process parameters and their interactive effects. The objtetive of this work was optimize the obtaining of the hydroalcoholic extract 30% of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. by means of microwave energy through a Box-Behnken design under the response surface methodology. A Sanyo EM-T109SS modified domestic microwave oven was used. Three variables irradiation power (540 – 900 W), time (2-5 min), and liquid to solid ratio (10 -20 mL/g) were regarded as factors in the response surface design of Box-Behnken of 15 executions, including 3 center points. The yield of total coumarins was used as the response variable. The optimal conditions were 4 min at 540 W and a liquid to solid ratio of 20 ml/g for a predicted value of total coumarins of 0.48 mg/g. Compared to the traditional method by reflux (2 h and 0.42 mg/g), the EAM demonstrated significant time savings, with greater recovery of coumarins. The results showed that microwave-assisted extraction can be used as an efficient method to obtain hydroalcoholic extract of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction is the primary essential step in preparation of plant formulations. Modern techniques of extraction are powerful in advancing the improvement of conventional natural remedies. The development of cuttingedge sample-preparation strategies with significant advantages over traditional methods for extracting and evaluating medicinal plants is likely to play an important role alongside the standard effort to ensure the availability of excellent natural merchandise to customers worldwide. Sample coaching is of maximum significance to the improvement of analytical techniques for the evaluation of elements gift within side the botanicals and natural preparations. In this review article, precept in the back of operation of diverse extraction techniques, elements influencing technique performance, studies progress, energy and weak spot of various extraction processes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the techniques which might be solvent and energy saving, and appropriate for temperature stable bioactive compounds. The purpose of this review is to assess and do comparison of the most frequently used procedures on basis of their principles and strengths in order to describe the appropriateness and financial viability of the extraction procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phaseolus vulgaris L. has beneficial effects on several chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases) related to oxidative stress. This redox state may influence platelet activation and aggregation; which is crucial in thrombus formation. In this work, the antiplatelet and antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts obtained by green processes, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, from 25 landraces of common beans were investigated. Phenol content and antioxidant potential were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total monomeric anthocyanin and ORAC assay, respectively. The antiplatelet potential of the extracts was explored by turbidimetry. Microwave extraction showed higher phenol content and antioxidant activity in most extracts. Soja landrace extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction showed higher phenol content and antioxidant activity (893.45 ± 87.30 mg GAE/g and 35,642.85 ± 2588.88 ORAC μmolTE/g, respectively). Although most of the extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction showed antiplatelet activity, the extract of Hallado Aleman landrace obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (IC50 = 0.152 ± 0.018 mg/mL) had the highest antiplatelet potential. The extraction method, MAE and UAE, influences the biological potential of the beans, specifically the antiplatelet activity and antioxidant activity. The functional value of this legume for direct consumption by the population was evidenced, as well as its inclusion in food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum polycystum merupakan alga cokelat penghasil polisakarida sulfat yang memiliki aktivitas farmakologi yang menjanjikan. Selama ini metode ekstraksi polisakarida sulfat masih bersifat konvensional (seperti maserasi, sokletasi, dan refluks) yang memerlukan waktu ekstraksi relatif lama (4-6 jam). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi polisakarida sulfat menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) serta melakukan uji toksisitasnya. Karakterisasi ekstrak polisakarida sulfat menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Visible dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FT- IR). Uji toksisitas terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach dilakukan dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Hasil ekstraksi polisakarida sulfat diperoleh rendemen sebesar 3,42±0,01% dimana tidak jauh berbeda dari metode konvensional. Hasil perhitungan bobot susut pengeringan polisakarida sulfat 7,60±0,085%. Karakterisasi polisakarida sulfat dengan spektrofotometer UV- Visible diperoleh panjang gelombang optimum pada 270 nm. Hasil spektrum FT-IR terdapat gugus fukosa yang dihubungkan oleh gugus sulfat dan O-Sulfat yang mengindikasikan adanya fukoidan. Selain itu masih ditemukan peregangan ester C=O yang menunjukan adanya asam uronat. Asam tersebut merupakan penyusun alginat dimana bukan merupakan polisakarida sulfat. Dari uji toksisitas diperoleh nilai LC50 polisakarida sulfat terhadap larva A. salina Leach sebesar 113,11 mg/mL yang tergolong kategori toksik. Ekstraksi polisakarida sulfat menggunakan MAE dapat mempercepat waktu ekstraksi dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional, tetapi perlu dilakukan tahap selanjutnya untuk menghilangkan senyawa pengotor lainnya seperti asam uronat. ABSTRACT Sargassum polycystum, a brown algae, produces sulfate polysaccharides that have promising pharmacological activity. To date, the extraction of sulfate polysaccharide is still conventional (such as maceration, shoxletation and reflux) and requires a relatively long time (4-6 h). This study aims to extract the sulfate polysaccharides using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and assess the toxycity. Sulfate polysaccharide extract was characterized by UV-Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer and tested for its toxicity against Artemia salina Leach larvae using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The yield of sulfate polysaccharide extraction was 3.42±0.01% which is not much different from conventional methods, but the advantage of the MAE method is in terms of time efficiency. The result of the calculation of the drying shrinkage weight of the sulfate polysaccharide is 7.60±0.085%. Characterization of sulfate polysaccharide using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer obtained an optimum wavelength at 270 nm. Based on spectra of FT-IR, it was identified that there are fucose groups which are connected by sulfate and O-Sulfate groups which indicates the presence of fucoidan. In addition, there was still a stretch of ester C=O which indicates the presence of uronic acid. The acid is a constituent of alginate which is not a sulfate polysaccharide. The LC50 value of sulfate polysaccharide against A. salina Leach larvae was 113.11 mg/mL which was classified as toxic. The extraction of sulfate polysaccharides using MAE can speed up the extraction time compared to conventional method, but a further step is needed to remove other impurities such as uronic acid

Indonesia still imports more than 6200 tons of collagen with the price reaching approximately 1$. Therefore, domestic industrial developers are needed to produce collagen. Collagen itself is usually made from bone or skin raw materials from pigs or cows, but recently there are frequent infectious diseases from this livestock so raw materials from fisheries can overcome these problems to be used as materials for making collagen. Tuna fish bones have a high collagen protein content and can be used as an alternative raw material for collagen. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of tuna bone collagen made by Factor I concentration of hydrochloric acid (1%,3%,5%) with factor II extraction time (30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes). This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). In the results of the study, the best treatment, namely the treatment of 5% hydrochloric acid concentration with an extraction time of 90 minutes, had a yield value of 21.05%, the water content of 2.69%, ash content of 0.27%, pH value of 7.23, viscosity value 3 .38cP and Color (L*) 75.31. Furthermore, the results of the FTIR analysis of Amide A, Amide B, Amide I, Amide II, and Amide III with absorption peaks in a row (3362.52 cm-1), (2935.25 cm-1), (1626.46cm-1 ),(1517,14cm-1),(1235.52cm-1)

Abstract Background Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae) is a high-value medicinal plant indigenous to Africa and Southeast Asia. Its therapeutic benefits are well-established in traditional medicines including Ayurveda. It is well known for its natural bioactive compound colchicine which exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities i.e. rheumatism, gout and was also introduced into clinical practices. The increasing demand as well as its illegal harvesting has brought this valuable plant under threatened category. Methods The present investigation describes a microwave assisted extraction (MAE) strategy coupled with a densitometric-high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methodology for the analysis of colchicine from 32 different populations of G. superba. A Box-Behnken statistical design (3 level factor) has been employed to optimize MAE, in which power of microwave, time of irradiation, aqueous ethanol and pH were used as independent variables whereas colchicine was used as the dependent variables. Chromatography was carried out on Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates with toluene: methanol, 85:15 (v/v) being used as solvent system. Densitometric measurement was performed at λ=254 nm following post-derivatization (10% methanolic sulphuric acid). Results Optimal conditions for extraction to obtain the maximum colchicine yield was found to be 7.51 mg g− 1 which was very close to be predicted response 7.48 mg g− 1 by maintaining microwave power (460 W), irradiation time (6.4 min), aqueous ethanol-30, pH -3. Colchicine content ranged between 2.12–7.58 mg g− 1 among 32 G. superba populations in which only three chemotypes viz. GS- 1, GS- 3, and GS- 2 collected from West Bengal and Sikkim, respectively exhibited maximum yield of colchicine. Conclusion Therefore, this newly developed optimized MAE coupled with HPTLC densitometry methodology not only quantifies colchicine in order to identify elite chemotypes of G. superba, but it also encourages in selecting high yielding populations of the plants for industrial use and economic boost for the farmers. This validated, simple and reproducible HPTLC protocol is being used for the first time to estimate colchicine from natural populations of G. superba obtained from 32 different geographical regions of India. Graphical abstract

This work designed, modeled and performed economic analysis of the base case extraction and recovery of catechin mix (CM) from Camellia sinensis leaves (CSL) using deep eutectic solvent (DES) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with the assistance of SuperPro Designer software. Techno- -economic analysis of three commercial scales of manufacture was also investigated and compared using profitability parameters. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were further carried out on the most viable commercial scale to determine input variable(s) of highest significance on the profitability of the process. The 3.30 kg CM/batch is the most economically desirable scale with return on investment of 324.65%, payback period of 0.31 years, internal rate of return of 163.83% and net present value of $1,059,595,224. Out of the input variables selected for the sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, CSL and DES costs have the least effect on the selected profitability parameters of the process.

[Display omitted] • Microwave-assisted-glycerol deep eutectic solvent was employed for the extraction of phytochemicals from the C. intybus. • The efficiency was evaluated based on TTC, TPC, TFC and DPPH radical scavenging activity. • At optimum conditions, the glycerol deep eutectic solvent showed promising efficiency. • This solvent system could be used for bioactive extraction on a larger scale. In this study, glycerol-based deep eutectic solvent system was employed for optimized extraction of valuable phytochemicals from the Cichorium intybus plant. Microwave assisted-glycerol based deep eutectic solvent extraction technique (MAE-G DES) was optimized with response surface methodology (RSM) with glycerol/sodium acetate DES as extracting solvent. The responses include total tannin content (TTC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity (DRSA). The results showed well fitted models as linear model for TPC and quadratic model for TTC, TFC and DRSA. The optimized conditions were found to be 315 W (microwave power), 2 min (extraction time), and 34 mL/g (solvents to sample ratio) with optimum TTC as 1.289 mg TAE/g dry weight (DW), TPC as 401.55 mg GAE/100 g DW, TFC as 135.64 mg RE/100 g DW and DRSA of 19.24 mg AAE/g of DW. Furthermore, the optimized MAE-G DES extract was screened for antidiabetic potential and the results showed 46.76 ± 2.03 % inhibition against α-glucosidase and 21.35 ± 0.22 % α-amylase inhibitory activity compared to standard acarbose as 43.97 ± 1.54 % and 39.46 ± 2.10 % inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. It is concluded by this work that glycerol/sodium-acetate based deep eutectic solvents could be used as an alternative and effective solvent for the extraction of tannins and other pharmaceutically significant phytochemicals from Chicorium intybus on a larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]