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Background: The midwife-led model of care is woman-centered and based on the premise that pregnancy and childbirth are normal life events, and the midwife plays a fundamental role in coordinating care for women and linking with other health care professionals as required. Worldwide, this model of care has made a great contribution to the reduction of maternal and child mortality. For example, the global under-5 mortality rate fell from 42 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2015 to 39 in 2018. The neonatal mortality rate fell from 31 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 18 deaths per 1,000 in 2018. Even if this model of care has a pivotal role in the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality, in recent years it has faced many challenges., Objective: To explore facilitators and barriers to a midwife-led model of care at a public health institution in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, in 2021., Methodology: A qualitative approach was conducted at Dire Dawa public health institution from March 1-April 30, 2022. Data was collected using a semi-structured, in-depth interview tool guide, focused group discussions, and key informant interviews. A convenience sampling method was implemented to select study participants, and the data were analyzed thematically using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti7. The thematic analysis with an inductive approach goes through six steps: familiarization, coding, generating themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and writing up., Result: Two major themes were driven from facilitators of the midwife-led model of care (professional pride and good team spirit), and seven major themes were driven from barriers to the midwife-led model of care (lack of professional development, shortage of resources, unfair risk or hazard payment, limited organizational power of midwives, feeling of demoralization absence of recognition from superiors, lack of work-related security)., Conclusion: The midwifery-led model of care is facing considerable challenges, both pertaining to the management of the healthcare service locally and nationally. A multidisciplinary and collaborative effort is needed to solve those challenges., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Sierra Leone has one of the world's highest maternal and infant mortality rates and suffers from a shortage of well-trained health professionals, including midwives. Prior to engaging in systematic interventions, it is critical to measure organizational readiness to gauge members' psychological and behavioral preparedness to implement change. We aimed to measure the organizational readiness for implementing change and compare results among midwives and administrative leaders at two schools of midwifery in Sierra Leone prior to the rollout of a midwifery preceptor program., Methods: The Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) survey is a validated 12-item questionnaire designed to assess two domains of organizational readiness for change: change commitment (motivation) and change efficacy (capacity). All survey items begin with the same prompt and a five-item Likert scale response, with seven questions about change commitment and five about change efficacy. Data collection occurred in two schools of midwifery in Sierra Leone during two day-long meetings with stakeholders. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare independent samples: School 1 versus School 2 (site), midwife versus other roles (role)., Results: Participants included 42 respondents (mean age 41 years, 95% female). Surveys were distributed evenly between the two sites. Occupations included midwifery faculty (n = 8), administrators (n = 5), clinicians (n = 25), and clinical educators (n = 4). Domain 1 (change commitment) had a mean score of 4.72 (SD 0.47) while Domain 2 (change efficacy) had a mean score of 4.53 (SD 0.54) out of a total potential score of five. There were no statistically significant differences between site responses for Domain 1 (p = 0.5479) and Domain 2 (p = 0.1026) nor role responses for Domain 1 (p = 0.0627) and Domain 2 (p = 0.2520)., Conclusion: Stakeholders had very high overall readiness for change across all ORIC questions for both change commitment and change efficacy. Mean scores for change commitment were slightly higher which is not surprising given the low-resourced settings stakeholders work in while training students. High mean scores across sites and roles is encouraging as this novel preceptor program is currently being rolled out., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Midwifery continuity of carer (MCoC) is a model of care in which the same midwife or small team of midwives supports women throughout pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. The model has been prioritised by policy makers in a number of high-income countries, but widespread implementation and sustainability has proved challenging., Methods: In this narrative review and synthesis of the global literature on the implementation and sustainability of midwifery continuity of carer, we identify barriers to, and facilitators of, this model of delivering maternity care. By mapping existing research evidence onto the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we identify factors for organisations to consider when planning and implementing midwifery continuity of carer as well as gaps in the current research evidence., Results: Analysing international evidence using the CFIR shows that evidence around midwifery continuity of carer implementation is patchy and fragmented, and that the impetus for change is not critically examined. Existing literature pays insufficient attention to core aspects of the innovation such as the centrality of on call working arrangements and alignment with the professional values of midwifery. There is also limited attention to the political and structural contexts into which midwifery continuity of carer is introduced., Conclusions: By synthesizing international research evidence with the CFIR, we identify factors for organisations to consider when planning and implementing midwifery continuity of carer. We also call for more systematic and contextual evidence to aid understanding of the implementation or non-implementation of midwifery continuity of carer. Existing evidence should be critically evaluated and used more cautiously in support of claims about the model of care and its implementation, especially when implementation is occurring in different settings and contexts to the research being cited., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Nearly 30 years post legalisation and introduction, midwifery is still not optimally integrated within the health system of Canada's largest province, Ontario. Funding models have been identified as one of the main barriers., Methods: Using a constructivist perspective, we conducted a qualitative descriptive study to examine how antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum funding arrangements in Ontario impact midwifery integration. We conceptualized optimal 'integration' as circumstances in which midwives' knowledge, skills, and model of care are broadly respected and fully utilized, interprofessional collaboration and referral support the best possible care for patients, and midwives feel a sense of belonging within hospitals and the greater health system. We collected data through semi-structured telephone interviews with midwives, obstetricians, family physicians, and nurses. The data was examined using thematic analysis., Results: We interviewed 20 participants, including 5 obstetricians, 5 family physicians, 5 midwives, 4 nurses, and 1 policy expert. We found that while course-of-care-based midwifery funding is perceived to support high levels of midwifery client satisfaction and excellent clinical outcomes, it lacks flexibility. This limits opportunities for interprofessional collaboration and for midwives to use their knowledge and skills to respond to health system gaps. The physician fee-for-service funding model creates competition for births, has unintended consequences that limit midwives' scope and access to hospital privileges, and fails to appropriately compensate physician consultants, particularly as midwifery volumes grow. Siloing of midwifery funding from hospital funding further restricts innovative contributions from midwives to respond to community healthcare needs., Conclusions: Significant policy changes, such as adequate remuneration for consultants, possibly including salary-based physician funding; flexibility to compensate midwives for care beyond the existing course of care model; and a clearly articulated health human resource plan for sexual and reproductive care are needed to improve midwifery integration., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Aim: to explore recruitment to UK midwifery programmes from the perspective of applicants from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups and describe the perceptions and experiences of the application process for these applicants and those from white backgrounds., Background: Midwifery in the Global North is an overwhelmingly white profession. This lack of diversity has been cited as a factor in the poorer outcomes experienced by women from non-white backgrounds. There is a need for midwifery programmes to recruit and support more ethnically and racially diverse cohorts if this situation is to be addressed. Very little is currently known about the recruitment experiences of midwifery applicants., Design: A mixed methods study comprising a survey and individual interview or focus group. The study was conducted between September 2020 and March 2021 in three universities in South East England. Participants comprised 440 applicants to midwifery programmes and 13 current or recently qualified BAME midwifery students., Findings: Although many survey findings in respect to choosing a midwifery programme were broadly similar between candidates from BAME and non-BAME backgrounds, some trends were noted. More BAME applicants cited school/college rather than family as encouraging. More BAME applicants also indicated that they would consider issues of diversity when selecting a place of study, and BAME respondents appeared less likely to consider location and university life. Survey and focus group findings combined may indicate deficits in social capital available to BAME midwifery applicants. Focus group findings in particular suggest multiple experiences of challenge and inequity at all stages of the application process, together with a perception that midwifery is a niche and white profession. Applicants value proactive support from universities and would appreciate increased diversity, opportunities for mentorship and an individualised approach to recruitment., Conclusions: BAME applicants to midwifery can face additional challenges which have an impact on their ability to secure a place. There is a need to reposition midwifery as an inclusive and welcoming option for people from all backgrounds and to develop equitable recruitment processes that value a range of skills and life experiences., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: In recent years, extensive studies have been designed and performed in the context of providing midwifery care in developed countries, which has been unfortunately neglected in some low resources and upper middle-income countries such as Iran. This study was conducted to identify the best strategies for improving the quality of midwifery care and developing midwife-centered care in Iran., Methods: This was a qualitative study using focus group discussion and content analysis method. Data were collected from 121 participants including midwifery board members, gynecologists, heads of midwifery departments, midwifery students, in charge midwives in hospitals, and midwives in the private sector. Focused-group discussions were used for data collection, and data were analyzed using content analysis method., Results: The main themes extracted from the participants' statements regarding improving the quality of midwifery care were as follows: Promotion and development of education, Manpower management, Rules, and regulations and standards for midwifery services, and Policy making., Conclusion: This study showed that to improve midwifery care, health policy makers should take into account both the quality and quantity of midwifery education, and promote midwifery human resources through employment. Furthermore, insurance support, encouragement, supporting and motivating midwives, enhancing and improving the facilities, providing hospitals and maternity wards with cutting-edge equipment, promoting and reinforcing the position of midwives in the family doctor program, and using a referral system were the strategies proposed by participants for improving midwifery care. Finally, establishing an efficient and powerful monitoring system to control the practice of gynecologists and midwives, promoting the collaborative practice of midwives and gynecologists, and encouraging team-work with respect to midwifery care were other strategies to improve the midwifery services in Iran. Authorities and policymakers may set the stage for developing high quality and affordable midwifery care by relying on the strategies presented in this study., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: while pregnancy is a very beautiful and memorable experience for most women, some women may experience apathy towards childbirth and have feelings of fear and anxiety (tocophobia). Tocophobia can be far reaching with adverse physiologic and emotional consequences for mothers, infants and families. This study therefore explored tocophobia experiences among primigravid women and explored its influence on birth choices among antenatal women., Methods: the study employed a qualitative exploratory research design. Participants who were primigravida (women who had never experienced childbirth), were selected using purposive sampling technique on antenatal clinic days. Data was obtained using semi-structured interview questions. Data was analyzed using content analysis approach and thematic categorization., Results: results showed that few of the women experienced tocophobia and these fears were not strong enough to make them opt for caesarian section. Reasons attributed to tocophobia experience among the participants included "horror stories" told in the neighborhood, "past experiences" of close acquaintance and "entertainment videos" broadcast. Furthermore, all the participants preferred to have vaginal delivery., Conclusion: few of the primigravid women in Ekiti State, Nigeria, experience tocophobia and this experience does not influence their choice of delivery option, as all participant´s preferred vaginal delivery to caesarian section. It is important for midwives to be aware of their role in counselling and identifying women with tocophobia in order to promote good and safe transition from pregnancy to motherhood., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Deborah Tolulope Esan et al.)

An unprecedented year highlighted the essential care nurses provide., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Given the significance of the birth experience on women's and babies' well-being, assessing and understanding maternal satisfaction is important for providing optimal care. While previous research has thoroughly reviewed women's levels of satisfaction with the childbirth experience from a multitude of different angles, there is a dearth of papers that use a gender lens in this area. The aim of this study is to explore through a gender perspective the circumstances attributed to both women's assessment of a positive birth experience and those which contribute to a lack of satisfaction with their birth experience., Methods: Through the use of a local birth evaluation form at a Swedish labour ward, 190 women gave written evaluations of their birth experiences. The evaluations were divided into groups of positive, ambiguous, and negative evaluations. By means of a latent and constructionist thematic analysis based on word count, women's evaluations are discussed as reflections of the underlying sociocultural ideas, assumptions, and ideologies that shape women's realities., Results: Three themes were identified: Grateful women and nurturing midwives doing gender together demonstrates how a gender-normative behaviour may influence a positive birth experience when based on a reciprocal relationship. Managing ambiguous feelings by sympathising with the midwife shows how women's internalised sense of gender can make women belittle their negative experiences and refrain from delivering criticism. The midwifery model of relational care impeded by the labour care organisation describes how the care women receive during labour and birth is regulated by an organisation not always adapted to the benefit of birthing women., Conclusions: Most women were very satisfied, predominantly with emotional support they received from the midwives. The latent constructionist thematic analysis also elicited women's mixed feelings towards the birth experience, with the majority of negative experiences directed towards the labour care organisation. Recognising the impact of institutional and medical discourses on childbirth, women's birth evaluations demonstrate the benefits and challenges of gender-normative behaviour, where women's internalised sense of gender was found to affect their experiences. A gender perspective may provide a useful tool in unveiling gender-normative complexities surrounding the childbirth experience.

Background: In 2017, a total of 295,000 women lost their lives due to pregnancy and childbirth across the globe, with sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia accounting for approximately 86 % of all maternal deaths. The maternal mortality ratio in Ghana is exceptionally high, with approximately 308 deaths/100,000 live births in 2017. Most of these maternal deaths occur in rural areas than in urban areas. Thus, we aimed to explore and gain insights into midwives' experiences of working and providing women-centred care in rural northern Ghana., Methods: A qualitative descriptive exploratory design was used to explore the challenges midwives face in delivering women-centred midwifery care in low-resource, rural areas. A total of 30 midwives practicing in the Upper East Region of Ghana were purposefully selected. Data were collected using individual semistructured interviews and analysed through qualitative content analysis., Results: Five main themes emerged from the data analysis. These themes included were: inadequate infrastructure (lack of bed and physical space), shortage of midwifery staff, logistical challenges, lack of motivation, and limited in-service training opportunities., Conclusions: Midwives experience myriad challenges in providing sufficient women-centred care in rural Ghana. To overcome these challenges, measures such as providing adequate beds and physical space, making more equipment available, and increasing midwifery staff strength to reduce individual workload, coupled with motivation from facility managers, are needed.

Background: The information on birth plan (BP) usage in Spanish hospitals is scant., Aim: To identify the percentage of pregnant women presenting a BP at five hospitals in Spain, the reasons why some women failed to do so and how BP presentation relates to obstetric outcomes and selected pain relief methods., Methods: In this descriptive, multi-centre study, data were retrospectively collected. During the postpartum visits at primary healthcare centres in various health districts in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), a data collection sheet about obstetric outcomes and analgesia was administered to 432 mothers who had completed a BP during their pregnancies. The main outcome was the rate of BP presentation to the hospital. The sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and pain relief measures were compared to identify any differences between mothers who presented a BP and those who did not., Results: A total of 422 (99.7%) women were studied; 51.2% of women (95% confidence interval (CI): 46.4-55.9) had presented a BP. The main reason for not presenting a BP was because the hospital midwives did not request them (61.2%). No differences were observed in BP presentation according to age, the country of origin, education, employment or hospital. Mothers who presented a BP were more likely to start breastfeeding in the birthing room (82.4% vs. 73.3%; p = 0.024). Epidural analgesia was the most common method used for pain relief (88.9%), and women who presented a BP attempted to use concomitant non-pharmacological methods more often (50.5% vs. 38.8%; p = 0.012)., Conclusion: Almost half of the mothers failed to present a BP, usually because midwives did not request it.

Background: Recent UK maternity policy changes recommend that a named midwife supports women throughout their pregnancy, birth and postnatal care. Whilst many studies report high levels of satisfaction amongst women receiving, and midwives providing, this level of continuity of carer, there are concerns some midwives may experience burnout and stress. In this study, we present a qualitative evaluation of the implementation of a midwife-led continuity of carer model that excluded continuity of carer at the birth., Methods: Underpinned by the Conceptual Model for Implementation Fidelity, our evaluation explored the implementation, fidelity, reach and satisfaction of the continuity of carer model. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with midwives (n = 7) and women (n = 15) from continuity of carer team. To enable comparisons between care approaches, midwives (n = 7) and women (n = 10) from standard approach teams were also interviewed. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis., Results: For continuity of carer team midwives, manageable caseloads, extended appointment times, increased team stability, and flexible working patterns facilitated both care provided and midwives' job satisfaction. Both continuity of carer and standard approach midwives reported challenges in providing postnatal continuity given the unpredictable timing of labour and birth. Time constraints, inadequate staffing and lack of administrative support were reported as additional barriers to implementing continuity of carer within standard approach teams. Women reported continuity was integral to building trust with midwives, encouraged them to disclose mental health issues and increased their confidence in making birth choices., Conclusions: Our evaluation highlighted the successful implementation of a continuity of carer model for ante and postnatal care. Despite exclusion of the birth element in the model, both women and midwives expressed high levels of satisfaction in comparison to women and midwives within the standard approach. Implementation successes were largely due to structural and resource factors, particularly the combination of additional time and smaller caseloads of women. However, these resources are not widely available within the resources of maternity unit budgets. Future research should further explore whether a continuity of carer model focusing on antenatal and postnatal care delivery is a feasible and sustainable model of care for all women.

Introduction: This research aimed to identify what supports and what hinders job autonomy for midwives in New Zealand., Methods: Registered midwives participated in an open-ended, online survey in 2019. Anonymised participants were asked to describe an incident when they felt they were using their professional judgement and/or initiative to make decisions and the resultant actions. The data was analysed thematically., Findings: The participants identified that autonomy is embedded within midwifery practice in New Zealand. Self-employed midwives who provide continuity of care as Lead Maternity Carers, identified they practice autonomously 'all the time'. The relationship with women and their family, and informed decision making, motivated the midwife to advocate for the woman - regardless of the midwife's work setting. Midwifery expertise, skills, and knowledge were intrinsic to autonomy. Collegial relationships could support or hinder the midwives' autonomy while a negative hospital work culture could hinder job autonomy., Discussion: Midwives identified that autonomous practice is embedded in their day to day work. It strengthens and is strengthened by their relationships with the woman/whanau and when their body of knowledge is acknowledged by their colleagues. Job autonomy was described when midwifery decisions were challenged by health professionals in hospital settings and these challenges could be viewed as obstructing job autonomy., Conclusion: The high job autonomy that New Zealand midwives enjoy is supported by their expertise, the women and colleagues that understand and respect their scope of practice. When their autonomy is hindered by institutional culture and professional differences provision of woman-centred care can suffer., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Midwife-led continuity of care has substantial benefits for women and infants and positive outcomes for midwives, yet access to these models remains limited. Caseload midwifery is associated with professional satisfaction and lower burnout, but also impacts on work-life boundaries. Few studies have explored caseload midwifery from the perspective of midwives working in caseload models compared to those in standard care models, understanding this is critical to sustainability and upscaling., Aim: To compare views of caseload midwifery - those working in caseload models and those in standard care models in hospitals with and without caseload., Methods: A national cross-sectional survey of midwives working in Australian public hospitals providing birthing services., Findings: Responses were received from 542/3850 (14%) midwives from 111 hospitals - 20% worked in caseload, 39% worked in hospitals with caseload but did not work in the model, and 41% worked in hospitals without caseload. Regardless of exposure, midwives expressed support for caseload models, and for increased access to all women regardless of risk. Fifty percent of midwives not working in caseload expressed willingness to work in the model in the future. Flexibility, autonomy and building relationships were positive influencing factors, with on-call work the most common reason midwives did not want to work in caseload., Conclusions: There was widespread support for and willingness to work in caseload. The findings suggest that the workforce could support increasing access to caseload models at existing and new caseload sites. Exposure to the model provides insight into understanding how the model works, which can positively or negatively influence midwives' views., (Copyright © 2020 Australian College of Midwives. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To synthesise the current, global evidence-informed guidance that supports nurses and midwives to recognise and respond to intimate partner violence (IPV), and how these practices can be translated from face-to-face encounters to care that is delivered through telehealth., Background: COVID-19-related social and physical distancing measures increase the risk for individuals who are socially isolated with partners who perpetuate violence. Providing support through telehealth is one strategy that can mitigate the pandemic of IPV, while helping patients and providers stay safe from COVID-19., Design and Methods: In this discursive paper, we describe how practical guidance for safely recognising and responding to IPV in telehealth encounters was developed. The ADAPT-ITT (Assessment, Decisions, Administration, Production, Topical Experts, Integration, Testing, Training) framework was used to guide the novel identification and adaptation of evidence-informed guidance. We focused on the first six stages of the ADAPT-ITT framework., Conclusions: This paper fills a gap in available guidance, specifically for IPV recognition and response via telehealth. We present strategies for prioritising safety and promoting privacy while initiating, managing or terminating a telehealth encounter with patients who may be at risk for or experiencing IPV. Strategies for assessment, planning and intervention are also summarised. System-level responses, such as increasing equitable access to telecommunication technology, are also discussed., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Integrating innovative IPV-focused practices into telehealth care is an important opportunity for nurses and midwives during the current global COVID-19 pandemic. There are also implications for future secondary outbreaks, natural disasters or other physically isolating events, for improving healthcare efficiency, and for addressing the needs of vulnerable populations with limited access to health care., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: This paper evaluates the cost-effectiveness of rebranding former traditional birth attendants (TBAs) to conduct health promotion activities and refer women to health facilities., Methods: The project used 200 former TBAs, 100 of whom were also enrolled in a small income generating business. The evaluation had a three-arm, quasiexperimental design with baseline and endline household surveys. The three arms were: (a) Health promotion (HP) only; (b) Health promotion plus business (HP+); and (c) the comparison group. The Lives Saved Tool is used to estimate the number of lives saved., Results: The HP+ intervention had a statistically significant impact on health facility delivery and four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits during pregnancy. The cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated at US$4130 per life year saved in the HP only arm, and US$1539 in the HP+ arm. Therefore, only the HP+ intervention is considered to be cost-effective., Conclusions: It is critical to prioritize cost-effective interventions such as, in the case of rural Sierra Leone, community-based strategies involving rebranding TBAs as health promoters and enrolling them in health-related income generating activities.

Introduction: Continuity of midwifery carer improves outcomes, but there is significant variation in how such schemes are implemented and evaluated cross-culturally. The Angus home birth scheme in Scotland incorporates continuity of carer throughout pregnancy, labor, birth, and the postnatal period., Methods: Manual maternity case note review to evaluate the 80% continuity of carer and 3% planned home birth rate targets., Results: Of 1466 women booking for maternity care, 69 joined the scheme. Forty-four had a planned home birth (3% overall), of whom seven were originally deemed ineligible. Of the 44, eight (18%) also achieved 80% continuity of carer with the primary midwife; by including a home birth team colleague, the continuity rate rose to 73%. Women whose care achieved home birth and continuity targets had lower deprivation scores. Eligibility issues, women's changing circumstances, and data recording lapses were complicating issues., Conclusions: Targets must be both feasible and meaningful and should be complemented by assessing a broad range of outcomes while viewing the scheme holistically. By expanding eligibility criteria, the home birth rate target was met; including input from a home birth team colleague in the calculation meant the continuity target was nearly met. With dedicated and competent staff, adequate resource and political support, and when considered in the round, the scheme's viability within local services was confirmed. Other generalizable learning points included the need to standardize definitions and data recording methods. Comparability across schemes helps grow the evidence base so that the links between processes and outcomes can be identified., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: In Ghana, midwives are the primary maternity care practitioners. Their knowledge of postpartum care is critical for preventing and reducing maternal deaths because it affects the quality of care provided to women. In addition, midwives' knowledge of postbirth warning signs is important for early identification and management of complications. This study assessed midwives' knowledge of postpartum care and postbirth warning signs to develop interventions to improve patient care., Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 246 midwives was conducted in the four main hospitals of Tamale, Ghana. Data were collected using a postpartum care knowledge questionnaire developed by JHPIEGO. Data were analyzed in SAS version 9.4 using descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics., Results: Mean age of midwives was 31.9 years. The percentage of midwives who responded correctly to each postpartum care question ranged from 41.6% to 84.9%. Most midwives were knowledgeable about breastfeeding-however, knowledge about fundus location, postpartum examination, and care during first 2 hours postpartum was low. Hospital was associated with knowledge of postpartum care (P < .001). Only 28.1% of midwives identified all nine warning signs of complications. Most midwives could identify severe bleeding, severe headaches, and high temperature as warning signs-however, knowledge of warning signs of some life-threatening complications such as chest pain, obstructed breathing, and thoughts of hurting oneself was low. More years of experience was associated with better knowledge of postbirth warning signs (P = .03)., Discussion: Findings suggest a need for additional training of midwives in how to care for postpartum patients and accurately identify warning signs for life-threatening complications., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Culturally competent maternity care provision to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women was identified as a priority area by Australia's National Maternity Services Plan in 2011. While midwifery programs responded by including core Indigenous content and community placements in curricula, little is known about whether knowledge learned, and insights gained in response to these initiatives have endured and been applied in clinical practice. This follow-up study explores the impact of a compulsory Indigenous unit and a remote clinical placement on two cohorts of non-Indigenous midwives who were participants in an earlier 2012-14 study., Methods: Fourteen non-Indigenous participants who were either students or recent graduates in 2012-14 were located and re-interviewed in 2019-20. In-depth interviews based on a semi-structured interview guide were conducted by telephone or face-to face; recordings were transcribed and thematically analysed using standard qualitative procedures., Results: Exposure to Indigenous content and settings during training had an enduring impact on participants' midwifery practice; most felt better prepared to provide culturally safe care, build respectful relationships and advocate for improved services for Aboriginal women. Despite this positive legacy, they also expressed apprehension about causing offence and recognised their own knowledge deficits with regard to Aboriginal cultural practices. Organisational constraints, including restrictions on the number of family members accompanying a birthing mother were identified as barriers to optimal care; some positive organisational initiatives were also described., Conclusions: This follow-up study provides encouraging evidence that well-designed and delivered Indigenous content and community placement opportunities in midwifery programs can have a lasting impact on service provision to Aboriginal women, contribute to a more informed, empathetic and culturally competent maternity workforce and help catalyse health service changes towards more culturally safe care.

Background: Poor women in hard-to-reach areas are least likely to receive healthcare and thus carry the burden of maternal and perinatal mortality from complications of childbirth. This study evaluated the effect of an enhanced community midwifery model on skilled attendance during pregnancy/childbirth as well as on maternal and perinatal outcomes against the backdrop of protracted healthcare workers' strikes in rural Kenya., Methods: The study used a quasi-experimental (one-group pretest-posttest) design. The study spanned three time periods: December 2016-February 2017 when doctors were on strike (P1), March-May 2017 when no healthcare providers were on strike (P2), and June-October 2017 when nurses/midwives were on strike (P3), which was also the period when the project enhanced the capacity of community midwives (CMs) to provide services at the community level. Analysis entailed comparison of frequencies/means of maternal and newborn health service utilization data across the three periods., Results: The monthly average number of clients obtaining services from CMs across the three time periods was: first antenatal care (ANC) (P1-1.8, P2-2.3, P3-9.9), fourth ANC (P1-1.4, P2-1.0, P3-7.1), skilled birth (P1-1.5, P2-1.7, P3-13.1) and the differences in means were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Over the period, the monthly average number of clients obtaining services from health facilities was: first ANC (P1-55.7, P2-70.8, P3-4.0), fourth ANC (P1-29.6, P2-38.1, P3-1.2) and skilled birth (P1-63.1, P2-87.4, P3-5.6), p < 0.05. There were no statistically significant differences in the average number of clients obtaining services from CMs or health facilities between P1 and P2 (p > 0.05). There was, however, a statistically significant increase in the average number of clients obtaining services from CMs in P3 accompanied by a statistically significant decline in the average number of clients obtaining services from health facilities (p < 0.05). First ANC increased by 68%, fourth ANC by 75%, skilled births by 68%, and postnatal care by 33% in P3 (p < 0.0001). There was a non-significant decline in macerated stillbirths and neonatal deaths in P3., Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of integrating community-level health service providers (CMs and health volunteers) into the primary health care system to complement service delivery according to their level of expertise, especially in low-resource settings.

Confronting global health crises requires nurses who demonstrate leadership and the ability to collaborate with other disciplines. Regional partnerships can act as "accelerant synergists" to develop the capacity of nurses locally benefiting the region as a whole., (© Copyright 2020 Springer Publishing Company, LLC.)

Background: Performing obstetric ultrasound is part of midwifery practice in Norway. Knowledge of these midwives' working situation can enhance understanding of what their work involves and the challenges they encounter in their practice. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how midwife sonographers perceive their work in obstetric ultrasound., Methods: A qualitative study with individual interviews was conducted in 2018. Midwives (n = 13) with a postgraduate ultrasound qualification who performed obstetric ultrasound in private clinics and/or the public health sector were included. All four regional health authorities in Norway were represented. The data gathered were analysed using content analysis., Results: The analysis resulted in three main themes. (1) Working as a midwife sonographer involves a holistic approach. By practising their competence, in both midwifery and sonography, they could answer questions and reassure pregnant women. The participants also had a feeling of great responsibility in their work. (2) Being part of a professional environment in obstetric ultrasound was important for professional interaction, belonging and learning. (3) Developing and maintaining competence as a midwife sonographer had a positive influence on midwives' motivation and confidence, and allowed for more variety in their work., Conclusions: Holistic care of the pregnant woman, her partner and the unborn baby was an important part of the participants' work. They wanted to meet colleagues within their field, develop their expertise and have influence over their work situation. Organizational factors seemed to affect the participants' overall ability to practise their skills and thus also their job satisfaction.

Background: Midwifery care plays a vital role in the reduction of preventable maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. There is a growing concern about the quality of care during facility based childbirth and the occurrence of disrespect and abuse (D&A) worldwide. While several studies have reported a high prevalence of D&A, evidence about the drivers of D&A is scarce. This study aims to explore midwives' professional identity and perspectives on the occurrence of D&A in urban Mozambique., Methods: A qualitative study took place in the central hospital of Maputo, Mozambique. Nine focus group discussions with midwives were conducted, interviewing 54 midwives. RQDA software was used for analysing the data by open coding and thematic analysis from a grounded theory perspective., Results: Midwives felt proud of their profession but felt they were disrespected by the institution and wider society because of their inferior status compared to doctors. Furthermore, they felt blamed for poor health outcomes. The occurrence of D&A seemed more likely in emergency situations but midwives tended to blame this on women being "uncooperative". The involvement of birth companions was a protective factor against D&A together with supervision., Conclusion: In order to improve quality of care and reduce the occurrence of D&A midwives will need to be treated with more respect within the health system. Furthermore, they should be trained in handling obstetric emergency situations with respect and dignity for the patient. Systematic and constructive supervision might be another promising strategy for preventing D&A.

The Republic of Benin faces high maternal, newborn and child (MNCH) morbidity and mortality. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) continue to operate on the margins of the health system yet provide critical services to women and children. This study aims to further the understanding of TBA's scope of practice for developing appropriate strategies to strengthen MNCH services at the community-level. TBAs were identified and surveyed on education, training, system support and scope of practice including management of obstetric and newborn emergencies. TBAs were found to perform diverse preventive and health promotion activities, including antenatal and newborn care counselling, promotion of family planning and immunizations. Among 109 TBAs, 11,102 births were documented in the prior year with a maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 790/100,000 and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) 12.2/1000. The scope of TBA practices is broad and rural communities rely on this cadre for services. However, TBAs report higher rates of adverse maternal events compared to national statistics. Better understanding is needed on community preferences, training and methods of participation of TBAs within the health system. This could improve identification and referral for emergencies, reinforce safer practices and increase preventive and promotive health activities at the community level.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues its journey around the world, it has triggered a global nursing response, with nurses everywhere working to save the lives of their extremely sick patients. In parallel with the frontline response, the International Council of Nurses, the World Health Authority and the International Confederation of Midwives have used their biennial Triad meetings to set out what needs to be done from a global perspective to protect nurses and the people they serve. At a time of crisis, it is imperative that the world's nursing leaders, through ICN's National Nursing Associations, step up to give support and guidance at this historically unsettling time., (© 2020 International Council of Nurses.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted clinical nursing and midwifery education. This disruption has long-term implications for the nursing and midwifery workforce and for future healthcare responses to pandemics. Solutions may include enhanced partnerships between schools of nursing and midwifery and health service providers and including schools of nursing and midwifery in preparedness planning. These suggestions notwithstanding, we call upon national and international nursing and midwifery bodies to study how to further the clinical education of nurses and midwives during pandemics and other times of crisis., (© 2020 International Council of Nurses.)

INTRODUCTION Screening tools assist primary care clinicians to identify mental health, addiction and family violence problems. Electronic tools have many advantages, but there are none yet available in the perinatal context. AIM To assess the acceptability and feasibility of the Maternity Case-finding Help Assessment Tool (MatCHAT), a tool designed to provide e-screening and clinical decision support for depression, anxiety, cigarette smoking, use of alcohol or illicit substances, and family violence among pre- and post-partum women under the care of midwives. METHODS A co-design approach and an extensive consultation process was used to tailor a pre-existing electronic case-finding help assessment tool (eCHAT) to a maternity context. Quantitative MatCHAT data and qualitative data from interviews with midwives were analysed following implementation. RESULTS Five midwives participated in the study. They reported that MatCHAT was useful and acceptable and among the 20 mothers screened, eight reported substance use, one depression and five anxiety. Interviews highlighted extensive contextual barriers of importance to the implementation of maternity-specific screening. DISCUSSION MatCHAT has potential to optimise e-screening and decision support in maternity settings, but in this study, use was impeded by multiple contextual barriers. The information from this study is relevant to policymakers and future researchers when considering how to improve early identification of common mental health, substance use and family violence problems.

In Australia, one of the most frequent reasons for not breastfeeding is a previously unsuccessful experience. This qualitative study used an appreciative inquiry approach to co-design a model of peer and professional breastfeeding support, in a metropolitan area of New South Wales (NSW) Australia, in collaboration with women who have had previous negative experiences of breastfeeding. In total, 30 mothers, health professionals and peer supporters participated in a two-part study, involving interviews and a collaborative workshop. The data were analysed using content analysis. The appreciative inquiry approach led to a solution focused attitude among participants and a commitment to improving breastfeeding support. We noted a level of apathy when the participant groups were interviewed individually prior to the collective workshop. During the collaborative workshop, all three participant groups came together to look at what was currently working well and designed improvements for the future. Midwifery care was identified as important for the start of the breastfeeding journey, during pregnancy and for the first 1-2 weeks after birth, but thereafter it was community and trained peer counsellors who were prioritised for breastfeeding support. Participants identified the need for a variety of support options including face-to-face meetings, Skype meetings, phone calls and/or texting. Workshop participants emphasised the need for women, especially those with previous negative experiences, to be linked in with their local peer support community group. An appreciative inquiry approach brought together all key stakeholders to develop practice-based change which included the end user and care providers. The collaborative workshop enabled participants to come together, as individuals, rather than as designated health professionals or trained peer counsellors, or breastfeeding women with negative experiences. This led to a unified approach and a harnessing of collective energy to initiate positive change., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

There is a strong association between social deprivation and adverse perinatal health outcomes, but related risk factors receive little attention in current antenatal risk selection. To increase awareness of healthcare professionals for these risk factors, a model for antenatal risk surveillance and care was developed in The Netherlands, called the 'Rotterdam Reproductive Risk Reduction' (R4U) scorecard. The aim of this study was to validate the R4U-scorecard. This study was conducted using external, prospective data from thirty-two midwifery practices, and fifteen hospitals in The Netherlands. The main outcome measures were the discrimination of the prognostic models for the probability of a pregnant woman developing adverse pregnancy outcomes (babies born preterm or small for gestational age), and calibration. We performed cross-validation and updated the model using statistical re-estimation of all predictors. 1752 participants were included, of whom 282 (16%) had one of the predefined adverse outcomes. The discriminative value of the original scoring system was poor [area under the curve (AUC) of 0.58 (95% CI 0.53-0.64)]. The model showed moderate calibration. The updated R4U-scorecard showed good generalisability to the validation set but did not alter the predictive value [AUC 0.61 (95% CI 0.56-0.66)]. By using external data and by updating the prognostic model, we have provided a comprehensive evaluation of the R4U-scorecard. Further improvement in classification of high-risk pregnancies is important considering the necessity of early risk detection for healthcare professionals to take appropriate actions to prevent these risks from becoming manifest problems.

Ghana has made progress in expanding providers in abortion care but access to the service is still a challenge. We explored stakeholder perspectives on task-sharing in abortion care and the opportunities that exist to optimize this strategy in Ghana. We purposively sampled 12 representatives of agencies that played a key role in expanding abortion care to include midwives for key informant interviews. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then coded for thematic analysis. Stakeholders indicated that Ghana was motivated to practice task-sharing in abortion care because unsafe abortion was contributing significantly to maternal mortality. They noted that the Ghana Health Service utilized the high maternal mortality in the country at the time, advancements in medicine, and the lack of clarity in the definition of the term "health practitioner" to work with partner nongovernmental organizations to successfully task-share abortion care to include midwives. Access, however, is still poor and provider stigma continues to contribute significantly to conscientious objection. This calls for further task-sharing in abortion care to include medical or physician assistants, community health officers, and pharmacists to ensure that more women have access to abortion care., (© 2020 World Health Organization; licensed by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

We performed a country case study using thematic analysis of interviews and existing grey and published literature to identify facilitators and barriers to the implementation of midwife-provided abortion care in Sweden. Identified facilitating factors were: (1) the historical role and high status of Swedish midwives; (2) Swedish research and development of medical abortion that enabled an enlarged clinical role for midwives; (3) collaborations between individual clinicians and researchers within the professional associations, and the autonomy of clinical units to implement changes in clinical practice; (4) a historic precedent of changes in abortion policy occurring without prior official or legal sanction; (5) a context of liberal abortion laws, secularity, gender equality, public support for abortion, trust in public institutions; and (6) an increasing global interest in task-shifting to increase access and reduce costs. Identified barriers/risks were: (1) the lack of systems for monitoring and evaluation; and (2) a loss of physician competence in abortion care., (© 2020 World Health Organization; licensed by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

Problem: Despite high quality evidence supporting midwifery continuity of care, access to this model is limited in many parts of Australia and internationally., Background: The models of care provided to women have a strong influence on their perinatal experience and clinical outcomes. Midwifery Continuity of Care (CoC) is arguably the most significant factor in enhancing women's clinical outcomes during child-bearing and facilitating a positive childbirth experience. Health system change is required, yet little literature has detailed the actualisation of this in the context of upscaling midwifery CoC., Research Question/aim: This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of midwifery and obstetric staff during the implementation and upscaling of midwifery CoC within a regional hospital and health service in coastal Queensland, Australia., Methods: A single-site, qualitative enquiry. Obstetricians and midwives participated in semi-structured interviews or focus groups at two-time points: within 2 months of introduction of the CoC service (obstetricians n=6; midwives n=15); and 2-years after implementation (obstetricians n=5; midwives n=17). Data were analysed thematically., Findings: Four key themes and several categories were generated from the data: hopes and expectations; clinical and practice changes; organisational and structural change; and, future directions., Discussion: Organisational culture, structural change, communication processes and collaborative relationships can be used to inform future scale-up and sustain midwifery caseload care. Specifically, communication, inter-disciplinary collegial relationships, and managerial support are crucial to the sustainability and ultimate upscaling of caseload midwifery care., Conclusion: System change is challenging, but in order to improve access to midwifery CoC is necessary., (Copyright © 2019 Australian College of Midwives. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To review the relevant literature on abortion and summarize interviews with key stakeholders to assess the role of midwives in the evolution of abortion-related care in Tunisia., Methods: Interviews with eight stakeholders from different organizations based on a guide developed for the study, focusing on policies, strategies used for implementation, capacities used for expansion, user opinions and experience, obstacles and facilitators, and control and evaluation., Results: Task-sharing for midwifes was encouraged in the family planning program from the beginning and when medical abortion was introduced. It allows midwifes to contribute widely, develop good skills and performance for several tasks, and helps reduce regional disparities in human resource allocation. Success and safety of home use of medical abortion confirms the ability of women to manage their own abortion. Yet, obstacles to accessing abortion still exist for several reasons., Conclusion: This study, based on interviews with personnel with significant experience and solid knowledge of sexual and reproductive health services, allowed us to consider proposals for a future strategy to integrate task-sharing into abortion care and address the barriers to legal and safe abortion access for all women in Tunisia., (© 2020 World Health Organization; licensed by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

Background: The necessity of outpatient postpartum care has increased due to shorter hospital stays. In a health care system, where postpartum care after hospital discharge must be arranged by families themselves, this can be challenging for those experiencing psychosocial disadvantages. Therefore, we compared characteristics of users of a midwifery network which referred women to outpatient postpartum care providers with those of women organising care themselves. Additionally, we investigated benefits of the network for women and health professionals., Methods: Evaluation of the services of a midwifery network in Switzerland. We combined quantitative secondary analysis of routine data of independent midwives with qualitative telephone interviews with users and a focus group with midwives and nurses. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling were done using Stata 13. Content analysis was applied for qualitative data., Results: Users of the network were more likely to be: primiparas (OR 1.52, 95% CI [1.31-1.75, p < 0.001]); of foreign nationality (OR 2.36, 95% CI [2.04-2.73], p < 0.001); without professional education (OR 1.89, 95% CI [1.56-2.29] p < 0.001); unemployed (OR 1.28, 95% CI [1.09-1.51], p = 0.002) and have given birth by caesarean section (OR 1.38, 95% CI [1.20-1.59], p < 0.001) compared to women organising care themselves. Furthermore, users had cumulative risk factors for vulnerable transition into parenthood more often (≥ three risk factors: 4.2% vs. 1.5%, p < 0.001). Women appreciate the services provided. The collaboration within the network facilitated work scheduling and the better use of resources for health professionals., Conclusions: The network enabled midwives and nurses to reach families who might have struggled to organise postpartum care themselves. It also facilitated the work organisation of health professionals. Networks therefore provide benefits for families and health professionals.

Auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) play a pivotal role in provision of maternal and newborn health at primary level in India. Effective in-service training is crucial for upgrading their knowledge and skills for providing appropriate healthcare services. This paper aims at assessing the effectiveness of a complementary mix of directed and self-directed learning approaches for building essential maternal and newborn health-related skills of ANMs in rural Pune District, India., Methods: During directed learning, the master trainers trained ANMs through interactive lectures and skill demonstrations. Improvement and retention of knowledge and skills and feedback were assessed quantitatively using descriptive statistics. Significant differences at the 0.05 level using the Kruskal-Wallis test were analysed to compare improvement across age, years of experience, and previous training received. The self-directed learning approach fulfilled their learning needs through skills mall, exposure visits, newsletter, and participation in conference. Qualitative data were analysed thematically for perspectives and experiences of stakeholders. The Kirkpatrick model was used for evaluating the results., Results: Directed and self-directed learning was availed by 348 and 125 rural ANMs, respectively. Through the directed learning, ANMs improved their clinical skills like maternal and newborn resuscitation and eclampsia management. Less work experience showed relatively higher improvement in skills, but not in knowledge. 56.6% ANMs either improved or retained their immediate post-training scores after 3 months. Self-directed learning helped them for experience sharing, problem-solving, active engagement through skill demonstrations, and formal presentations. The conducive learning environment helped in reinforcement of knowledge and skills and in building confidence. This intervention could evaluate application of skills into practice to a limited extent., Conclusions: In India, there are some ongoing initiatives for building skills of the ANMs like skilled birth attendance and training in skills lab. However, such a complementary mix of skill-based 'directed' and 'self-directed' learning approaches could be a plausible model for building capacities of health workforce. In view of the transforming healthcare delivery system in India and the significant responsibility that rests on the shoulder of ANMs, a transponder mechanism to implement skill building exercises at regular intervals through such innovative approaches should be a priority.

Introduction: Maternal and neonatal health are core focus areas in fragile and conflict-affected areas, and hence midwives are key actors. But there is currently very little evidence on midwives' experiences, the challenges that they face and coping strategies they employ in the challenging and fragile rural areas of Ituri Province in the north-eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This understanding is critical to developing strategies to attract, retain and support midwives to provide vital services to women and their families. This study aims to explore midwives' work experiences and challenges through time from initial professional choice to future career aspiration in rural Ituri Province, north-eastern DRC., Methods: As part of a qualitative approach, life history interviews with 26 midwives and 6 ex-midwives, and three focus group discussions with 22 midwives in three health districts of Ituri Province (Bunia, Aru and Adja), were conducted in 2017. Purposive sampling was used to recruit research participants. The transcripts were digitally recorded, and thematically analyzed using NVivo software. A timeline framework was deployed in the analytical process., Results: Problem solving, childhood aspirations and role models were the main reasons for both midwives and ex-midwives to join midwifery. Midwives followed a range of midwifery training courses, resulting in different levels and training experiences. Midwives faced many work challenges: serious shortages of qualified health workers; poor working conditions due to lack of equipment, supplies and professional support; and no salary from the government. This situation was worsened by insecurity caused by militia operating in some rural health districts. Midwives in those settings have developed coping strategies such as generating income and food from farm work, lobbying local organizations for supplies and training traditional birth attendants to work in facilities. Despite these conditions, most midwives wanted to continue working as midwives or follow further midwifery studies. Family-related reasons were the main reasons for most ex-midwives to leave the profession., Conclusion: Midwives play a critical role in supporting women to deliver babies safely in rural Ituri Province. They face immense challenges and demonstrate bravery and resilience as they navigate the interface between underresourced health systems and poor, marginalized rural communities. This situation requires a call to action: donors need to prioritize these contexts; and the government and other stakeholders in DRC need to invest more in improving security conditions as well as working conditions and professional support for midwives in rural Ituri Province. Only then will midwives be able to provide the critical services that women and their families need, and therefore contribute to achieving universal health coverage.

Background: Ghana significantly reduced maternal and newborn mortality between 1990 and 2015, largely through efforts focused on improving access to care. Yet achieving further progress requires improving the quality and timeliness of care. Beginning in 2013, Ghana Health Service and Kybele, a US-based non-governmental organization, developed an innovative obstetric triage system to help midwives assess, diagnosis, and determine appropriate care plans more quickly and accurately. In 2019, efforts began to scale this successful intervention into six additional hospitals. This protocol describes the theory-based implementation approach guiding scale-up and presents the proposed mixed-methods evaluation plan., Methods: An implementation theory was developed to describe how complementary implementation strategies would be bundled into a multi-level implementation approach. Drawing on the Interactive Systems Framework and Evidenced Based System for Implementation Support, the proposed implementation approach is designed to help individual facilities develop implementation capacity and also build a learning network across facilities to support the implementation of evidence-based interventions. A convergent design mixed methods approach will be used to evaluate implementation with relevant data drawn from tailored assessments, routinely collected process and quality monitoring data, textual analysis of relevant documents and WhatsApp group messages, and key informant interviews. Implementation outcomes of interest are acceptability, adoption, and sustainability., Discussion: The past decade has seen a rapid growth in the development of frameworks, models, and theories of implementation, yet there remains little guidance on how to use these to operationalize implementation practice. This study proposes one method for using implementation theory, paired with other kinds of mid-level and program theory, to guide the replication and evaluation of a clinical intervention in a complex, real-world setting. The results of this study should help to provide evidence of how implementation theory can be used to help close the "know-do" gap. Every woman and every newborn deserves a safe and positive birth experience. Yet in many parts of the world, this goal is often more aspiration than reality. In 2006, Kybele, a US-based non-governmental organization, began working with the Ghanaian government to improve the quality of obstetric and newborn care in a large hospital in Greater Accra. One successful program was the development of a triage system that would help midwives rapidly assess pregnant women to determine who needed what kind of care and develop risk-based care plans. The program was then replicated in another large hospital in the Greater Accra region, where a systematic theory to inform triage implementation was developed. This paper describes the extension of this approach to scale-up the triage program implementation in six additional hospitals. The scale-up is guided by a multi-level theory that extends the facility level theory to include cross-facility learning networks and oversight by the health system. We explain the process of theory development to implement interventions and demonstrate how these require the combination of local contextual knowledge with evidence from the implementation science literature. We also describe our approach for evaluating the theory to assess its effectiveness in achieving key implementation outcomes. This paper provides an example of how to use implementation theories to guide the development and evaluation of complex programs in real-world settings.

Background: Engagement of frontline practitioners by academic researchers in the research process is believed to afford benefits toward closing the research practice gap. However, little is known about if and how academic researchers engage nurses, midwives, or therapists in research activities or if evidence supports these claims of positive impact., Method: A scoping review was undertaken using the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) framework to identify the extent to which this phenomenon has been considered in the literature., Results: An iterative search carried out in CINAHL, Pubmed, Medline, and Embase retrieved 32 relevant papers published 2000 to 2017, with the majority from the last 2-years. Retained papers described or evaluated active engagement of a practitioner from nursing, midwifery, and therapy disciplines in at least one stage of a research project other than as a study participant. Engagement most often took place in one research activity with few examples of engagement throughout the research process. Limited use of theory and variations in terms used to describe practitioner engagement by researchers was observed. Subjective perspectives of practitioners' experiences and a focus on challenges and benefits were the most prominently reported outcomes. Few attempts were found to establish effects which could support claims that practitioner engagement can enhance the use of findings or impact health outcomes., Conclusion: It is recommended that a culture of practitioner engagement is cultivated by developing guiding theory, establishing consistent terminology, and building an evidence base through empirical evaluations which provide objective data to support claims that this activity can positively influence the research practice gap., (© Copyright 2020 Springer Publishing Company, LLC.)

Aims and Objectives: To define the role and scope of the nurse and midwife within the global context of abortion., Background: An estimated 56 million women seek abortions each year; nurses and midwives are commonly involved in their care (Singh et al., 2018, https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report&#95;pdf/abortion-worldwide-2017.pdf). As new models of abortion care emerge, there is a pressing need to develop a baseline understanding of the role and scope of nurses and midwives who care for women seeking abortions., Design: The review design was Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework. The review follows the PRISMA-ScR checklist., Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and ScienceDirect were used to identify original research, commentaries and reports, published between 2008-2019, from which we selected 74 publications reporting on the nursing or midwifery role in abortion care., Results: Nurses and midwives provide abortion care in a variety of practice. Three themes emerged from the literature: the regulated role; providing psychosocial care; and the expanding scope of practice., Conclusions: The literature on nursing and midwifery practice in abortion care is broad. Abortion-related practices are potentially over-regulated. Appropriately trained nurses and midwives can provide abortions as safely as physicians. The preparation of nurses and midwives to provide abortion care requires further research. Also, healthcare organisations should explore person-centred models of abortion care., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Abortion care is a common procedure performed across many healthcare settings. Nurses and midwives provide technical and psychosocial care to women who seek abortions. Governments and regulatory bodies could safely extend their scope of practice to increase women's access to safe abortions. Introduction of education programmes, as well as embedding practice in person-centred models of care, may improve outcomes for women seeking abortions., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Midwifery-led care is a high-certainty, evidence-based strategy to improve maternity care. Midwife-led units (MLUs) are one example of how the midwifery model of care is being integrated into existing health systems to transform maternal health around the world., Purpose: To promote global investment in MLUs by describing the benefits, current advances and future directions of this model of care., Method: A viewpoint based on prevalent notions of midwifery, research findings, guidance from professional organizations and authors' professional experience., Conclusion: Renewed commitment to research and the implementation of MLUs across a variety of settings is needed to address the practice, education and policy issues associated with this evidence-based strategy. The World Health Organization "Year of the Nurse and Midwife-2020" is an opportune time to invest in midwifery models of care that are fundamental to achieving core global health initiatives such as Universal Healthcare 2030., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s).)

Background: Good quality midwifery care saves the lives of women and babies. Continuity of midwife carer (CMC), a key component of good quality midwifery care, results in better clinical outcomes, higher care satisfaction and enhanced caregiver experience. However, CMC uptake has tended to be small scale or transient. We used realist evaluation in one Scottish health board to explore implementation of CMC as part of the Scottish Government 2017 maternity plan., Methods: Participatory research, quality improvement and iterative data collection methods were used to collect data from a range of sources including facilitated team meetings, local and national meetings, quality improvement and service evaluation surveys, audits, interviews and published literature. Data analysis developed context-mechanism-outcome configurations to explore and inform three initial programme theories, which were refined into an overarching theory of what works for whom and in what context., Results: Trusting relationships across all organisational levels are the context in which CMC works. However, building these relationships during implementation requires good leadership and effective change management to drive whole system change and foster trust across all practice and organisational boundaries. Trusting relationships between midwives and women were valued and triggered a commitment to provide high quality care; CMC team relationships supported improvements in ways of working and sustained practice, and relationships between midwives and providers in different care models either sustained or constrained implementation. Continuity enabled midwives to work to full skillset and across women's care journey, which in turn changed their perspective of how they provided care and of women's care needs. In addition to building positive relationships, visible and supportive leadership encourages engagement by ensuring midwives feel safe, valued and informed., Conclusion: Leadership that builds trusting relationships across all practice and organisational boundaries develops the context for successful implementation of CMC. These relationships then become the context that enables CMC to grow and flourish. Trusting relationships, working to full skill set and across women's care journey trigger changes in midwifery practice. Implementing and sustaining CMC within NHS organisational settings requires significant reconfiguration of services at all levels, which requires effective leadership and cannot rely solely on ground-up change.

This paper presents a policy perspective on the topical issue of migration and registration of internationally qualified health practitioners (IQHPs), with a focus on international medical graduates and internationally qualified nurses and midwives. Current views, regulatory governance and recommendations affecting skilled migration and registration of IQHPs were examined, specifically whether current and proposed practices are transparent, consistent, equitable, robust, cost-effective and assist in ensuring IQHPs demonstrate the necessary qualifications and experience for protection of the Australian public. The complexity of the current regulatory and administrative application and approval processes for IQHPs seeking to live and work in the Australian healthcare setting provides significant opportunities for future research, particularly those areas of reform under consideration by the Health Ministers' Advisory Council.