Search

The literature on migrant workers generally indicates limited worker collectivism. Based on a comparative study of two Danish platform companies, however, this article shows how digital migrant networks are a crucial social infrastructure in precarious working environments. Using a novel conceptual framework that differentiates between collective strategies of coping and resistance, we show that collective resistance can spring from migrant networks. This foregrounds an understanding of how collectivism underpinned by strong migrant networks can wax and wane, which broadens our understanding of collectivism as a dynamic practice. The study's findings underscore the importance of political networks as a foundation for strategies of resistance, the value of network embeddedness, and the effects of particular migrant and employment characteristics on collective strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociology & Space / Sociologija i Prostor is the property of Institut za drustvena istrazivanja u Zagrebu (Institute for Social Research of Zagreb) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses ways in which negative economic shocks captured by natural disasters can shape internal labor migration in China. The impact of negative economic shocks on migration depends on the combination of two opposite driving forces: (i) negative economic shocks can make staying in the affected area less profitable, thus enhancing returns to migration; (ii) the shocks can make it more difficult to migrate out, thus inducing a higher fixed cost of migration. Based on a nationwide dataset of China, this paper shows that when natural disasters were not severe, they caused migration out of rural areas. With sufficiently severe damage, however, the negative effect of natural disasters could be mitigated by villages' prior migrant networks. Specifically, with a severe shock, only clan members were able to migrate in response to natural disasters and enjoyed the complementary effects of prior migrant networks, as they could receive more help from social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children comprise a significant share of immigrants around the world, yet scholarship has largely treated children as adult-like or adult-following actors in migration. We explore how the early life course and parents' migration structured children's migration from Mexico to the United States from 2002 to 2005, using the Mexican Family Life Survey, national survey data from Mexico that tracked 854 migrants, including 375 children, to the United States. We find that while parents' migration decisions matter at all ages, young children who migrate are nearly always accompanied by their parents, whereas the minority of adolescents are. Primary school-aged children and accompanied adolescents migrate in response to community violence and barriers to education, suggesting that their migration reflects concerns about where it is best to raise children. Adolescents who migrate without their parents do so in response to economic factors, much like adults; however, adolescents also respond to youth community migration prevalence, suggesting that youth-specific norms of migration frame their decision-making. The results show how the early life course structures three distinct profiles of child migration: complete dependents, children whose location choices reflect concerns about schools and safety, and near independents. More generally, the determinants and process of migration shift as parental oversight declines and social structures beyond the family-community violence, access to education, youth norms, gender, and labor markets-emerge as important.

This study examines the professional characteristics and migrant networks of Korean–Chinese returnees. A notable feature of the current Korean–Chinese migrant group in Korea is the emergence of third generation tour guides. The in-depth interviews with 12 third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides were conducted and analyzed within the grounded theory framework. A total of 110 concepts in 27 subcategories making up 11 main categories are derived. The results of axial coding indicated that the causal condition was 'to become a tour guide in Korea'. The central phenomena that have been emerging in the characteristics and migrant networks of third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides are 'nostalgia' and 'our stressful life in Korea'. Contextual conditions are 'socio-cultural distance' and the 'vulnerabilities of the job environment', while the intervening conditions are 'transnational networks', 'use of SNS (Social network system)', 'colleagues like family', and 'comfortable life'. Actions/interactions are moderated by 'migrant networks' and consequences are shown to be 'identity formation'. The core category of this study is thus 'embracing socio-cultural realities and forming diverse identities through migrant networks'. This study provides theoretical and managerial implications for the sustainable and professional characteristics and migrant networks of third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the realities of returning to the Czech Republic during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, the transnational migrant networks have been disrupted for many migrants. Some of them had to use the help of the nation-state, such as the information provided by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs or repatriation flights, to return to the country of origin. Moreover, their migration plans and trajectories might have been cut short and altered during the pandemic. This paper draws on 135 surveys with the returnees who returned to the Czech Republic between February 2020 and May 2021 and discusses their characteristics. It looks at the factors that made migrants return to the Czech Republic, describes their socio-economic situation compared to the previous country of residence, and other aspects of their post-return experience. Finally, it sheds light on the characteristics of those who claim they would have stayed abroad if there had been no pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networks’ influence on migration has long been explored largely through the lenses of cumulative causation and social capital theory. This article aims to reconceptualize elements of these theories for the case of rural–urban migration and test their utility in explaining first-migration timing. We use a uniquely extensive social network survey linked to prospectively collected migration data in rural Senegal. We decompose migrant networks into return migrants, current migrants, and nonmigrant residents of the destination to capture heterogeneity in migration-relevantsocial capital. As expected, the number of nonmigrant alters living in the capital, Dakar, has an outsized association with the migration hazard, the number of current migrants from the village living in Dakar has a smaller association, and the number of return migrants has little association. Drawing on social capital theory, we test the influence of (1) subjectively assessed tie strength between the ego and their network alters and (2) structurally weak ties measured through second-order (“friend of a friend”) connections. Weak and strong subjective tiesto current migrants and nonmigrant Dakar residents are positively associated with the first-migration hazard. Structurally weak tiesto current migrants are too, but only for individuals with no direct ties to current migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable business environment plays an important role in creating conditions favorable to innovation. However, is this the case for all types of multinational enterprises (MNEs)? While recognizing the importance of sustainable business environment in innovation, we address this question by examining the impact of sustainable business environment distance on the innovation performance of emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). A panel dataset of Chinese MNEs listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges between 2005 and 2018 is employed. Our findings suggest that sustainable business environment distance positively affect the innovation performance of MNEs. R&D internationalization plays a mediating role in the relationship between business environment distance and innovation performance. Migrant networks can strengthen the positive impact of business environment distance on the parent company's R&D internationalization. Highly skilled migrants have a greater strengthening effect than do less skilled migrants on the relationship between business environment distance and R&D internationalization. Our study contributes to the literature by providing new insights into the relationship between business environment distance and outward foreign direct investment (OFDI).

Various factors can motivate and encourage individuals to leave their country of origin and engage in the process of international migration. Large migration flows over the past few years, which are a consequence of the so-called refugee crisis in 2015, have resulted in a significant increase in academic interest in international migration. Although many factors can encourage international migration, people’s desire to increase their standard of living is undoubtedly one of the most important causes. This empirical study analyses the economic determinants of net international migration. It was conducted using techniques of econometric analysis of panel data on an extensive balanced panel data sample covering 136 countries over a period of 30 years (1990-2019). Although this study focuses on the analysis of the economic determinants of net international migration, it is necessary to point out that in this case it is not a one-way impact. Apart from the fact that economic indicators affect international migration, it is indisputable that there is an effect in the opposite direction, i.e. that migration flows significantly affect the economic performance of the origin and destination country. This influence can be realised through different mechanisms. The potential presence of reverse causality generates a problem of potentially endogenous regressors, which must be considered when selecting model estimation techniques. The estimation of the models was performed using the following two techniques that allow cross-section dependence: (i) standard common correlated effects pooled estimator (CCEP), which is based on the application of the ordinary least squares method; and (ii) modified common correlated effects pooled estimator, which is based on the application of the two-stage least squares method, allowing the presence of endogenous regressors. The obtained findings suggest that the impact of the unemployment rate on net international migration is negative. Estimates generated by the standard CCEP technique (as well as by the modified CCEP technique) show that an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% results in a decrease in net international migration by about 0.03 migrants (0.06 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. Education has a positive impact on net international migration. The standard CCEP technique (modified CCEP technique) points to the fact that a 1% increase in education results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01-0.02 migrants (0.003 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. The level of development of the migrant network has a positive effect on net international migration. The standard and modified CCEP technique show that increasing the stock of migrants by 1% increases net international migration by about 0.04-0.05 migrants, i.e. by about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. Finally, estimates obtained using the standard CCEP technique suggest that a 1% increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDPpc) results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants, while the results of the modified and more credible CCEP technique show that growth in GDPpc by 1% implies a decrease in net international migration by about 0.02 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. The negative effect of GDPpc could be rationalised by the existence of an inverted-U relationship between GDPpc and emigration (mobility transition curve). Acceptance of such an explanation requires that the following conditions be met: (i) there is an inverted-U relationship between emigration and GDPpc; (ii) the countries in the sample fit within the growing part of this relationship; and (iii) when GDPpc grows, emigration increases absolutely more than immigration.

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article studies the involvement of Western diaspora communities of Transylvanian Saxons in the humanitarian campaign for Romania during the flood disaster in 1970. It shows how the Saxons' private relief campaigns established new forms of connectivity and exchange across the Iron Curtain through a transnational regime of care, ethnic solidarity, and charitable work. The article argues that the contingent and precarious situation of such spatially divided ethnic communities refashioned a generation of World War II refugees and migrants from "speechless" objects of humanitarian intervention into passionate advocates, effective mediators, and surprising champions of private aid giving in postwar Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the entrepreneurial activity of migrants from Kyrgyzstan in Russia (on the example of Moscow and the Moscow region). The article analyzes the activity of the business platform “Tabarman” created by the entrepreneurs of Kyrgyz origin. The empirical part of the study is based on the event analysis of information about the activities of the tabarman business platform in social networks and the Internet, as well as on the analysis of the survey of participants of the first business forum organized by The platform, held on may 22, 2018. The analysis of the forum audience gives an opportunity to get an idea about the peculiarities of business activity of entrepreneurs of Kyrgyz origin, and the analysis of the platform as a business project-manifestations of the diversity of migrant infrastructure. The emergence of the Tabarman business platform is a vivid example of the quantitative and qualitative accumulation of personal and group resources of migrants from Kyrgyzstan, which has led to the complication of the interests and needs of recent migrant workers and the growth of entrepreneurial activity among them.

»,Not the Concern of the Organization?' Die IRO und das Resettlement ethnischer Deutscher aus Osteuropa in Übersee nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg «. This article examines the postwar trajectories of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) from Slovenia, Romania, and Ukraine who had ended up in Germany and Austria due to Nazi resettlement. Their story is usually told within the context of German "flight and expulsion," but is also part of the history of international refugee management. Although ethnic Germans were not eligible for care by the International Refugee Organization (IRO), some of them did seek assistance. This article analyzes the bureaucratic negotiation between IRO officials and applicants using different strategies of "ethnic conversion." Individual strategies consisted of claiming a nationality other than German, and trying to back up this claim with a convincing narrative. These efforts usually failed, petitioners living in mixed marriages being a partial exception. Collective conversion worked in the case of the Mennonites, thanks to their well-connected international relief organization, the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC). The article also traces the overseas resettlement of ethnic Germans, focusing on supporting institutional and family networks. Taken together, these perspectives open a window on the postwar negotiation of violence-induced migration at the margins of the supposedly clearly distinguished categories of Germans and non-Germans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant networks have long been regarded as helpful for facilitating migration and assimilation. However, research examining the influence of migrant networks on labour market outcomes for migrants has provided mixed results. This article investigates the impact of hometown ties on migrants' labour market outcomes in the context of Chinese internal migration, by utilizing data from migrants in Beijing to perform statistical analyses of income and informal employment (i.e. employment without legal documents). After adjusting for the potential bias that results from the workers' self-selectivity into the use of hometown ties in finding jobs, the analyses show that the hourly income of migrants is lower if they depend on hometown ties to find jobs. Also, migrants who rely on hometown ties for jobs are more likely to be informally employed, which has a detrimental effect on their overall welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mostariensia: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities is the property of University of Mostar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the relationship between migration and networks of transnational queer activism in Europe, arguing that migrant inflows increase the propensity for queer social movement organisations to orient their focus beyond the state. Existing social movement research suggests a characteristic common to activists who are most likely to facilitate and take part in cross-border activism: mobile histories of their own. Using the case of queer mobilisation, we bring into focus the mechanisms connecting migration and the proliferation of social movement organisations that champion queer causes transnationally (tSMOs). Migration contributes to new and unique continental ties between multi-national queer organisations. We argue that these ties change the landscape of queer activism in Europe by forming the bonds of solidarity across borders that lead to transnational queer mobilisation. This is largely because migrants' identities are rooted in multiple spaces and thus trigger solidarity around a multi-faceted understanding of sexual plurality, putting new issues and contexts on the agenda for queer activism. We utilise a mixed-methods approach to show a strong relationship between migrant inflows and queer tSMOs, based on an original dataset spanning twenty-six European OECD countries and on qualitative interviews with migrant activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serbia is a country with a long tradition of emigration, specific economic and political emigration context, a large number of its citizens abroad, as well as their very heterogeneous geographic distribution and differentiated structures. The main objective of the paper is to show that between the region of origin in Serbia and certain destination countries there are ties, on the basis of which migrant networks originate and spread. Over time, networks towards some countries lose their importance or are diverted to other directions. Through incorporating a regional approach, the analysis includes the results of the last five population censuses conducted between 1971 and 2011. It is based on data on the number, share of emigrants from Serbia, with regard to the length of stay abroad, educational structure, as well as the most represented receiving countries from the regional aspects (municipalities and the intense emigration zones in Serbia). Furthermore, attention is paid to the possibilities and the main problems of statistical monitoring of international migration. Such an approach has both the research and the wider social significance, particularly because most of the population abroad covered by the census maintain ties with Serbia, often visit their hometowns and present an important resource for the socioeconomic development of the country.

This paper reviews the origins of the concepts of networks and social capital in sociology and in explaining migration. It intends to promote the relational theoretical perspective for the plausible emergence of a strong articulation between social networks of immigrants and of potential migrants, with social capital mobilization, for recruiting labour in shortage when there are opportunities at the destination country. Social networks may exert the same function than governmental programs with recruitment goals.

The aim of this article is to investigate whether or not and how immigration policies affect immigration flows. Such policy impacts have hardly been investigated so far as the necessary data is lacking. For the first time, two new datasets are combined to systematically measure immigration policies and bilateral migration flows for 33 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) destination countries from over 170 countries of origin over the period 1982–2010. The study finds that immigration policies have an important effect on immigration flows and thus that states are able to control their borders. To some extent the control capacities depend on other factors in attracting or deterring immigrants. The article shows that the deterrence effect of restrictive immigration policies increases when unemployment rates are high. It appears that, in these contexts, states start to care more about effectively protecting their national economy. Moreover, policies are more effective for migrant groups from former colonies or when the stock of this group is already high in a destination country. In these circumstances, information on border regulations are more easily disseminated, which in turn makes them more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the tenability of three important critiques to the ‘migrant network’ approach in migration studies: (1) the narrow focus on kin and community members, which connect prospective migrants in origin countries with immigrants in the destination areas, failing to take due account of sources of assistance beyond the ‘migrant network’ like institutional or online sources; (2) that it is misleading to assume a general pattern in the role of migrant networks in migration, regardless of contexts of arrival or departure, including the scale and history of migration or the immigration regime; and (3) that ‘migrant networks’ are not equally relevant to all migrants, and that important differences may exist between labour migrants and other types of migrants like family migrants or students. Drawing on survey data on the migration of Brazilians to Portugal and the Netherlands we find support for these critiques but also reaffirm the relevance of ‘migrant networks’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers the first large-scale analysis of the interlinked dynamics of integration and belonging based on perceptions of "ordinary" German-speaking migrants in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Our analysis draws on a corpus of over a thousand letters from the North American Letter Collection held at the Forschungsbibliothek Gotha in Germany. Through computer-assisted text analysis, framed by research on transnationalism and immigrant integration, we explore patterns in integration and identities over time. We show how the migrants continuously redefine their identities vis-à-vis their homeland and the host society, and their letters thereby shape the image of the United States and the homeland for their recipients. Our analysis establishes more comprehensively than have previous historical and social science studies that integration into a host society is a non-linear process. Immigrant identities are influenced less by the time they have spent in the receiving country than by critical political events that affect both the country of origin and that of destination. Such events can reactivate migrant's identifications with their homeland. Immigrant networks filter this dual process in that they can facilitate migrants' integration while also reminding them of people and places left behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the gendered roles of sibling position and network‐derived social capital in Mexican and Senegalese international migration. We investigate how men's and women's migration decisions are associated with their position within the nuclear family before and after accounting for nuclear family migrant networks. Crucially, we also estimate how sibling network “effects” are gendered. We analyse 2 comparable household surveys in very distinct settings where family obligations may vary: the Mexican Migration Project (1998–2012) and the Migration between Africa and Europe–Senegal project (2008). Using discrete‐time event history analysis, we find that—without controls for nuclear family migrant networks—younger siblings in Mexico appear more likely to migrate than their older counterparts, whereas the opposite is true in Senegal. After we control for family migrant networks, however, older siblings in both countries and of both sexes are more likely to migrate. Despite these commonalities, migrant sibling networks appear to be gendered differently in the 2 countries. Although Mexican men are most influenced by migrant brother networks and Mexican women are most influenced by sister networks, evidence for Senegal is mixed and destination‐dependent. Brother networks motivate Senegalese men's and women's migration to Europe, whereas nearly all sibling networks, regardless of gender, influence Senegalese migration within Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Do information flows matter for remittance behavior? We design and implement a randomized control trial to quantitatively assess the role of communication between migrants and their international network on the extent and value of remittance flows. In the experiment, a random sample of 1,500 migrants residing in Ireland was offered the possibility of contacting their networks outside the host country for free over a varying number of months. We find a sizeable positive impact of our intervention on the value of migrant remittances sent. Larger remittance responses are associated with individuals who are employed and earn higher incomes. This evidence is consistent with the idea that the observed increase in remittances is not a consequence of relaxed budget constraints due to subsidized communication costs but rather a likely result of improved information, perhaps due to better migrant control over remittance use, enhanced trust in remittance channels due to experience sharing, or increased remittance recipients' social pressure on migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased ability to migrate from China's rural villages contributed to significant increases in the consumption per capita of both non-durable and durable goods, and these effects were larger in magnitude for households that were relatively poor before the easing of restrictions to migration. With increased out-migration, poorer households invested more in housing and durable goods than rich households,while richer households invested significantly more in non-agricultural production assets. As migration became easier, increased participation in migrant employment was greater among poorer households on both the extensive and intensive margins, and poorer households reduced labor days in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that the association between adverse climate conditions and human migration is heterogeneous. One reason for this heterogeneity is the differential vulnerability of populations to climate change. This includes highly vulnerable, “trapped” populations that are too poor to migrate given deep and persistent poverty, the financial costs of migrating, and the erosion of already fragile economic livelihoods under climate change. Another reason for this heterogeneity is the differential vulnerability of places. However, despite the growing list of studies showing that the climate-migration relationship clearly varies across places, there is surprisingly little research on the characteristics of places themselves that trap, or immobilize, populations. Accordingly, we provide the first account of the “holding power” of places in the association between adverse climate conditions and migration flows among 55 districts in Zambia in 2000 and 2010. Methodologically, we combine high-resolution climate information with aggregated census micro data to estimate gravity models of inter-district migration flows. Results reveal that the association between adverse climate conditions and migration is positive only for wealthy migrant-sending districts. In contrast, poor districts are characterized by climate-related immobility. Yet, our findings show that access to migrant networks enables climate-related mobility in the poorest districts, suggesting a viable pathway to overcome mobility constraints. Planners and policy makers need to recognize the holding power of places that can trap populations and develop programs to support in situ adaptation and to facilitate migration to avoid humanitarian emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]