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The application of high-tech methods for tracking birds, primarily satellite telemetry, has made it possible in a relatively short time to reveal the real migratory routes and wintering areas for many bird species. In the common cuckoo, the breeding range of which extends over a vast territory from Portugal to Kamchatka, the migratory routes and wintering grounds have been studied well for a number of European populations, while the migration of Asian populations of this species is still not as well studied. In this work, we analyze satellite telemetry data obtained from four adult males of the common cuckoo caught in early June 2017 during the nesting period on the Kamchatka Peninsula near the town of Yelizovo. The autumn migration of these birds started in August to early September. They crossed the Sea of Okhotsk (more than 1000 km) and, without staying for a long time in the Khabarovsk krai, stopped in China (Sichuan, Hebei, and Heilongjiang provinces), where they remained for a long time, from 32 to 52 days, moving around this country until October to November. In southern China, all three surviving males changed their southwesterly direction of migration to almost westerly and flew crossing Myanmar and Bangladesh to India, where they stopped over for 24–34 days until November 10th or 29th. Then the birds crossed the Arabian Sea in 2–3 days overcoming the huge body of water of about 3000 km in width without stopping to land on the African continent (Somalia). Further migration of the Kamchatka cuckoos passed through the countries of East Africa such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, or Zimbabwe, where they stayed from two to 11 days. Finally, all three individuals reached wintering areas in December, first in Botswana, then in Namibia. Thus, the duration of the autumn migration of Kamchatka cuckoos varied from 106 to 123 days. During this time, they overcame a record distance of 17 340 km for land birds. The spring migration of two birds started on April 19th or 26th of the next year. They flew back using a similar route as in the autumn. One individual crossed the Arabian Sea in early May, the other from May 20th to 22nd. Having reached India, one bird almost the same day continued to Bangladesh and then to China. The other one stayed on the Hindustan Peninsula for 11 days, this being much shorter than in autumn. Unfortunately, only one male reached the nesting area in Kamchatka (May 31st). Apparently, the other one either died or lost his transmitter in China. The surviving male returned to his former nesting area with high accuracy, and his transmitter emitted signals until July 10th. The spring migration took the birds much less time (42 days) than in autumn (106–123 days). Thus, we recorded an ultra-long total distance of autumn and spring migration for a land bird species of almost 34 000 km from Kamchatka to Namibia and back. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and the grain aphid (Sitobion miscanthi) are two destructive wheat pests that have caused severe economic losses in China's main wheat‐producing regions. Although previous studies have focused mainly on the population dynamics of wheat pests in wheat fields, little is known about the trans‐sea migration of both wheat aphid species in eastern China. Here, we conducted 10 years of monitoring from 2012 to 2021 to determine aerial migration patterns utilizing a suction trap on Beihuang Island (BH), a small island in the centre of the Bohai Strait that serves as a seasonal insect migratory pathway in eastern Asia. We also simulated the migration trajectories of these pests using the HYSPLIT model. Overall, a total of 6362 alatae S. miscanthi and 335 alatae R. padi were captured, and both wheat aphid species exhibited regular patterns of comigration across the sea from late April to late October each year. There were significant interannual and seasonal differences in the migratory numbers of both wheat aphids. Notably, the average daily humidity was the most important meteorological factor affecting migration biomass. The seasonal migration trajectories simulated using the HYSPLIT model revealed different source areas for both wheat aphid species, which mostly originated in Northeast, North and East China. Accordingly, our study provides valuable insights into the occurrence and migration route of wheat aphids in eastern Asia, helps fine‐tune forecasting and early warning systems, and thereby guides integrated pest management of wheat aphids in eastern Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurasian Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis schvedowi) is widely distributed across Russia and East Asia and is a second-class key protected wild animal species in China. There have been few studies on the migration routes of this species. Here, we present data from solar-powered satellite transmitters we placed on 4 goshawks at Changdao Island, Shangdaong Province, China, to follow them over the period of 2008–2013 and document their migratory routes and site fidelity. We obtained 7 spring and 9 autumn migration trajectories. We identified Shangdong and Anhui in China as wintering sites and Inner Mongolia, China, and Russia as breeding areas of Eurasian Goshawks. The spring migration flights covered 1,936 ± 847.08 km and took 27 ± 11.20 d (n = 3), and the autumn migration covered 2,382.50 ± 781.35 km and took 39 ± 15.56 d (n = 2). We found no significant difference in migration distance covered or number of traveling days between autumn and spring. We identified 7 stopover sites during spring and 21 stopover sites during autumn migration. Goshawks had strong site fidelity to breeding and wintering sites, and the arrival dates at wintering and breeding sites were similar among years. Our data will aid in the conservation of this species, including guiding decision-making and conservation action plans by providing basic data for the protection of goshawk populations and habitats.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of autumn migration of small birds obtained during their captures with mist nets in the Kurgan Oblast in 2013, 2014 and 2016. Overall, we studied 55 species and report changes in their relative abundance from late July to mid-October as well as the starting, ending and peak dates of the migration for most species. Also, we determined the sequence of their departures from the region, classified the species by the dynamics and the number of main migration waves, defined the dominant species in the captures both for the entire migration period and for its different stages. Moreover, in the article we discuss long-term changes in the timing of autumn bird migration in the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, its direction, duration of stops, timing of migration of individuals from different age and sex groups.

The Malay Archipelago, also known as Malesia, the triangle Malay Peninsula-Philippines-New Guinea, encompassing Indonesia, is tectonically one of the world's most active areas with an intricate history of amalgamation of terranes. For plants it means that ancestral species must have dispersed to the area, which presently holds about 70 % of endemic species with an estimated total of up to 45 000 species. One of the possible dispersal routes mentioned runs from the SE Asian mainland via the Philippines. This was considered likely for montane species and for species that prefer a yearly dry monsoon period. However, comparisons of numbers of species, dated phylogenies with a clade on the mainland and another in the Philippines and Species Distribution Modelling all show that most likely only few species dispersed via this northern route. Chance long distance dispersal, especially for montane species, is always possible, but for the dry monsoon preferring species, for which the Philippine connection was mentioned once as a pathway, the savannah corridor during glacial periods, running from the Malay Peninsula to Java, was likely a far more important dispersal route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a period of considerable climate and environmental changes, and constant population growth, new effective approaches to wheat breeding are required, in particular, thorough the study of genetic and genomic diversity, as well as the origin and migration routes of species genetically close to bread wheat, which could be donors of genes that control economically important traits. These species include cultivated emmer Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schübl. with A and B subgenomes (2n = 28), similar to the corresponding subgenomes of hexaploid bread wheat. The review examines the issues of genetic and genomic diversity of cultivated emmer, its domestication, and distribution routes. The characteristics of some T. dicoccum genes introduced into bread and durum wheat, or promising for further use in breeding programs, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The results of the trapping and ringing of the Spotted Flycatcher at the “Fringilla” field station in the Courish (Curonian) Spit, Eastern Baltic, for the period 1957–2020, in the number of 7984 individuals are presented. The annual number of birds caught has varied for 64 years, while the period since the mid–1980s has been characterized by a downward trend in numbers. Due to the "coastal effect", the proportion of adult birds averaged 3%, varying by year from 1% to 14%. The recoveries of our rings during the spring arrival and breeding of birds are concentrated in the coastal northern parts of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, in the territories of Denmark, Sweden and Finland. The recoveries of our rings during the autumn migration are from Italy. The average daily speed of autumn movement is 66–87 km per day. The age (in years) at the discovery time of the bird with the ring was from one to five years old.

The distribution and migration routes of the most studied swan species, mute swans (Cygnus olor), in East Asia are largely unknown because most of those studies were conducted in Europe and North America. In 2016 and from 2021 to 2022, we deployed satellite tracking devices on 22 and 10 mute swans wintering at the Ili River, Xinjiang of Western China, and summering at Ulansuhai Lake, Inner Mongolia of Eastern China, to determine their migration routes. Eight environmental factors, namely, human population density, the shortest distance to the nearest transportation route, elevation, aspect, slope, air temperature, wind speed and gross primary productivity (GPP), were used to analyse the environmental differences at the stopover sites of swan populations between Eastern and Western China. Ebinur and Ulungur Lakes in Xinjiang of Western China and Kapchagay Reservoir and Sasykkol and Alakol Lakes in Eastern Kazakhstan were the summering sites for the Western Chinese swan population; for the Eastern Chinese swan population, in addition to the Yellow River Delta being identified as a wintering site, the Hongze Lake Region of Jiangsu and Danaoban Lake of Inner Mongolia in China were also identified for the first time as wintering and summering sites, respectively. We also found that human population density and GPP were crucial determinants of stopover duration in the Eastern and Western Chinese swan populations both in spring and in autumn. Our findings provide basic data for future research on mute swans in East Asia and will contribute to conservation action plan development through current conservation status evaluations of important summering, wintering and stopover sites along the migration routes of mute swans.

The wetlands of southwestern Siberia (SWS) are a crossroads of bird migration routes, bringing avian influenza (AIV) strains that were previously isolated in different regions of the continent to Siberia. It is known that Anseriformes that breed in SWS migrate for the winter to central Hindustan or further west, while their migration routes to southeast Asia (SEA) remain unconfirmed. Here, we mapped the molting sites of the migrating Common Teals (Anas crecca) via analyzing stable hydrogen isotope content in feathers of hunters' prey and supplemented the analysis with the genetic structure of viruses isolated from teals in the same region. Post-breeding molt of autumn teals most likely occurred within the study region, whereas probable pre-breeding molting grounds of spring teals were in the south of Hindustan. This link was supported by viral phylogenetic analysis, which showed a close relationship between SWS isolates and viruses from south and southeast Asia. Most viral segments have the highest genetic similarity and the closest phylogenetic relationships with viruses from teal wintering areas in southeast Asian countries, including India and Korea. We assume that the winter molt of SWS breeding teals on the Hindustan coast suggests contacts with the local avifauna, including species migrating along the coast to SEA. Perhaps this is one of the vectors of AIV transmission within Eurasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration patterns of humpback whales in the southwestern Atlantic have not been studied in detail. Humpback whales that winter off the coast of Brazil migrate south to offshore waters around South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. This project uses data collected from satellite tags attached to humpback whales off the coast of Brazil between 2003 and 2019 to establish what paths they take and whether they use oceanic features, in particular seamounts, during their migrations.The results show that this population of humpbacks leave the Brazilian coast using two different paths, cross over multiple seamounts, including the Rio Grande Rise, and most of them use a direct path to their feeding grounds. The results indicate that humpback whales may use seamounts during their migration, although further research is required to understand their potential use of seamounts during their migration.

The early history of the lower Lualaba, the region between Kisangani and Lowa, is mostly known from Moeller’s Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantous de la Province Orientale du Congo belge (1936). This work is largely based on vernacular histories collected and reinterpreted by various colonial administrators. Here, we present recently recorded vernacular histories and a reanalysis of relevant documents from the AIMO colonial archives. The combination of these sources allows for sketching a cultural chronostratigraphy of the region. Moreover, the proposed paths and cultural exchanges display striking similarities to the history of the concerned languages. We conclude that the current inhabitants of the region arrived in the late precolonial period, after which cultural admixture took place, especially between Lengola, Mbole and Wagenya-Mokpa-Metoko. Vernacular histories and linguistic evidence seem to suggest that the region was sparsely populated before, except for the Falls area, which was already buzzing with activity before the Wagenya occupation in the early 19th century. The two types of evidence do not offer access to earlier periods, which can be revealed only by future archaeological research.

Nocturnal moths (Lepidoptera) are important pollinators of a wide range of plant species. Understanding the foraging preferences of these insects is essential for their scientific management. However, this information is lacking for most moth species. The present study was therefore conducted to delineate the host plant feeding and pollination ranges of an agriculturally important nocturnal moth species Athetis lepigone by identifying the pollen species adhering to their bodies during long-distance migration. Pollen grains were dislodged from 1871 A. lepigone migrants captured on Beihuang Island in the Bohai Strait between 2020 and 2021. This region is a key seasonal migration pathway for A. lepigone in northern China. Almost 20% of all moths sampled harbored pollens, providing direct evidences that this moth species may serve as pollinators. Moreover, at least 39 pollen taxa spanning 21 plant families and 31 genera were identified, with a preference for Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, and Pinaceae. Additionally, the pollen adherence ratios and taxa varied with moth sex, inter-annual changes, and seasonal fluctuations. Most importantly, the pollen taxa were correlated with insect migration stages and indicated that A. lepigone bidirectionally migrates between central China (Shandong, Hebei, and Henan Provinces) and northeastern China (Liaoning Province). Overall, the findings of the present work provide valuable information on the pollination behavior, geographical origins, and pollination regions of A. lepigone moths and could facilitate the design and optimization of efficacious local and regional management strategies for this important insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite previous research efforts, the majority migration routes of the black‐necked cranes (Grus nigricollis) have remained veiled. In this study, we utilized satellite telemetry data from 45 cranes between 2015 and 2021 to unveil critical insights. Our results revealed 11 distinct autumn migration routes and one sedentary flock, of which eight routes and the sedentary flock were previously undocumented. Our findings highlighted the remarkable diversity in the migration routes of black‐necked cranes, especially in terms of migration orientations, spatial–temporal patterns, and altitudinal movement patterns. Cranes breeding on the eastern, northern, and central Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau migrated southward, while those on the northern slopes of the Himalayas migrated eastward, westward, northward, or opted to remain sedentary. Moreover, we expanded the known range of migration distances to 84–1520 km at both ends (excluding sedentary individuals) and identified two long‐term (Da Qaidam and Chaka) and one short‐term (Gyatong grassland) stopover sites. Furthermore, our study revealed that the breeding colonies in the Qilian Mountains on the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau utilized long‐term stopover sites before embarking on significant altitude ascent, while other flocks displayed more urgent migration patterns, preferring to roost only at night. By unveiling the near‐complete autumn migration routes of black‐necked cranes, our research has contributed to discovering the critical habitats and connectivity among various breeding colonies, which is instrumental in developing effective seasonal conservation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migratory birds face diverse threats during migration. Critical stopover sites (CSSs) are essential refueling and resting sites for migratory birds that ensure their complete migration and survival. Therefore, identifying bird migration patterns, routes, and critical habitats is vital for conservation. From 2018–2022, we deployed satellite tracking devices on 30 Bewick’s swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) wintering in China to determine their migration routes. Using a dynamic Brownian bridge movement model, we identified migration corridors, core movement areas, and CSSs for Bewick’s swans. Combining protected area databases and human settlement types, we further assessed the swans’ conservation status and human impacts on CSSs. The results showed that Bewick’s swans migrated north from their wintering grounds using one of three routes (west, middle, and east), passing through Mongolia to reach the Russian Arctic (breeding grounds) in spring. They followed similar routes during autumn to return to wintering grounds. We found a new middle route within the East Asian–Australasian Flyway (EAAF) and several northward expanded wintering sites. Our study revealed similarities and differences in the spring and autumn migrations, with longer stopover durations in spring due to migration strategies and ice conditions. Moreover, our findings identified the Inner Mongolia region, the Songnen Plain, the Bohai Rim of China, and the main streams of the Lena River and the Ob River of Russia as CSSs for Bewick’s swans. However, the conservation status of the CSSs was relatively low; and the situation was more severe in spring than in autumn, only 4.3% of the total area was protected, likely due to the distribution of farmland and urban areas. Specifically, 14.3% of the CSSs in China were in urban areas during spring, while in Mongolia and Russia this figure was less than 1%. Therefore, it is necessary to balance waterbird conservation with sustainable agriculture and urban development. This research contributes to our understanding of the migratory ecology of Bewick’s swans wintering in China. The identified migration corridors and CSSs are crucial for the future conservation of swans along the EAAF.

Abstract Drosophila buzzatii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a fly that breeds exclusively on decaying tissues of cacti species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of South America. This distribution includes biomes in distinct climatic regimes (e.g., seasonal rain forest, semi-arid scrubs, savannas, and grasslands), which at first glance could might give the false impression that the species is not sensitive to either climate or vegetation physiognomies. However, detection of historical demographic events within D. buzzatii reveal the interplay between climate and the population structure of the species as the Late Quaternary climate changes occurred. To understand this process, we performed a phylogeographic analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial gene COI for 128 individuals from 43 localities. Our analyses combined coalescent methods, population genetics, and paleodistributions estimation methods. Our study reveals that the COI haplotype diversity is geographically structured, with a decreasing cline from north to south. The results suggest an ancient range expansion, dated from 610k to 550k years before present, in the northernmost region of the species distribution, the Caatinga vegetation. More recently, an intense gene flow and a population expansion were detected in the central and south portions of its distribution. The demographic events detected date back to the glacial periods of the Quaternary.

Entodon challengeri (Paris) Cardot has important environmental monitoring and medical value. It is critical we inspect the influence of climate warming on its spatiotemporal distribution pattern. Based on actual geographical distribution records and environmental datasets, a MaxEnt model coupled with ArcGIS was executed to display the potential suitable habitats of E. challengeri in China under future climate warming scenarios. We showed the following. (i) The simulation accuracy of the MaxEnt model was excellent, with an AUC value of 0.918. (ii) Annual precipitation and precipitation during the wettest month were the critical factors that restricted the distribution range of E. challengeri. (iii) Current suitable habitats were concentrated in the northern temperate zone in eastern China. (iv) Under climate warming scenarios, on the spatial scale, the distributional pattern presented a shrinkage in the south and expansion in the north, which was more obvious in the RCP8.5 than in the RCP2.6 scenario. On the time scale, shrinkage of the potential distributional range was greater in the 2070s than in the 2050s. (v) The distributional centroids shifted to the northeast. In general, future climate warming will have a great negative effect on the suitability of habitats of E. challengeri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the results of trapping and ringing Yellow Wagtail on the Courish (Curonian) Spit in Eastern Baltic in the amount of 3076 individuals during 1957–2020, the population numbers, the migration routes and wintering grounds are presented. The obtained seven recoveries of our rings account for only 0.23% of the efficiency of Yellow Wagtail ringing. The annual number of Yellow Wagtails captured varied widely over 64 years, from three to 206 individuals. The oscillations were wavelike in nature and showed different amplitudes. Of the seven birds with our rings found two birds in November and February were caught in the Federal Republic of Nigeria (West Africa), three birds during migration were found in Italy and two birds during the summer were found in Sweden and Finland. The length of the migration route from the Courish Spit to Nigeria was more than five thousand kilometers. The results of studying the migrations of this species in other countries and regions are discussed.

Being a foreign, black woman or man, suffering from cold, hunger and lack of security, with no recognized social existence: this is the experience of the migrants we followed during this survey in Morocco. What they have in common is that, at certain points in their stay, they have only one ultimate resource left: their own bodies. Based on an ethnographic survey conducted between 2016 and 2020 and the analysis of biographical material, this article proposes to revisit the lived experience of extreme vulnerability and the tactics considered to cope with it. It presents an analysis centered on migrants’ bodies conceived as surfaces on which “regimes of truth” are inscribed, as sites of domination and creative resistance.

The release of mitochondrial genome sequences provides the basis for characterizing interspecific and intraspecific variation in Brassica mitochondrial genomes. However, few B. juncea (mustard) mitochondrial genomes have been published. We assembled the mitochondrial genomes of three B. juncea subspecies and compared them with previously published genomes. The genomes were phylogenetically classified into A, B, C, and Bna clades. Two variant sites, a transversion (C → A) at nt 79,573 and a 31-bp copy-number variation between nts 65,564 and 65,596, were identified. Based on these variant sites, mitotype-specific sequence markers were developed to characterize the variation among worldwide 558 B. juncea accessions. Three mitochondrial genome types (mitotypes MT1–MT3) were identified. In terms of geographical distribution, MT1 and MT2 accessions were distributed mainly to the north and MT3 to the south of 34°N. Root mustards carried only MT1, leaf and stem mustards carried mainly MT3, and seed mustards carried all three mitotypes, implying that the mitotypes underwent selection during B. juncea domestication. A new form of oil mustard evolved by hybridization between two gene pools in southwest China.

The wetlands of southwestern Siberia (SWS) are a crossroads of bird migration routes, bringing avian influenza (AIV) strains that were previously isolated in different regions of the continent to Siberia. It is known that Anseriformes that breed in SWS migrate for the winter to central Hindustan or further west, while their migration routes to southeast Asia (SEA) remain unconfirmed. Here, we mapped the molting sites of the migrating Common Teals (Anas crecca) via analyzing stable hydrogen isotope content in feathers of hunters’ prey and supplemented the analysis with the genetic structure of viruses isolated from teals in the same region. Post-breeding molt of autumn teals most likely occurred within the study region, whereas probable pre-breeding molting grounds of spring teals were in the south of Hindustan. This link was supported by viral phylogenetic analysis, which showed a close relationship between SWS isolates and viruses from south and southeast Asia. Most viral segments have the highest genetic similarity and the closest phylogenetic relationships with viruses from teal wintering areas in southeast Asian countries, including India and Korea. We assume that the winter molt of SWS breeding teals on the Hindustan coast suggests contacts with the local avifauna, including species migrating along the coast to SEA. Perhaps this is one of the vectors of AIV transmission within Eurasia.

Abstract A rapid increase in wind power generation has led to bird collisions becoming a serious problem worldwide. Developing useful sensitivity maps to select low‐risk sites for birds is an urgent issue. For migratory birds, such as geese and swans, that visit different habitats throughout their life cycle, it is important to conduct risk assessments that take into account their behavioural characteristics in each habitat. Geese and swans fly and migrate at varying altitudes (above the ground) ranging from 10 to hundreds of metres. Accurate predictions of avian flight altitudes are essential in assessing the risks of collisions with human‐made structures. We first obtained location data for four species of geese and swans to identify their spring migratory routes within Japan (Bean Goose Anser fabalis and Anser serrirostris, Greater White‐fronted Goose Anser albifrons, Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii and Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus). As all four species used the same roosts and overlapping foraging areas from winter to spring, a single migratory route was defined by integrating the location data of the four species. Flight trajectories were tracked using an ornithodolite. The median flight height for these four species in all landscape types was 150 m or less. Then a LASSO regression model was created with flight altitude obtained as the response variable and topographic and landscape factors as explanatory variables. Trends in flight altitude with environmental differences were similar for the four species, indicating that topographical factors strongly influence flight altitude. Finally, a statistical model was used to predict flight altitudes along migration routes. The sensitivity maps we generated showed that for all four species, most flight heights during spring were within the wind turbine range, suggesting that their risk of collision with wind turbines was greater along their migratory route. Sensitivity maps that accurately reflect avian flight characteristics help provide useful information when considering the location of further wind turbine construction.

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) is a worldwide migratory pest that threatens food security in China. Previous studies have clarified the general migration regularity of M. separata in East Asia, but knowledge of migration routes over northeast China, especially in autumn as well as the impact by climate change in recent years, is still limited. From 2017 to 2020, we monitored the migration of M. separata in northeast China by searchlight traps and simulated moth trajectories by the HYSPLIT model. The M. separata moths had three main migration periods in northeast China, and there were obvious seasonal differences at different latitudes. The spring and summer migrants (late May to early-mid June and late July to early August) came from the southern Shandong Province and migrated to the north via Hebei/Shandong-Liaoning-Jilin-Heilongjiang. Moreover, more than half of the autumn trapped insects from late August to mid-late September migrated in the provinces where the sites are located, southward via Heilongjiang-Jilin-Liaoning. These results clarified the migration route of M. separata in northeast China and their relationship with the insect source in north China, thereby providing a theoretical basis for regional monitoring, early warning, and management of the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most models of migration simply assume that migrants somehow make their way from their point of origin to their chosen destination. We know, however, that—especially in the case of asylum migration—the migrant journey often is a hazardous, difficult process where migrants make decisions based on limited information and under severe material constraints. Here we investigate the dynamics of the migration journey itself using a spatially explicit, agent-based model. In particular we are interested in the effects of limited information and information exchange. We find that under limited information, migration routes generally become suboptimal, their stochasticity increases, and migrants arrive much less frequently at their preferred destination. Under specific circumstances, self-organised consensus routes emerge that are largely unpredictable. Limited information also strongly reduces the migrants' ability to react to changes in circumstances. We conclude, first, that information and information exchange is likely to have considerable effects on all aspects of migration and should thus be included in future modelling efforts and, second, that there are many questions in theoretical migration research that are likely to profit from the use of agent-based modelling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In 2015 and 2016 four Lesser White-fronted Geese (Anser erythropus), a globally threatened species, were caught and tagged during spring migration representing nearly 10% of the entire Swedish breeding population at the time. Two of the birds were followed over more than one season. Tracking data revealed an unexpected wide network of migration corridors and staging sites. Autumn and spring migration differed by stepping-stone sites and migration speed. So far unknown key stopover sites were discovered in Denmark, northern Germany, and Sweden. By using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models, the potential areas that Lesser White-fronted Geese used during migration are described and conservation implications spotlighted. This study provides another important piece of the puzzle describing the migration of Lesser White-fronted Geese in Western Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the results of trapping and ringing long-eared owls on the Curonian Spit in Kaliningrad oblast in the amount of 3391 individuals during 1957–2016, the population numbers, the migration routes and wintering grounds, the age structure, and the causes of bird death were studied. The overall efficiency of ringing was 3.01%, but the number of ring recoveries decreased significantly over time. The annual number of long-eared owls captured varied widely over 60 years, from 1 to 365 individuals. The oscillations were wave-like in nature and showed different amplitudes. In this regard, we discuss the numbers of long-eared owls and the degree of their territorial mobility in relation to abundance variations in the voles as their main food objects. Among the migrating owls, immature individuals (83%) and females (65%) predominated, and the longevity record was 16 years and 3 months. Of all 102 ring recoveries, only 16 birds were found alive. The main direction of flights in autumn was from south to west. The largest number of ring recoveries indicating the main flyways and wintering grounds came from Germany and neighboring countries at latitudes of 50°–54°N. Some ring recoveries indicate the origins of the populations of long-eared owls migrating through the Curonian Spit, since subsequently they were found is Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Finland, as well as on different territories of Russia, from Leningrad oblast to Tatarstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the data of the ring recoveries from bean geese (Anser fabalis), ringed from 1960 to 2013 on wintering grounds in the Netherlands, where a subspecies was indicated for a significant part of the birds (A. f. fabalis or A. f. rossicus), is given. Most of the finds were registered on the territory of the former Soviet Union, mainly in the Russian Federation. The hypothesis is tested that the subspecies A. f. fabalis is exposed to more hunting pressure than A. f. rossicus. To test this, a comparison is made of the survival periods of birds of the two subspecies and an analysis of the seasonal distribution of finds of ringed birds. The average life expectancy of A. f. fabalis (compared to A. f. rossicus), a long-term shift in the timing of production in the direction of spring hunting, and the possible change in wintering regions of the bean goose (increase in the importance of Eastern European wintering) as another reason for the sharp decrease in the number of wintering A. f. fabalis in the Netherlands are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat stripe rust (yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ), is an important airborne disease worldwide. Pst inoculum strength in southern Henan in winter or early spring is important for spring epidemics in the main autumn-sown wheat-growing regions of China. However, there is limited knowledge about the source and time of initial infection on winter wheat in southern Henan. The first occurrence of wheat stripe rust in southern Henan was recorded annually from 2011 to 2022, from which we used the backward trajectory approach to infer the likely source of Pst inoculum responsible for the initial disease occurrence. The results suggested that the Pst inoculum responsible for initial rust established in the winter in southern Henan originated from the Gansu Pst oversummering area in China, whereas it originated from the adjacent winter Pst sporulation regions in southern Shaanxi and northwestern Hubei if Pst symptoms were first observed in early spring in southern Henan. Another possible Pst source is southern Hubei where Pst can also sporulate in the winter. Thus, early Pst development in winter in the main wheat production region in China (Henan) is likely to be caused by Pst inoculum spread from the oversummering inocula or Pst epidemics in autumn seedlings in Gansu., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

ÖZ: Somali, tarih boyunca dini, siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal nedenlerle çatışmaların yaşandığı bir ülkedir. Somalilerin ülkelerinden çıkışı genellikle zorunlu nedenlere bağlı olup, gittikleri ülkelerdeki siyasi krizler nedeni ile de yeniden yerinden edilmektedirler. Bu çalışma Suriye’ye göç etmiş olan Somalilerden Suriye krizi sonucu Türkiye’ye (Balıkesir) yerleştirilmiş gruplar üzerine odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada hedeflenen amaçlar şunlardır: (i) 2011 yılından itibaren Suriye’den Balıkesir’e göç eden ve BM’nin yerleştirdiği Somalili mültecilerin göç öncesi ve sonrasında sosyo-ekonomik durumlarıyla kültürel adaptasyonları tespit edilerek karşılaştırılmıştır, (ii) Somali’den Türkiye’ye olan göç güzergâhları ortaya konulmuştur, (iii) göç sonrasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve mülteci ailelerin gelecek hedefleri detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından biri olan anlatı araştırması kullanılmıştır. Saha araştırmalarından elde edilen bulgulara göre; Somalili mülteci ailelerin Balıkesir’i tercih etme nedenleri arasında sosyal ağlar, yaşam maliyetlerinin düşük olması (barınma ve gıda maddelerine erişim) ve iş imkânlarının bulunması sıralanabilir. Mülteci aileler, göç öncesi ve Türkiye’ye geçiş sürecinde şiddet ve saldırı eylemleri, travmatik olaylar, yaşamı tehdit edici deneyimler; göç sonrasında ise yeniden yerleşimle birlikte ortaya çıkan dil sorunları, yoksulluk, duygusal sorunlar, sosyal uyum vb. sorunlarla karşılaştıklarını dile getirmişledir. Yine bu çalışma sonucuna göre mültecilerin yaşadıkları sıkıntılarla baş etme sürecinde yerli halkın mültecilerle maddi ve manevi desteklerinin oldukça önemli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ABSTRACT: Somalia is a country where conflicts have been experienced throughout history for religious, political, economic and social reasons. The exit of Somalis from their countries is generally due to compulsory reasons and they are displaced again due to the political crises in the countries they have gone to. This study focused on embedded groups who had emigrated from Somalia to Syria as a result of the Syrian crisis in Turkey (Balıkesir). Targeted objectives in this study are: (i) since 2011, who emigrated from Syria to Balıkesir and the UN has placed before the exodus of Somali refugees and compared by determining cultural adaptation of their socio-economic situation in the post, (ii) from Somalia to Turkey The migration routes have been set forth, (iii) the problems encountered after migration and the future goals of refugee’s families have been examined in detail. Narrative research, which is one of the qualitative research approaches, was used in the study. According to the findings obtained from field studies; Social networks, low living costs (access to shelter and food) and job opportunities can be listed among the reasons why Somali refugees’ families prefer Balıkesir. Refugees’ families, pre-migration and violence and attacks in Turkey in transition, traumatic events, life-threatening experiences; After migration, language problems, poverty, emotional problems, social adaptation, etc. that occur with resettlement. They stated that they encountered such problems. Again, according to the results of this study, it was concluded that the material and moral support of the native people to the refugees is very important in the process of coping with the problems experienced by the refugees.

Nocturnal moths (Lepidoptera) are important pollinators of a wide range of plant species. Understanding the foraging preferences of these insects is essential for their scientific management. However, this information is lacking for most moth species. The present study was therefore conducted to delineate the host plant feeding and pollination ranges of an agriculturally important nocturnal moth species Athetis lepigone by identifying the pollen species adhering to their bodies during long-distance migration. Pollen grains were dislodged from 1871 A. lepigone migrants captured on Beihuang Island in the Bohai Strait between 2020 and 2021. This region is a key seasonal migration pathway for A. lepigone in northern China. Almost 20% of all moths sampled harbored pollens, providing direct evidences that this moth species may serve as pollinators. Moreover, at least 39 pollen taxa spanning 21 plant families and 31 genera were identified, with a preference for Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, and Pinaceae. Additionally, the pollen adherence ratios and taxa varied with moth sex, inter-annual changes, and seasonal fluctuations. Most importantly, the pollen taxa were correlated with insect migration stages and indicated that A. lepigone bidirectionally migrates between central China (Shandong, Hebei, and Henan Provinces) and northeastern China (Liaoning Province). Overall, the findings of the present work provide valuable information on the pollination behavior, geographical origins, and pollination regions of A. lepigone moths and could facilitate the design and optimization of efficacious local and regional management strategies for this important insect.

Background The Yi-Luo valley witnessed the most significant socio-political transformation of China and was deeply implicated in several enormous migrations of the Han population. However, little has been done to clarify its paternal genetic variation or phylogenetic relationship, particularly concerning the genetic evidence of their migrations. Aim This study aims to uncover the population genetic characteristics in the Yi-Luo valley and provide genetic evidence for its people’s migrations. Subjects and methods Seventeen Y-STR loci included in the AmpFlSTR®Yfiler™ were typed in 2,314 individuals from seven different regions along the Yi-Luo valley. A multidimensional scaling plot and neighbor-joining tree were constructed for nationwide genetic comparisons. Y-haplogroup frequencies and migration rates were estimated among the studied populations. Gene flows were detected by different migration models and directions. Results The predicted Y-haplogroups demonstrated the predominance of O2a2. Genetic affinities were observed among Han, Hakka, Danmin, and Bai. Anhui was shown to be the most crucial transfer spot for the Hakkas when they moved out of the Central Plains to South China. Conclusions This study reveals the genetic landscape of paternal lineages living in the Yi-Luo valley and enriches our understanding of the great migration in Chinese history.

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The combination of population and landscape genetics can facilitate the understanding of conservation strategy under the changing climate. Here, we focused on the two most diverse and ecologically important evergreen oaks: Quercus aquifolioides and Quercus spinosa in Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which is considered as world's biodiversity hotspot. We genotyped 1,657 individuals of 106 populations at 15 nuclear microsatellite loci throughout the species distribution range. Spatial patterns of genetic diversity were identified by mapping the allelic richness (AR) and locally common alleles (LCA) according to the circular neighborhood methodology. Migration routes from QTP were detected by historical gene flow estimation. The response pattern of genetic variation to environmental gradient was assessed by the genotype–environment association (GEA) analysis. The overall genetic structure showed a high level of intra-species genetic divergence of a strong west-east pattern. The West-to-East migration route indicated the complex demographic history of two oak species. We found evidence of isolation by the environment in Q. aqu -East and Q. spi -West lineage but not in Q. aqu -West and Q. spi -East lineage. Furthermore, priority for conservation should be given to populations that retain higher spatial genetic diversity or isolated at the edge of the distribution range. Our findings indicate that knowledge of spatial diversity and migration route can provide valuable information for the conservation of existing populations. This study provides an important guide for species conservation for two oak species by the integration of population and landscape genetic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migration & Ethnic Themes: MET / Migracijske i Etničke Teme is the property of Institut za istrazivanje migracija / Institute for Migration Research (IMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The combination of population and landscape genetics can facilitate the understanding of conservation strategy under the changing climate. Here, we focused on the two most diverse and ecologically important evergreen oaks: Quercus aquifolioides and Quercus spinosa in Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which is considered as world’s biodiversity hotspot. We genotyped 1,657 individuals of 106 populations at 15 nuclear microsatellite loci throughout the species distribution range. Spatial patterns of genetic diversity were identified by mapping the allelic richness (AR) and locally common alleles (LCA) according to the circular neighborhood methodology. Migration routes from QTP were detected by historical gene flow estimation. The response pattern of genetic variation to environmental gradient was assessed by the genotype–environment association (GEA) analysis. The overall genetic structure showed a high level of intra-species genetic divergence of a strong west-east pattern. The West-to-East migration route indicated the complex demographic history of two oak species. We found evidence of isolation by the environment in Q. aqu-East and Q. spi-West lineage but not in Q. aqu-West and Q. spi-East lineage. Furthermore, priority for conservation should be given to populations that retain higher spatial genetic diversity or isolated at the edge of the distribution range. Our findings indicate that knowledge of spatial diversity and migration route can provide valuable information for the conservation of existing populations. This study provides an important guide for species conservation for two oak species by the integration of population and landscape genetic methods.

Fisheries based on reproductive aggregations can threaten species such as snappers that have gregarious behavior during the reproductive period. This note provides evidence to support the existence of aggregation sites, not previously registered and unprotected, in the National Park San Felipe Keys (NPSFK), southwestern region of Cuba. Traditional information obtained from local fishermen and from the park staff was complemented with qualitative and quantitative fish reef censuses and local fisheries data in 2014. In the reproductive season of snappers (May to July) groups of between 40-100 specimens of Lutjanus cyanopterus, Lutjanus synagris and Lutjanus jocu were observed in the western area of the NPSFK on the reefs (spoor and grove between 20-30 m deep close to the platform edge). Within that area two sites are indicated that can be used for pre-spawning aggregation, so they require protection and study. Quantitative censuses confirmed that in May and June the western zone has high density of adult snappers. Also, the peak of capture of these snapper species occurred in the reproductive season. It was found that fisheries carried out during fish migrations to the edge of the shelf in areas of the western area of the NPSFK and more than 60% of the individuals had mature gonads (before spawning). This information should promote the study of spawning aggregations in this region of Cuba, the protection of threatened species and areas of high ecological significance and the implementation of sustainable fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the geopolitical situation, the scarcity of raw materials, the foreign policy actions of the major powers, the excessive use of resources worldwide and the struggle for them, as well as the inequalities caused by the demographic explosion of developing countries, europe and thus Hungary from the wider Middle East region have been under considerable migratory pressure for a long time, and this has increased further in 2021 on the basis of statistical data. (Frontex). Europe is trying to provide more answers to the problem. It is trying to keep refugees as far away as possible by developing and improving living conditions in the countries where migration flows originate, as well as by establishing migration zones beyond the EU's borders and financing them, because these problems need to start to be addressed and solved at local level. Despite all this, refugees are constantly reaching Europe, and unfortunately among them are not only those who fear for their lives and lose everything, fleeing war, but also economic migrants who join the wave of migration and are probably members of organisations that pose a threat to European values and public security. (Kotzur, Moya, Sözen, Romano 2020). By building physical border closures, several EU countries have closed certain migration routes, but this has not eliminated the problem, only the routes have been reorthled. The registration and clear identification of immigrants in the attempt to cross the border and their identification within the EU pose a number of unresolved problems for the authorities. (Beňuška, T., Nečas, 2021). We are reviewing and comparing the methods of identification used in border policing with modern biometric identification methods in order to draw attention to the fact that technology has long been ready to be used to protect our security in the service of European values and security. But at the same time, a significant deterrent is the difficult transition from entrenched solutions to the fear of misuse of biometric data. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to consider trade-offs in use and technology and to think more effectively together at EU level as a common solution on the regulatory side. (EU Regulation 399/2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) occurs throughout Eurasia and North and sub-Saharan Africa, with three recognized subspecies and six geographically distributed populations. However, in China, we knew almost nothing about migration routes, habitat use and effectiveness of current site protection measures for this species. Methods: We deployed Global Positioning System/Global System for Mobile Communications (GPS/GSM) satellite trackers on 29 Eurasian Spoonbills captured in summer in Mongolia and northeastern China, to obtain complete migration routes data from 10 individuals from 19 complete migration episodes. Results: Tracking data showed no geographical overlap during the annual cycle in Eurasian Spoonbills marked in the two main summering areas. Birds marked in the Naoli River Basin in Heilongjiang Province, China, wintered along the Jiangsu coastline in China, while Eurasian Spoonbills from two discrete summering areas (in Inner and western Mongolia) overwintered inland in the Yangtze River floodplain of China. Excluding the single Inner Mongolian bird, spring migration was significantly faster than autumn migration in the other two groups of birds. Eurasian Spoonbills mainly used water, wetland and grassland habitats in summer, but almost exclusively water in winter. Lack of protection of staging sites used by all the birds in spring and poor levels of protection throughout the annual cycle for western Mongolian birds (5–22%) gives considerable cause for concern, although sites used in other time by East Mongolian and Naoli River birds in the rest of their annual life cycle enjoyed good levels of protection (49–95%). Conclusions: These results revealed previously unknown relationships between summering and wintering areas, migration routes and stopover sites for Eurasian Spoonbills wintering in China, suggesting the existence of discrete biogeographical population units. They also identified winter habitat use of Eurasian Spoonbills in China, confirming open water habitats as being critical throughout the annual cycle, although based on small sample size, gaps in current site safeguard networks for these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yi-Luo valley witnessed the most significant socio-political transformation of China and was deeply implicated in several enormous migrations of the Han population. However, little has been done to clarify its paternal genetic variation or phylogenetic relationship, particularly concerning the genetic evidence of their migrations. This study aims to uncover the population genetic characteristics in the Yi-Luo valley and provide genetic evidence for its people's migrations. Seventeen Y-STR loci included in the AmpFlSTR®Yfiler™ were typed in 2,314 individuals from seven different regions along the Yi-Luo valley. A multidimensional scaling plot and neighbor-joining tree were constructed for nationwide genetic comparisons. Y-haplogroup frequencies and migration rates were estimated among the studied populations. Gene flows were detected by different migration models and directions. The predicted Y-haplogroups demonstrated the predominance of O2a2. Genetic affinities were observed among Han, Hakka, Danmin, and Bai. Anhui was shown to be the most crucial transfer spot for the Hakkas when they moved out of the Central Plains to South China. This study reveals the genetic landscape of paternal lineages living in the Yi-Luo valley and enriches our understanding of the great migration in Chinese history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations of migratory bird species have suffered a sustained and severe decline for several decades. Contrary to non-migratory species, understanding the causal mechanisms proves difficult (for migratory bird species) as underlying processes may operate across broad geographic ranges and stages of the annual cycle. Therefore, the identification of migration routes, wintering grounds, and stopover sites is crucial for the development of relevant conservation strategies for declining migrant bird species. We still lack fundamental data of the non-breeding movements for many migratory species, such as European turtle doves Streptopelia turtur, a trans-Saharan migrant. For this species, knowledge of non-breeding movements is mainly based on ringing data that are limited by a low recovery rate in Africa, and tracking studies with a strong bias towards individuals breeding in France. We used Argos satellite transmitters to obtain detailed year-round tracks and provide new insights on migration strategies and winter quarters, of turtle doves breeding in Central and Eastern Europe. The tracking data along with analysis of land cover data confirm previously assumed use of multiple wintering sites and the use of a wide range of forest and agricultural landscapes at the breeding grounds. Tracking data in combination with environmental parameters demonstrated that most environmental parameters and niche breadth differed between breeding and wintering grounds. "Niche tracking" was only observed regarding night-time temperatures. Furthermore, we provide evidence for breeding site fidelity of adult individuals and for home range size to increase with an increasing proportion of agricultural used areas. Significance statement: The European turtle dove, a Palearctic-African migrant species, is one of the fastest declining birds in Europe. The rapid decline is presumed to be caused mainly by habitat modification and agricultural changes. Here, we represent data on migration strategies, flyways, and behavior on European breeding and African non-breeding sites of turtle doves breeding in Central and Eastern Europe equipped with satellite transmitters. Our results confirm the use of different migration flyways and reveal an indication for "niche switching" behavior in terms of environmental factors during the different annual phases. The migratory behaviors revealed by the tracking approach, e.g., prolonged stopovers during autumn migration in Europe overlapping with time of hunting activities, stopovers in North Africa during spring migration, or evidence for loop migration, are important protection-relevant findings, particularly for the Central-Eastern flyway, for which no tracking data has been analyzed prior to our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences is the property of Dokuz Eylul University Graduate School of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper considers issues relating to the emergence of ancient routes of communication in Central Asia. The authors specify the location of roads of regional and transregional significance in the Bronze Age. They categorize the natural and economic factors that led to the migration of the peoples of Central Asia, which contributed to the establishment and development of the first economic ties of this region with India, Iran, Mesopotamia, and China. As part of their work they chart routes through the Urals and around the Volga. They also determine the location of main routes of migration in Central Asia.

Little is known about the migration of the Gray-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus). During the fall migration season of 2018, we tracked 3 birds from Guiyang Airport, China, a stopover site of Gray-headed Lapwing, in order to analyze their migratory and wintering movements by means of GPS-GSM satellite telemetry. We obtained 3 partial fall migration routes and 2 complete spring migration routes from September 2018 to July 2019. We identified E India and Bangladesh as their wintering ground and NE and E China as their breeding area. The spring migration covered 3,380 km and took 12 d on average (n = 2). Gray-headed Lapwings migrated at night, flying at speeds of 29.11–91.12 km/h. In winter, the mean home range area (95% utilization distribution) was 18.56 km2 (SD = 21.74, 3 birds) and the mean core area (50% utilization distribution) was 1.28 km2 (SD = 1.49, 3 birds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of migratory songbird transition periods, such as the post-breeding period, is complex because birds undertake different types of movements that vary in space and time. Nonetheless, it is important to understand the extent and duration of the territory and specific sites use to identify human activities likely to affect the species’ survival. Individuals from different regional populations may exhibit specific movements during the various phases of their annual cycle, and therefore conservation actions must be adapted. We studied a population of Canada Warblers (Cardellina canadensis) from the Saguenay region of Quebec, Canada, in the northeastern part of the species’ breeding range. We used a coordinated radio-telemetry network (Motus) to determine the residence time within the breeding territory, dates and times of departure, and early fall migration routes of 18 adult birds. We expected individuals to leave by mid-August and to migrate through the eastern flyway, along the Atlantic Coast. Six tracked individuals remained on their breeding territory until early September, corresponding to a residence time of approximately 90 days. These individuals left just after sunset on their day of departure. Twelve individuals departed earlier, and in the daytime, before the end of August; their earlier departure was likely for a purpose other than migration. Nine individuals were detected outside their breeding territory along the Atlantic migratory flyway: four migrated through the Great Lakes region, one in the Great Appalachian Valley, three along the Atlantic Coast or coastal plain, and one with an undetermined route. Our results suggest that adult Canada Warblers remain in the Saguenay region longer than expected, and that, although some individuals remain close to their breeding territory during the post-breeding period, others may use surrounding territories prior to initiating their fall migration. Our results will allow regional conservation managers to recommend that regional industry postpone the timing of certain activities that could negatively affect the species’ survival. Our study highlights the importance of fine-scale studies focused on specific periods of migratory songbird annual cycles to fill important knowledge gaps for understanding of the ecology of their species.

Due to its geographical proximity to Western countries, Turkey is becoming one of the critical points of a complex migration system that includes asylum seekers, refugees, regular, irregular and transit migrants. For this reason, Turkey, regarded as a "transition country", is a very important station on the way to European destinations. With this aspect, Turkey has become a key country in terms of the EU's border security, and this feature has become the focal point of EU-Turkey relations. Despite the importance and insufficient opportunities for irregular migration to the EU, Turkey's struggle with transit migration will be discussed in this study. Furthermore, the routes used by refugees to reach Europe through Turkey, as well as the statistics related with these routes, will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores for a second decade, from November 2008 to March 2018, we examined the species diversity, return rate, longevity, and migration routes of humming birds overwintering in southern Alabama and the panhandle, northern peninsula, and central peninsula of Florida. Site fidelity was high, with 299 humming birds of 5 species returning at least once. Two Rufous Hummingbirds migrated to our study area in the autumn from the West (Oklahoma and Texas).