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Jumping ability has been identified as one of the best predictors of dance performance. The latest findings in strength and conditioning research suggest that the relationship between force and velocity mechanical capabilities, known as the force-velocity profile, is a relevant parameter for the assessment of jumping ability. In addition, previous investigations have suggested the existence of an optimal force-velocity profile for each individual that maximizes jump performance. Given the abundance of ballistic actions in ballet (e.g., jumps and changes of direction), quantification of the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile could be beneficial for dancers as a guide to specific training regimens that can result in improvement of either maximal force or velocity capabilities. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile during jumping in different company ranks of ballet dancers. Eighty-seven female professional ballet dancers (age: 18.94 ± 1.32 years; height: 164.41 ± 8.20 cm; weight: 56.3 ± 5.86 kg) showed high force deficits (> 40%) or low force deficits (10% to 40%) regardless of their company rank. Our results suggest that dance training mainly develops velocity capabilities, and due to the high number of dramatic elevations that dance performance requires, supplemental individualized force training may be beneficial for dancers. The individualization of training programs addressed to the direction of each individual's imbalance (high force or low force) could help dancers and their teachers to improve jump height and therefore dance performance.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) is a complex disease that is mainly characterised by chronic pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances and may be precipitated or worsened by many stressors. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on respiratory efficiency and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in women with FM.A total of 30 women with FM were included in the intention to treat analyses: 15 were assigned to the RMT group and 15 to the control group. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of RMT. The primary outcome was the change in pulmonary function assessed by global body plethysmography at 12 weeks compared with baseline. Secondary outcomes included changes of scores in HRQoL assessed by the Short Form 36 Health Survey-Portuguese version.The maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) improved by 17.5% (p-value = .033), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) improved 21.6% (p-value = 0.045) and maximum occlusion pressure (P0.1 max) increased 27.7% (p-value = 0.007). HRQoL improved in the dimensions of physical function, physical role, bodily pain and vitality (p-value0.05).RMT results in a significant improvement of respiratory efficiency and HRQoL after 12 weeks. RMT could be an effective therapy to enhance respiratory function and quality of life in women with FM.

The present study aimed to analyse the effects of 12 months of participation in a public physical activity program linked to primary care on depression level and fitness, and to determine which fitness components were responsible for the improvement in depression using mediation analysis. Participants of this program were 2768 middle-aged and older adults from 67 municipalities throughout the Spanish region of Extremadura. In the analysis only participants with depression and without any missing values for fitness variables were included. This sample was 303 for exercise group and 74 for control group. Socio-demographic data, Geriatric Depression Scale and some fitness tests were applied at baseline and 1 year later. Exercise group performed the program 3 days/week for 50–60 min per session involving brisk walking with intermittent flexibility, strength and balance activities/exercises. Socializing within the group was encouraged in all sessions. Data analysis included analysis of covariance, chi-squared and effect size statistics. Additionally, a parallel model of mediation analysis was performed to determine the indirect effect of the participation in the exercise program on depression through improvements in fitness. A considerable reduction from mild, moderate or severe depression to non-depression were obtained for exercise group (68%) P-value

Agility is a key component of physical fitness in adolescents. However, the measurement of this variable is usually complex, requiring high cost instruments and complex software. To test the validity and reliability of a novel iPhone app (Lap Tracker Auto-timer) to measure agility performance among adolescents. Twenty-four physically active adolescents (15.7 ± 2.3 years old) participated in two testing sessions (separated by 7 days). They performed three 4 x 10 m agility test trials measured by Photocell or the iPhone app. The correlation analysis revealed high validity (r = .92; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .88 – .95), with a standard error of the estimate of 0.56 s (p < 0.001). The coefficient of variation (CV; 0.09) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; .93; 95% CI = .85 – .97) showed an acceptable reliability. This study demonstrated that the iPhone App Lap Tracker Auto-timer could be a valid, reliable and low-cost tool to evaluate agility performance in adolescents. However, more studies are required to guarantee the utility of this app.

Background: The recent published version with five levels of response of EQ-5D-Y needs to be studied in children with chronic illness. For this, the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the psychometric properties of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in terms of feasibility, ceiling effect, redistribution properties, informativity and inconsistence responses in children with cancer. (2) Methods: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L, were administered to children drawn from the population with cancer. EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L were evaluated in terms of feasibility, ceiling effects, redistribution properties and differences in absolute and relative informativity. (3) Results: A total of 73 children (9.7 ± 2.3 years old) from the population with cancer participated in the study. No missing data in the new EQ-5D-Y-5L were visualized, so the feasibility was acceptable. EQ-5D-Y-5L showed a low ceiling effect in all dimensions with relative changes from EQ-5D-Y-3L to EQ-5D-Y-5L of between 15.3% and 42.4% for the dimensions and 44.6% for the overall system. Compared to EQ-5D-Y-3L, EQ-5D-Y-5L provided a better distribution of the severity of the problem in the five levels of response. The absolute informativity (Shannon’s index) did not show statistically significant differences between EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L in all dimensions and the overall system. (4) Conclusions: EQ-5D-Y-5L is feasible, presenting a low ceiling effect and high discriminative power, This work was financially supported by the EuroQol Research Foundation. EuroQol Research Foundation by 1226-RA project. (The EuroQoL Research Foundation is a non-profit organization) : Regional Association of Parents of Children with Cancer (ANDEX), Spain

El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la condición física y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), midiendo el efecto mediador de la funcionalidad física. Se realizaron diferentes pruebas de condición física a adultos mayores. El cuestionario composite physical function se utilizó para medir la funcionalidad física y el EQ-5D-5L para valorar la CVRS. El análisis de mediación confirma el papel de mediador de la funcionalidad física entre la condición física y la CVRS (B = .051; CI = .036 a .067). La asociación directa de la condición física y CVRS tuvo un efecto B = .0314, t = 3.313. p = .001. Se concluye que la relación entre la condición física y la CVRS está parcialmente mediada por la función física en mayores., The aim of this work was to analyze the association between fitness and health related quality of life, assessing the physical functionality impact as a mediator. Different tests of physical condition were carried. The composite physical function (CPF) questionnaire was used to measure the physical functionality and the EQ-5D-5L to quantify the HRQoL. The mediation analysis confirms the physical functionality mediator role between fitness and HRQoL (B=.051; CI= .036 to .067). The direct association of fitness and HRQoL had an effect of B=.0314, t=3.313. p=.001. It is concluded that the fitness, regardless its impact on physical functioning, is related to HRQoL.

Objectives. We investigated the association between physical fitness and cognitive status. Further, we examined whether physical fitness mediates the association between cognitive functioning and aging. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Urban and rural Colombian older adults. Methods. 4416 participants from the SABE study were included in the current analysis. Physical fitness was assessed with the handgrip test and the usual gait speed test. Cognitive status was evaluated through the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination. A parallel mediation path was used to test the possible mediator role of physical fitness between aging and cognitive functioning. Results. Older adults with lower handgrip strength (HGS) were more likely to have mild-cognitive status than older adults with healthy HGS (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.15, 2.02). In addition, older adults with a slower gait speed were more likely to have mild cognitive impairment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.54, 2.78). Age had an inverse relationship with cognitive function (&beta, = &minus, 0.110, 95% CI = &minus, 0.130, &minus, 0.100) and it was also inversely associated with HGS (&beta, 0.003, 95% CI = &minus, 0.005, 0.002) and gait speed (&beta, 0.010, 95% CI = &minus, 0.011, 0.009). The indirect effects, which indicate that the effect of age on cognitive function is transmitted through mediators, showed that both gait speed (&beta, 0.028, 95% CI = &minus, 0.036, 0.020) and HGS (&beta, 0.014, 95% CI = &minus, 0.024, 0.005) were independent mediators of the detrimental effect of aging on cognitive function. Conclusions. Physical fitness mediates the effects of aging on cognitive functioning. Our findings suggest that physical activity can be a key factor to prevent cognitive deterioration during aging process.

Objectives: the study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of EQ-5D-5L-Y and to compare the performance of EQ-5D-5L-Y with EQ-5D-3L-Y in children and adolescents. Methods: the Spanish versions of the 3L and 5L of EQ-5D for youths, were administered to children and adolescents from the general population. Feasibility and reliability were determined for the EQ-5D-5L-Y. The EQ-5D-5L-Y and EQ-5D-3L-Y were evaluated in terms of ceiling effects, informativity, and correlations with other generic measurements of health-related quality of life. Results: a total of 714 healthy children and adolescents (10.7 ± 2.1 years old) from the general population participated in the study. Most of the sample reported full health status. The feasibility and reliability for the EQ-5D-5L-Y were acceptable, but the questionnaire showed a low convergent validity. Absolute informativity (Shannon index) showed a slight increase in all dimensions of the 5L compared with the 3L; nevertheless, there were only statistically significant differences between 5L and 3L in the dimension 'feeling worried, sad, or unhappy' and also on the overall system. Relative informativity (Shannon evenness index) showed a decrease in the 5L compared with 3L for all dimensions, except for 'looking after myself'. Correlations with other health measurements, in both 3L and 5L, showed similar results to those observed in the international EQ-5D-3L-Y validation study. Conclusion: the results show that EQ-5D-5L-Y is feasible, consistent, and reliable, but there are minor differences in the ceiling effect and informativity between the EQ-5D-5L-Y and EQ-5D-3L-Y versions in the general population. This work was supported by grants 20170290 from the EuroQol Research Foundation, Netherlands.

Objectives The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) recently defined the new concept of probable sarcopenia to help improve screening and prevent future sarcopenia. We investigated the prevalence of probable sarcopenia, defined as weak grip strength, in community-dwelling older Colombian adults, and examined the long-term associated conditions. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Urban and rural Colombian older adults from the “Estudio Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE) study”. Participants 5237 Colombian older adults aged ≥60 years. Measurements Probable sarcopenia was assessed following the cut-off points for weak grip strength recommended by EWGSOP2 guidelines. Odds ratios (ORs) of the relationship between long-term conditions and probable sarcopenia were determined using logistic regression. Results The prevalence of probable sarcopenia defined as weak grip strength was 46.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 45.1-47.8]. Physical inactivity “proxy” (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14-1.59); diabetes (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.11-1.56); and arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatism (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.25-1.67) were independently associated with probable sarcopenia. Conclusions and Implications We found that almost half of all the Colombian older adults in our sample had probable sarcopenia. Individuals with physical inactivity, diabetes, arthritis, or osteoarthritis and rheumatism had a higher prevalence of probable sarcopenia. Probable sarcopenia is clinically highly relevant, and several of the factors associated with this condition are potentially preventable, treatable, and reversible.

Excess central adiposity accelerates the decline of muscle strength in older people. Additionally, hyperglycemia, independent of associated comorbidities, is related to the loss of muscle mass and strength, and contributes to functional impairment in older adults. We studied the mediation effect of glucose levels, in the relationship between abdominal obesity and relative handgrip strength (HGS). A total of 1571 participants (60.0% women, mean age 69.1 &plusmn, 7.0 years) from 86 municipalities were selected following a multistage area probability sampling design. Measurements included demographic and anthropometric/adiposity markers (weight, height, body mass index, and waist circumference). HGS was measured using a digital dynamometer for three sets and the mean value was recorded. The values were normalized to body weight (relative HGS). Fasting glucose was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric methods. Mediation analyses were performed to identify associations between the independent variable (abdominal obesity) and outcomes (relative HGS), as well as to determine whether fasting glucose levels mediated the relationship between excess adiposity and relative HGS. A total of 1239 (78.8%) had abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity had a negative effect on fasting glucose (&beta, = 9.04, 95%CI = 5.87 to 12.21), while fasting glucose to relative HGS was inversely related (&beta, = &minus, 0.003, 95%CI = &minus, 0.005 to &minus, 0.001), p &lt, 0.001. The direct effect of abdominal obesity on relative HGS was statistically significant (&beta, 0.069, 95%CI = &minus, 0.082 to &minus, 0.057), p &lt, 0.001. Lastly, fasting glucose levels mediates the detrimental effect of abdominal obesity on relative HGS (indirect effect &beta, 0.002, 95%CI = &minus, 0.004 to &minus, 0.001. Our results suggest that the glucose level could worsen the association between abdominal obesity status and lower HGS. Thus, it is plausible to consider fasting glucose levels when assessing older adults with excess adiposity and/or suspected loss of muscle mass.

The adverse effects of fat mass on functional dependence might be attenuated or worsened, depending on the level of muscular strength. The aim of this study was to determine (i) the detrimental effect of excess adiposity on dependence in activities of daily living (ADL), and (ii) whether relative handgrip strength (HGS) moderates the adverse effect of excess adiposity on dependence, and to provide the threshold of relative HGS from which the adverse effect could be improved or worsened. A total of 4169 participants (69.3 &plusmn, 7.0 years old) from 244 municipalities were selected following a multistage area probability sampling design. Measurements included anthropometric/adiposity markers (weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)), HGS, sarcopenia &ldquo, proxy&rdquo, (calf circumference), and ADL (Barthel Index scale). Moderation analyses were performed to identify associations between the independent variable (relative HGS) and outcomes (dependence), as well as to determine whether relative HGS moderates the relationship between excess adiposity and dependence. The present study demonstrated that (i) the adverse effect of having a higher WHtR level on dependence in ADL was moderated by relative HGS, and (ii) two moderation thresholds of relative HGS were estimated: 0.35, below which the adverse effect of WHtR levels on dependency is aggravated, and 0.62, above which the adverse effect of fat on dependency could be improved. Because muscular strength represents a critically important and modifiable predictor of ADL, and the increase in adiposity is inherent in aging, our results underscore the importance of an optimal level of relative HGS in the older adult population.

Background: The short physical performance battery (SPPB) is a physical performance test of lower extremity function designed for non-disabled older adults. We aimed to establish reference values for community-dwelling Colombian adults aged 60 years or older in terms of (1) the total score; (2) the three subtest scores (walking speed, standing balance performance, and five times sit-to-stand test); and (3) the time to complete the five times sit-to-stand test, s and the walking speed test. Additionally, we sought to explore how much of the variance in the SPPB subtest scores could be explained by anthropometric variables (age, body mass, height, body mass index, and calf circumference). Methods: Participants were men and women aged 60 years or older who participated in the Health and Well-being and Aging Survey in Colombia, 2015. A sample of 4,211 participants (57.3% women) completed the SPPB test, and their anthropometric variables were evaluated. Age-specific percentiles were calculated using the LMS method (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles). Results: The mean SPPB total score for the entire sample was 8.73 (2.0) points. On average, the total SPPB score was 0.85 points greater in men than in women (p < 0.001). Significant sex differences were observed in all three age groups tested (60–69, 70–79, and 80+ years). In the full sample, our findings suggested that age, body mass, height, body mass index, and calf circumference are significant contributors to walking speed (p < 0.001) after controlling for confounding factors, including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Percentile values are of interest to identify target populations for primary prevention and to estimate the proportion of high or low values for SPPB measures in community-dwelling Colombians aged at least 60 years. This study is part of a larger project that has been funded by a Colciencias y Ministerio de Salud y la Protección Social de Colombia (The SABE Study ID 2013, no. 764). RR-V was funded in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship Resolution ID 420/2019 of the Universidad Pública de Navarra. MI was funded in part by a research grant PI17/01814 of the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad de España (ISCIII, FEDER).

Purpose: The study aimed to test whether improvement in fitness components, mediates the changes in Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) after exercise intervention in overweight and obese childr...

The present study evaluated the ability of five obesity-related parameters, including a body shape index (ABSI), conicity index (CI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) for predicting increased cardiometabolic risk in a population of elderly Colombians. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1502 participants (60.3% women, mean age 70 ± 7.6 years) and subjects' weight, height, waist circumference, serum lipid indices, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose were measured. A cardiometabolic risk index (CMRI) was calculated using the participants' systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and fasting glucose levels, and waist circumference. Following the International Diabetes Federation definition, metabolic syndrome was defined as having three or more metabolic abnormalities. All surrogate anthropometric indices correlated significantly with CMRI (

The present study evaluated the ability of five obesity-related parameters, including a body shape index (ABSI), conicity index (CI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) for predicting increased cardiometabolic risk in a population of elderly Colombians. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1502 participants (60.3% women, mean age 70 &plusmn, 7.6 years) and subjects&rsquo, weight, height, waist circumference, serum lipid indices, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose were measured. A cardiometabolic risk index (CMRI) was calculated using the participants&rsquo, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and fasting glucose levels, and waist circumference. Following the International Diabetes Federation definition, metabolic syndrome was defined as having three or more metabolic abnormalities. All surrogate anthropometric indices correlated significantly with CMRI (p &lt, 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of how well the anthropometric indices identified high cardiometabolic risk showed that WtHR and BRI were the most accurate indices. The best WtHR and BRI cut-off points in men were 0.56 (area under curve, AUC 0.77) and 4.71 (AUC 0.77), respectively. For women, the WtHR and BRI cut-off points were 0.63 (AUC 0.77) and 6.20 (AUC 0.77), respectively. In conclusion, BRI and WtHR have a moderate discriminating power for detecting high cardiometabolic risk in older Colombian adults, supporting the idea that both anthropometric indices are useful screening tools for use in the elderly.

Purpose EQ-5D-Y is a generic measure of health status for children and adolescents aged 8–15 years. Originally, it has three levels of severity in each dimension (3L). This study aimed to develop a descriptive system of EQ-5D-Y with an increased number of severity levels and to test comprehensibility and feasibility. Methods The study was conducted in Germany, Spain, Sweden and the UK. In Phase 1, a review of existing instruments and focus group interviews were carried out to create a pool of possible labels for a modified severity classification. Participants aged 8–15 rated the severity of the identified labels in individual sorting and response scaling interviews. In Phase 2, preliminary 4L and 5L versions were constructed for further testing in cognitive interviews with healthy participants aged 8–15 years and children receiving treatment for a health condition. Results In Phase 1, a total of 233 labels was generated, ranging from 37 (UK) to 79 labels (Germany). Out of these, 7 to 16 possible labels for each dimension in the different languages were rated in 255 sorting and response scaling interviews. Labels covered an appropriate range of severity on the health continuum in all countries. In Phase 2, the 5L version was generally preferred (by 68–88% of the participants per country) over the 4L version. Conclusions This multinational study has provided a version of the EQ-5D-Y with 5 severity levels in each dimension. This extended version (EQ-5D-Y-5L) requires testing its psychometric properties and its performance compared to that of the original EQ-5D-Y-3L. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11136-019-02115-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Gait speed worsens with the presence of obesity, and is a powerful marker of functional dependence. Accordingly, gait speed could be a factor that improves or worsens the relationship between obesity and dependence in activities of daily living (ADL). However, to date this potential role has not been examined and the minimum gait speed threshold in the relationship between obesity and ADL is not known. The aim of this study was to determine whether speed moderates the association between obesity and dependence in ADL, and also define the gait speed threshold of this relationship.A total of 20,507 community-dwelling older adults from a cross-sectional analysis of national survey data - the Colombian Health, Well-being and Aging study (SABE, 2015) - were surveyed. The research data were collected using structured questionnaires, including basic information, ADL measured using the Barthel Index, body mass index, and gait speed (3 m). The Johnson-Neyman technique was applied to determine the gait speed threshold adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities.Regression analysis showed a significant detrimental effect of obesity on dependence in ADL, which was moderated by gait speed (β = 0.081; 95%CI: 0.045 to 0.117; p 0.001). Adjusted for major covariates, the Johnson-Neyman technique defined two gait speed thresholds:0.77 m/s, indicating an aggravated adverse effect; and1.06 m/s, indicating a positive effect.The adverse effect of obesity on dependence in ADL is moderated by gait speed. Considering these thresholds, the distribution of older adults in each of the proposed areas of significance were: below 0.77 (m/s) = 14,324 (70.0%), above 1.06 (m/s) = 1553 older adults (7.5%) and between areas = 4630 older adults (22.5%).

IMPORTANCE: Whether quality- or quantity-based physical education (PE) interventions are associated with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and fundamental motor skills (FMSs) in children and adolescents is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of interventions aimed at optimizing PE in terms of quality (teaching strategies or fitness infusion) or quantity (lessons per week) with health-related physical fitness and FMSs in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, studies were identified through a systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, and SPORTDiscus databases (from inception to October 10, 2019) with the keywords physical education OR PE OR P.E. AND fitness AND motor ability OR skills. Manual examination of references in selected articles was also performed. STUDY SELECTION: Studies that assessed the association of quality- or quantity-based PE interventions with improvement in physical fitness and/or FMSs in youths (aged 3-18 years) were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data were processed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled effect size (Hedges g). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Health-related physical fitness outcomes and FMSs. RESULTS: Fifty-six trials composed of 48 185 youths (48% girls) were included in the meta-analysis. Quality-based PE interventions were associated with small increases in health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness [Hedges g = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.16-0.32] and muscular strength [Hedges g = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09-0.29]) and FMSs (Hedges g = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.27-0.49). Subgroup analyses found stronger associations for quality-based PE interventions on body mass index (Hedges g = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.26 to −0.09), body fat (Hedges g = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.37 to −0.18), cardiorespiratory fitness (Hedges g = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.23-0.39), and muscular strength (Hedges g = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.39). Quantity-based PE interventions were associated with small increases in only cardiorespiratory fitness (Hedges g = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.30-0.55), muscular strength (Hedges g = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.31), and speed agility (Hedges g = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.07-0.51). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings suggest that quality-based PE interventions are associated with small increases in both student health-related physical fitness components and FMSs regardless of frequency or duration of PE lessons. Because PE aims to improve more than health, high levels of active learning time may need to be balanced with opportunities for instruction, feedback, and reflection.

Running performance is a determinant factor for victory in Sprint and Olympic distance triathlon. Previous cycling may impair running performance in triathlons, so brick training becomes an important part of training. Wearable technology that is used by triathletes can offer several metrics for optimising training in real-time. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of previous cycling on subsequent running performance in a field test, while using kinematics metrics and SmO2 provided by wearable devices that are potentially used by triathletes. Ten trained triathletes participated in a randomised crossover study, performing two trial sessions that were separated by seven days: the isolated run trial (IRT) and the bike-run trial (BRT). Running kinematics, physiological outcomes, and perceptual parameters were assessed before and after each running test. The running distance was significantly lower in the BRT when compared to the IRT, with a decrease in stride length of 0.1 m (p = 0.00) and higher %SmO2 (p = 0.00) in spite of the maximal intensity of exercise. No effects were reported in vertical oscillation, ground contact time, running cadence, and average heart rate. These findings may only be relevant to &lsquo, moderate level&rsquo, triathletes, but not to &lsquo, elite&rsquo, ones. Triathletes might monitor their %SmO2 and stride length during brick training and then compare it with isolated running to evaluate performance changes. Using wearable technology (near-infrared spectroscopy, accelerometry) for specific brick training may be a good option for triathletes.

Background: Sarcopenia in older adults is strongly associated with an increase in dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) and with a decline in gait speed. Interestingly, gait speed has been shown to independently predict mortality. In this context, our study aimed to explore the mediator role of gait speed on the relationship between sarcopenia and dependency in ADL. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Colombia, 19 705 older adults with a mean age of 70 years, 55.6% women, 16.1% with sarcopenia, and 14.7% mild, moderate, or severe dependency in ADL, according to ‘SABE Survey 2015’. Sarcopenia was assessed by calf circumference and ADL dependence through the Barthel Index. Gait speed was measured over a distance of 3 m. The association between sarcopenia condition and gait speed and dependency level was analysed by linear regression adjusted by covariates. To examine whether gait speed mediated the association between sarcopenia and dependence components of physical function, simple mediation models were generated using ordinary least squares with the macro PROCESS version 3.2, adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Significant differences (P

This study evaluated the predictive ability of 11 obesity- and lipid-related parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body roundness index (BRI), &ldquo, A&rdquo, body-shape index (ABSI), conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), triglyceride-to-glucose fasting index (TyG), triglyceride-to-glucose fasting related to BMI (TyG-BMI), triglyceride-to-glucose fasting related to WC (TyG-WC), and triglyceride-to-glucose fasting related to WtHR (TyG-WtHR), to identify patients from an elderly Colombian population with a high risk of prediabetes according to the 2016 American Diabetes Association criteria. The data were obtained from the 2015 Colombian Health and Wellbeing and Aging Survey. A total of 3307 elderly Colombian individuals (aged over 60 years) were included. Anthropometric data, fasting plasma glucose, blood lipid profiles, family history, and health-related behaviors were assessed, and prediabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs) were calculated for each anthropometric indicator, using the prediabetes classification to identify their sensitivity and specificity, and these indicated that the prevalence of prediabetes was 25.3% in this population. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the TyG index was strongly associated with the odds of having prediabetes in both sexes, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the ORs for prediabetes increased across quartiles (p &lt, 0.001). The TyG index was best able to identify prediabetes in either sex (AUC and optimal cut-off = 0.700 and 8.72, and 0.695 and 8.92 for men and women, respectively), suggesting that compared to the other parameters, the TyG index has the best discriminative power to predict prediabetes in the whole population. Thus, we propose the TyG index be used as a complementary marker for assessing prediabetes in older adults.

There is sufficient evidence about the effects of physical exercise programs on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in obese and overweight children. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects on physical fitness and HRQoL in overweight and obesity children and their parents and find out whether the effect of intervention on anthropometric and physical fitness parameters mediated the improvements found in the proxies’ perception of participant quality of life. 151 overweight and obese children (106 intervention and 45 control) participated in a public exercise program. Anthropometrics characteristics, physical fitness, and HRQoL (EQ-5D-Y) were measured. Analysis of Covariance and effect size were performed to analyze the improvement. Mediation analyzed with bootstrap to observe whether anthropometric or physical fitness improvements mediate of the changes in the proxies’ assessment of HRQoL. Significant improvements were found in waist circumference, physical fitness, and HRQoL. The improvement of waist circumference showed a significant indirect effect on the change in the proxy perception of quality of life. The reduction of waist circumference mediates the change on proxies’ perception of quality of life and not by the improvement in physical fitness. Trial registration: ISRCTN97887613

Background There is evidence that overweight and obesity in children is associated with poor Physical Fitness and consequently lower Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL). However, this linear-causal relationship between Weight Status → Physical Fitness → HRQoL is not enough to fully understand this phenomenon. Therefore, need to know, through mediation analysis, how operate the Physical Fitness between weight status and HRQoL dimensions. Purpose The aim of this study was to determine which HRQoL dimensions are mediated through Physical Fitness in obese (including overweight) and normal weight children. The study also examined the association between Physical Fitness, Body Mass Index (BMI) and HRQoL. Methods A total of 233 overweight/obese children and 105 normal-weight children participated in the study. Children were recruited from public educational centers and a public weight loss program. BMI, Physical Fitness (upper limb, central body and lower limb strength; agility and range of motion) and HRQoL (PedsQL and VAS) were measured. Simple mediation analyses by gender, through PROCESS macro developed by Preacher and Hayes, were performed in order to analyze whether Physical Fitness computed as z-score, is a mediator in the relation between weight status (normal weight or overweight/obesity) and HRQoL dimensions. \itionally, unequal-variances t statistics were executed to know differences in BMI, Physical Fitness components and HRQoL dimensions between groups, and correlations to know the associations between weight status, Physical Fitness z-score and HRQoL. Results Our results, indicated association between the Physical Fitness z-score and HRQoL dimensions in overweight/obese children. Regarding to mediation analysis, the results showed that the negative association between overweight/obesity and HRQoL is softened by the level of Physical Fitness. Therefore Physical Fitness is a mediator in the relationship between overweight/obesity children and the most of dimensions of HRQoL, except the School functioning in boys and the School and Emotional functioning in girls. Conclusions The negative effect of overweight or obesity on HRQoL inn children, is mitigated by Physical Fitness. Consequently, the Physical Fitness is a mediator on HRQoL in most dimensions, especially daily living, in schoolchildren. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-018-0981-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) serves to detect changes over time in patients' health status and allows to do a cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments. When children with special health features cannot perform a self-assessment, it is possible to assess their HRQoL through their parents or caregivers. To date, the discrepancy in the assessment of HRQoL using the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire among children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their parents has not been analyzed. The objective of this study was to analyze the level of agreement in the HRQoL assessment using the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire and its proxy version among children with CP and their parents or caregivers.Children and adolescents with CP, and their parents, from a special education school in the region of Extremadura (Spain) participated in the study. The EQ-5D-Y questionnaire was used for children and the EQ-5D-Y proxy version, for parents. Interviews were conducted in the first quarter of 2015. The level of agreement in the responses was analyzed using the Cohen's kappa coefficient for the five domains of the EQ-5D-Y and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the visual analogue scale.Sixty-two children with CP and mild and/or moderate functional capacity impairment, and their parents, participated in the study. The level of agreement was poor in the HRQoL assessment between children and parents in all the questionnaire domains (0.20) and fair or poor (0.60) in the visual analogue scale.A high level of parent-child disagreement was observed in the HRQoL assessment in the population with CP using the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire.La evaluación de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) permite detectar cambios en el tiempo en la salud de pacientes y posibilita realizar un análisis de coste-efectividad de tratamientos. En niños con características especiales de salud que no pueden autoevaluarse, existe la posibilidad de evaluar su CVRS a través de padres o cuidadores. Hasta la fecha, no se ha analizado la discrepancia en la evaluación de la CVRS a través del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y entre niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) y sus padres. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado de concordancia en la evaluación de la CVRS a través del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y y su versión Proxy entre niños con PC y sus padres o cuidadores.Participaron, en el estudio, niños y adolescentes con PC, así como sus padres y madres, procedentes de un centro de educación especial de la región de Extremadura (España). Se utilizó el cuestionario EQ-5D-Y para los niños y el EQ-5D-Y Proxy para los padres. Las entrevistas fueron llevabas a cabo durante el primer trimestre de 2015. Se analizó la concordancia en las respuestas mediante el nivel de acuerdo con kappa de Cohen para las 5 dimensiones que componen el EQ-5D-Y y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la escala visual analógica.Participaron 62 niños con PC con afectación leve y/o moderada de su capacidad funcional, sus padres y madres. Hubo una pobre concordancia en la evaluación de la CVRS entre niños y padres en todas las dimensiones del cuestionario (0,20) y justo o pobre (0,60) en la escala visual analógica.Existe un alto desacuerdo en la evaluación de la CVRS entre padres e hijos en población con PC a través del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y.

Introduction: A proxy version of the EQ-5D-Y, a questionnaire to evaluate the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents, has recently been developed. There are currently no data on the validity and reliability of this tool. The objective of this study was to analyse the validity and reliability of the EQ-5D-Y Proxy version. Methodology: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of the EQ-5D-Y were administered to a group of Spanish children and adolescents drawn from the general population. A similar core set of internationally standardised proxy tools, including the EQ-5D-Y Proxy version was administered to their parents. Test–retest reliability was determined, and correlations with other generic measurements of HRQoL were calculated. Additionally, known group validity was examined by comparing groups with a priori expected differences in HRQoL. The agreement between the self-report and proxy version responses was also calculated. Results: A total of 477 children and adolescents and their parents participated in the study. One week later, 158 participants completed the EQ-5D-Y/EQ-5D-Y Proxy to facilitate reliability analysis. Agreement between the test–retest scores was higher than 88% for EQ-5D-Y self-report, and proxy version. Correlations with other health measurements showed similar convergent validity to that observed in the international EQ-5D-Y. Agreement between the self-report and proxy versions ranged from 72.9% to 97.1%. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the EQ-5D-Y Proxy version. Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente se ha desarrollado la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y, un cuestionario para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de niños y adolescentes pero hasta la fecha no existen datos de validez y fiabilidad de este instrumento. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y. Metodología: Se administró a un grupo de niños y adolescentes españoles de población general una batería de instrumentos autoadministrados que incluía la versión española del EQ-5D-Y. Una batería similar de instrumentos, que incluía la versión proxy en español del EQ-5D-Y, fue administrada a sus padres. Se analizaron la fiabilidad mediante test-retest y la validez mediante correlaciones con otros instrumentos de evaluación de la CVRS. Adicionalmente, se examinó la validez mediante el «análisis de grupos conocidos». Además, se evaluó la concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy. Resultados: Un total de 477 niños y adolescentes participaron en el estudio junto con sus padres. Una semana después, se obtuvieron los datos para realizar el análisis de fiabilidad con 158 participantes, obteniendo una concordancia mayor del 88% en ambas versiones. Las correlaciones con otras medidas de salud indicaron una validez convergente similar a la obtenida en la validación internacional del EQ-5D-Y. Se encontró una concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy del 72,9-97,1%. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la fiabilidad y validez de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y.

Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente se ha desarrollado la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y, un cuestionario para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de niños y adolescentes pero hasta la fecha no existen datos de validez y fiabilidad de este instrumento. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y. Metodología: Se administró a un grupo de niños y adolescentes españoles de población general una batería de instrumentos autoadministrados que incluía la versión española del EQ-5D-Y. Una batería similar de instrumentos, que incluía la versión proxy en español del EQ-5D-Y, fue administrada a sus padres. Se analizaron la fiabilidad mediante test-retest y la validez mediante correlaciones con otros instrumentos de evaluación de la CVRS. Adicionalmente, se examinó la validez mediante el «análisis de grupos conocidos». Además, se evaluó la concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy. Resultados: Un total de 477 niños y adolescentes participaron en el estudio junto con sus padres. Una semana después, se obtuvieron los datos para realizar el análisis de fiabilidad con 158 participantes, obteniendo una concordancia mayor del 88% en ambas versiones. Las correlaciones con otras medidas de salud indicaron una validez convergente similar a la obtenida en la validación internacional del EQ-5D-Y. Se encontró una concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy del 72,9-97,1%. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la fiabilidad y validez de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y. Abstract: Introduction: A proxy version of the EQ-5D-Y, a questionnaire to evaluate the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents, has recently been developed. There are currently no data on the validity and reliability of this tool. The objective of this study was to analyze the validity and reliability of the EQ-5D-Y proxy version. Methodology: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of the EQ-5D-Y were administered to a group of Spanish children and adolescents drawn from the general population. A similar core set of internationally standardized proxy tools, including the EQ-5D-Y proxy version were administered to their parents. Test-retest reliability was determined, and correlations with other generic measurements of HRQoL were calculated. Additionally, known group validity was examined by comparing groups with a priori expected differences in HRQoL. The agreement between the self-report and proxy version responses was also calculated. Results: A total of 477 children and adolescents and their parents participated in the study. One week later, 158 participants completed the EQ-5D-Y/EQ-5D-Y proxy to facilitate reliability analysis. Agreement between the test-retest scores was higher than 88% for EQ-5D-Y self-report, and proxy version. Correlations with other health measurements showed similar convergent validity to that observed in the international EQ-5D-Y. Agreement between the self-report and proxy versions ranged from 72.9% to 97.1%. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the EQ-5D-Y proxy version.

Resumen Proposito El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la fiabilidad del pico torque obtenido con un protocolo de valoracion de la fuerza isometrica de flexores y extensores de rodilla. Material y metodo Un total de 16 mujeres con fibromialgia (FM) (edad 54,9 ± 12,1) participaron en este estudio. El diseno consistio en un test-retest de 12 semanas de duracion y la evaluacion del pico torque isometrico se realizo con un dinamometro isocinetico (Biodex system 3). La evaluacion consistio en 3 acciones maximas de contraccion isometrica de los musculos extensores y flexores de rodilla. Se calcularon los indices de fiabilidad relativa (mediante coeficiente de correlacion intraclase o CCI) y absoluta (mediante error estandar de medida o SEM y minima diferencia real o SRD). Resultados y conclusion El pico torque isometrico evaluado a traves del dinamometro isocinetico es replicable tanto para los flexores como para los extensores de la rodilla. Este estudio muestra datos sobre el minimo cambio real del pico torque en acciones isometricas de los extensores y flexores de rodilla, que pueden ayudar en la interpretacion de los resultados obtenidos en terapias basadas en actividad fisica, en personas con FM, de varias semanas de duracion.

Resumen: Introducción: En los últimos años se ha desarrollado y validado para su uso en español el cuestionario de evaluación de la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) en niños y adolescentes EQ-5D-Y; sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se ha desarrollado la versión proxy de este instrumento para su uso en español. El objetivo de este estudio es traducir y adaptar a español la versión internacional del cuestionario de CVRS para niños y adolescentes EQ-5D-Y versión Proxy. Material y método: Este estudio se ha desarrollado en las siguientes fases: a) adaptación transcultural del instrumento internacional mediante traducción directa al español e inversa al inglés, y b) evaluación de la claridad, la aceptabilidad y la familiaridad del contenido de la versión pretest mediante métodos de indagación y parafraseo a 30 padres y madres de niños y adolescentes. Resultados: Se obtuvo la versión en español del cuestionario de CVRS EQ-5D-Y Proxy. Las entrevistas cognitivas revelaron una excelente comprensibilidad de los ítems del cuestionario, siendo la media de la dificultad percibida inferior a 2 en todas las dimensiones excepto en la relativa a movilidad, que fue ligeramente superior. Conclusiones: La versión española del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y Proxy obtenida ha mostrado ser comprensible y adaptada para su uso en padres y madres de niños y adolescentes de entre 6 y 18 años. Su facilidad de uso la convierte en una herramienta potencialmente útil. Abstract: Introduction: The Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire EQ-5D-Y for children and adolescents has been development and validated recently for its use in Spanish. However, the Spanish Proxy version of this tool has not yet been developed. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the international version of EQ-5D-Y Proxy into Spanish to measure the health related quality of life in the child and adolescent population. Material and method: This study has been developed in the following phases: a) Transcultural adaptation of the international questionnaire by means of a direct translation to Spanish and back-translation to English, b) evaluation of the clarity, acceptability and familiarity of the first version of the questionnaire using probing and paraphrasing methods in 30 parents of children and adolescents distributed by sex and age. Main results: The Spanish EQ-5Y Proxy version was obtained. The interviewed participants indicated an excellent comprehensibility of the items and the perceived difficulty was less than 2 in all dimensions of the questionnaire, except in mobility where it was a slightly higher. Conclusions: The Spanish EQ-5D-Y Proxy version has shown to be well understandable and adapted to Spanish parents of children and adolescents. Its easy administration makes this questionnaire potentially useful in different fields.

Resumen Introduccion El dolor de espalda bajo cronico inespecifico es una dolencia cada vez mas prevalente. Esta dolencia afecta a la funcionalidad y a la calidad de vida del individuo que la padece. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los indices relativos y absolutos de fiabilidad test-retest del protocolo de evaluacion de la capacidad isoinercial de carga progresivo, como metodo de evaluacion de la capacidad funcional en estos pacientes. Material y metodos La muestra se compuso de 10 pacientes con dolor de espalda baja cronico inespecifico derivados por una unidad hospitalaria especializada en pacientes con dolor a los que se aplico el protocolo del test de evaluacion de la capacidad isoinercial de carga progresivo en 2 ocasiones separadas por un periodo de tiempo de 12 semanas siguiendo el protocolo estandarizado de dicho test. El analisis de los datos consistio en el calculo de los indices de fiabilidad relativos (coeficiente de correlacion intraclase) y absolutos (error estandar de medida y minima diferencia real), asi como la representacion de los datos mediante los correspondientes graficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados Los resultados obtenidos muestran coeficientes de correlacion intraclase altos, asi como indices de error absolutos elevados para el test usado tanto en varones como en mujeres. Conclusion El procedimiento empleado para la determinacion de la capacidad funcional mediante del test de evaluacion de la capacidad isoinercial de carga progresivo muestra una consistencia temporal alta, por lo que puede ser utilizado como medio para evaluar dicha capacidad en pacientes con dolor de espalda baja cronico inespecifico, en intervenciones inferiores a 12 semanas.

Resumen Introduccion Las personas con secuelas de poliomielitis paralitica necesitan en la mayoria de los casos de bastones ingleses y ortesis para realizar las actividades diarias como mantener la postura corporal, caminar, etc. a fin de no sufrir un detrimento en su calidad de vida. Por ello, es necesario determinar los indices de fiabilidad (absolutos y relativos) en un test de dinamometria manual que indique la fuerza de los musculos flexores de ambas manos para asi comprobar la efectividad de un programa de actividad fisica en esta poblacion. Material y metodo Se aplico un protocolo de medicion de la fuerza de prension de ambas manos con un dinamometro manual en 2 ocasiones con un intervalo de 12 semanas a una muestra de 18 personas con secuelas de poliomielitis paralitica. El analisis estadistico consistio en el calculo de los indices de fiabilidad relativa (coeficiente de correlacion intraclase) y absoluta (error estandar de medida y minima diferencia real) y la representacion de las diferencias individuales mediante graficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados y discusion los resultados obtenidos muestran un coeficiente de correlacion intraclase alto asi como indices de error absoluto bajos. La medicion de la fuerza de los musculos flexores de ambas manos en personas con SPP mediante dinamometria manual presenta una consistencia temporal alta y un escaso error de medida por lo que puede ser considerado como metodo para medir la eficacia de programas de terapia fisica con una duracion inferior a 12 semanas.