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Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000–3000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed from the historical period onward (3000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia and France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. At least 7% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring geography. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empire’s mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history.

Viminacium (Stari Kostolac) was the largest and the most important city in Moesia Superior (Upper Moesia). It was the provincial capital, administrative, religious, military and trade centre. It was built on a strategic location at the confluence of the river Mlava and the Danube, on the crossroad of both land and river routes with large military and trade potential. In one of the necropoles of Viminacium, Pirivoj, in grave no. 325, skeletal remains of a juvenile female individual were discovered. The burial is dated into the first half of the 3rd century. The deceased juvenile was laid on the back with hands clasped on her stomach. The orientation of the grave was North–South. Anthropological analyses revealed traces of osteomyelitis or cancer with proliferative periostitis on the left tibia and left fibula. The source of infection was related to a large ulcer on the left tibia. The current appearance of the bone shows poor health treatment of the ulcer and active inflammation at the time of death. In this text, we will also focus on the ulcer aetiology and possibility of its’ treatment in Antiquity. Treatments will also be briefly discussed, with preparations based on silver and lead, vinegar, honey, etc.

Naissus, Viminacium and Sirmium are the most important sites in Serbia from the Antiquity period. This presentation will discuss paleodemographic structures of the population in these three sites, their economic and social status, level of sanitary conditions, nutrition and health care, diseases which directly left traces on the osteological material, and diseases that left no visible marks on bones, and may indeed have been the direct cause of death for children and female individuals in ancient Naissus, Viminacium and Sirmium. In paleodemographic research, child mortality rate is an important element of a population’s progress. Child mortality is considered an adequate criterion for social and sanitation conditions of a community and a sensitive indicator of inadequate nutrition. In order to properly interpret data collected by anthropological analyses, it is necessary to know additional causes of child mortality, e.g., illnesses that do not leave visible marks on bones, and take into consideration the archaeological and historical background as well. We will determine the main reasons why females in all three sites lived shorter lives than males: did they have poorer diets; did they have inadequate medical care; or were there other possible factors? Based on our results, we can conclude that the quality of life in ancient Naissus, Viminacium and Sirmium relative to other sites was comparatively better.

The excavations of Viminacium southern cemeteries revealed 1,808 child inhumations, 521 of them containing coins as grave goods. The present study examines the frequency of coin occurrence in these graves, compared to other grave goods, and paying special attention to the allocation according to the distinguished age groups. In most of the cases, a single specimen was discovered (484), while larger number of deposited coins occur less often (Fig. 5). The further observations concern the placement of the coin offerings in relation to the deceased. Following the established methods in human anthropology (cf. Clarke 1979 158), eight positions of coins in relation to the deceased has been distinguished: A – on/around the head; B – in the mouth; C – on/near the right arm and in the right hand; D – on/near the torso; E – on/near the left arm and in the left hand; F – on/near the pelvis; G – on/near the right leg; H – on/near the left leg. The summarized observations allow to conclude that ca. 64% of the coin finds were related to the area of the head of the deceased child (positions A and B) (Fig. 6). These allow to conclude that single coins in the graves could unquestionably be connected to the ritual of payment for the transition to the underworld (as Charon’s obol), although in some instances they could be considered also as coins intended for “expenses” in the other world (viaticum).

[Summary] The rise and fall of the Roman Empire was a socio-political process with enormous ramifications for human history. The Middle Danube was a crucial frontier and a crossroads for population and cultural movement. Here, we present genome-wide data from 136 Balkan individuals dated to the 1st millennium CE. Despite extensive militarization and cultural influence, we find little ancestry contribution from peoples of Italic descent. However, we trace a large-scale influx of people of Anatolian ancestry during the Imperial period. Between ∼250 and 550 CE, we detect migrants with ancestry from Central/Northern Europe and the Steppe, confirming that “barbarian” migrations were propelled by ethnically diverse confederations. Following the end of Roman control, we detect the large-scale arrival of individuals who were genetically similar to modern Eastern European Slavic-speaking populations, who contributed 30%–60% of the ancestry of Balkan people, representing one of the largest permanent demographic changes anywhere in Europe during the Migration Period.

Introduction The "Kod Koraba" site is located in the territory of antique Viminacium. Archaeological excavations were carried out from 2005 to 2008. On this occasion, a necropolis with a total of 77 graves was explored, which according to archaeological contributions can be dated to the period from 2nd to 4th century AD (Roman period). The aim of this study was to provide, on the basis of the results of dental anthropological analysis of osteological material from the necropolis "Kod Koraba", data of the dental status and pathological changes of the oral cavity and teeth in human population that inhabited this area of antique Viminacium from 2nd to 4th century AD. Material and method During the archaeological excavations from 2005 to 2008, a total of 77 graves were explored. Of this number, due to lower degree of preservation, the dental status of 45 individuals was analyzed. Of these, 36 belonged to adult individuals and nine were children. Functional methodology used in previous studies of human populations of the prehistoric period was applied in order to compare obtained results with similar ones as well as with the status of the oral cavity and teeth of the current population. Results The obtained results supplemented the picture of dental health status of ancient populations in Viminacium. They indicated high degree of abrasion and dental plaque, the presence of caries within the expected limits for the studied period, as well as the presence of other dental pathologies such as periodontal disease and periapical processes present in the current human population. Conclusion Anatomo-morphological status of the teeth and the jaw of the human population from ancient Viminacium are similar with the characteristics of modern man. Pathological changes of the oro-facial system of modern man were present in the studied human population of Roman period, with different values of their distribution., Lokalitet "Kod Koraba" se nalazi na prostoru antičkog Viminacijuma. Arheološka iskopavanja su sprovedena u periodu od 2005. do 2008. godine. Tom prilikom je istražena nekropola sa ukupno 77 grobova koji se prema arheološkim prilozima mogu datovati u period od II do IV veka nove ere (rimski period). Cilj ovog rada je bio da se na osnovu rezultata dentalnoantropološke analize osteološkog materijala iz nekropole "Kod Koraba" upotpune saznanja o dentalnom statusu i patološkim promenama usta i zuba humane populacije koja je nastanjivala prostor antičkog Viminacijuma u periodu od II do IV veka nove ere. Materijal i metod Prilikom arheoloških iskopavanja od 2005. do 2008. godine ukupno je istraženo 77 grobova, od kojih je, usled lošijeg stepena očuvanosti, mogao biti analiziran dentalni status 45 individua. Od tog broja je 36 pripadalo odraslim individuama, a devetoro dečjem uzrastu. Primenjena je metodologija koja je korišćena u prethodnim istraživanjima humanih populacija praistorijskog perioda. Izabrana metodologija je funkcionalna jer se dobijeni rezultati mogu međusobno porediti, kao i sa statusom usta i zuba sadašnje populacije. Rezultati Dobijeni rezultati su upotpunili sliku o zubnozdravstvenom statusu antičkih populacija na Viminacijumu, ukazali na visok stepen abrazije i zubnih naslaga, zastupljenost karijesa u očekivanim granicama za ispitivani period, kao prisustvo i druge dentalne patologije, parodontopatija, periapikalnih procesa, prisutnih i u sadašnjoj humanoj populaciji. Zaključak Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se anatomo-morfološki status zuba i vilica humane populacije sa prostora antičkog Viminacijuma podudaraju sa karakteristikama savremenog čoveka. Patološke promene orofacijalnog sistema savremenog čoveka su prisutne i u ispitivanoj humanoj populaciji rimskog perioda, sa različitim vrednostima njihove distribucije.

Tokom 2018. godine, u okviru antropoloških istraživanja posebna pažnja je usmerena na metodologiju antropoloških istraživanja masovnih i grupnih sahrana iz različitog konteksta, njene izazove i probleme, kako sa antropološke tako i sa arheološke strane. Ovakva vrsta analiza vršena je na tri antička lokaliteta iz Srbije (Sirmijum, Jagodin Mala i Viminacijum) i na jednom srednjovekovnom lokalitetu iz Crne Gore (Brskovo). Metodologija istraživanja grupnih i masovnih sahrana, bilo sa stanovišta arheologije ili antropologije, podrazumeva primenu specifičnih i kombinovanih metoda. U arheološkom kontekstu postoje dve pogrebne prakse: incineracija i inhumacija. Unutar njih razlikujemo pojedinačne, grupne i masovne sahrane. Pod pojedinačnim sahranama podrazumevamo pohranjivanje tela jednog pokojnika unutar grobne jame, grobne konstrukcije ili zidane grobnice. Grupna sahrana predstavlja polaganje tela dva ili više pokojnika, obično pripadnika jedne porodice, koja su sahranjena u istom ili različitom vremenskom periodu. Pod masovnim sahranama podrazumeva se pohranjivanje tela više pokojnika, obično u istom vremenskom periodu, pod specifičnim okolnostima, kao što su npr. masovna stradanja u prirodnim katastrofama, masovna stradanja kao posledica različitih epidemija ili oružanih sukoba, itd.

This latest book regarding the discoveries made in the necropolises of Viminacium and presented in the following pages, deals with an extremely important subject both from the point of view of classical archeology and also the documentation of religious ritual and is addressed mainly to specialists. The chosen subject is premature death or mors immatura, documented by the research made in the necropolis of Viminacium on child burials, in which the authors analyze the funeral rite and ritual and the inventory discovered in 1828 graves, containing 1866 decedents.

Nedostatak imperijalnog bronzanog novca u opticaju podunavskih i balkanskih provincija početkom 3. v. bio je posebno izražen i verovatno je predstavljao glavni razlog za otvaranje kovnice provincijalnog novca u Viminacijumu 239. g., a potom i u Dakiji 246.g. Kovnica provincijalnog novca u Viminacijumu otvorena je oktobra 239. godine što je bio i početak računanja provincijalne ere (AN I - AN XVI). Radila je 16 godina, od 239/240. godine do 254/255. godine sa dva prekida tokom 248/249 (AN X) i 253/254 (AN XV). Kovnica provincijalnog novca u Dakiji emitovala je novac deset godina uz oznaku lokalne ere od AN I - X (246/247-254/256). Za analizu monetarne cirkulacije na teritoriji Gornje Mezije u periodu 192-238 AD, odnosno periodu koje prethodi otvaranju kovnice provincijalnog novca u Viminacijumu, a potom i kovnice u Dakiji, dragoceni su podaci o nalazima novca sa viminacijumskih južnih nekropola. Nalazi novca provincije Dakije, srazmerno daleko manjoj produkciji u odnosu na kovnicu Viminacijum, imali su izvesnu ulogu u monetarnoj cirkulaciji na prostoru Gornje Mezije. Tako sa viminacijumskih južnih nekropola potiče 155 primeraka novca kovnice Viminacijum (93,40%) i 11 iz kovnice Dakija (6,60%). Izvestan broj dačkih izdanja potiče i iz 10 ostava novca, u kojima je zabeležen sličan odnos zastupljenosti viminacijumske u odnosu na dačku kovnicu. Ukupno uzevši, nalazi sa arheoloških istraživanja, iz ostava, kao i delovi ranijih privatnih kolekcija koje se danas nalaze u više muzeja u Srbiji, iznose 8072 primeraka emisija viminacijumske kovinice i 416 moneta kovnice Dakija (Grafikon 1). Osim same produkcije, do sada su uočene i druge razlike u radu dve provincijalne kovnice. Viminacijumska se ističe u odnosu na kovnicu Dakija, izuzetno širim arealom cirkulacije. Kako su pokazale komparativne analize monetarnih nalaza ove dve kovnice na području provincije Dakije, emisije Viminacijuma imale su za cilj širu cirkulaciju, dok su emisije provincije Dakije izgleda kovane samo za, Data on coin finds from the southern necropoles of Viminacium represent precious material for analyzing the monetary circulation of provincial mints of Viminacium and Dacia, in the territory of Moesia Superior. A large sample of processed coins (6233), originating from archaeological research activities on these necropoles, provides the possibility for various kinds of comparisons. As shown by comparative analyses of monetary finds from these two mints on the territory of Moesia Superior and Dacia, issues from Viminacium had the goal of a wider circulation range, while issues from the province of Dacia, it would seem, were minted only for the needs of that particular province. In any case, production of both mints from the Balkans, in Dacia and Viminacium, represented a manner of handling the monetary crisis in the middle of the 3rd century and providing the money necessary for the army.

Rimski grad i vojni logor Viminacijum nalazi se između sela Stari Kostolac i Drmno, na 12 km severoistočno od Požarevca, u blizini ušća Mlave u Dunav (karta 1). Tokom svoje istorije postao je najveće urbano naselje i glavni grad provincije Gornje Mezije (Moesia Superior), kasnije Prve Mezije (Moesia Prima). Na nekropoli Pećine u grobu G-5785, iz kasnoantičkog perioda, otkriveni su skeletni ostaci juvenilne osobe muškog pola, stare 20-25 godina (sl. 1; tabele 1-3). Paleopatološka analiza je pokazala prisustvo sraslog, najverovatnije spiralnog, preloma sa anteverzijom (?) u gornjoj polovini tela desnog femura, praćenog myositis ossificans traumatica-om na posteriornoj strani tela. Na linea aspera-i egzostoza je izvučena ka medijalnoj strani (tabla I/1-4). Osim preloma, konstantovan je i blagi osteoartritis na tarzalnim kostima i osteochondritis dissecans, odnosno posttraumatična subartikularna nekroza (prečnika 1,7 cm) na medijalnom kondilu levog femura (tabla I/5). Na desnoj skapuli vidljiva je dislokacija glenoidalnog udubljenja, i to ispod samog udubljenja, iznad m. triceps brachii - Caput longum (tabla II/4, 5). Posteriorno je na sakrumu uočena dislokacija jednog segmenta (tabla I/6). Na obe ilijačne kosti, iznad aurikularne površine, primetni su sulkusi (tabla II/6, 7). Izražene enteze mišića, ligamenata i tetiva vidljive su na: oba humerusa (tabla II/3), na obe ulne, na oba radijusa, na obe klavikule, na obe skapule, na dva rebra, na obe karlične kosti, na oba femura (na desnom femuru su pripoji izraženiji). Takođe, na ulnama su primetna, pogotovo sa posteriorne strane u gornjoj polovini tela, i lateralna zakrivnuća tela (tabla II/1, 2). Myositis ossificans (traumatic myositis ossificans, heterotopic ossification, ectopic ossification, neurogenic ossifying fibro - myopathy, reactive Mesenchymal proliferation, ossifying hematoma, pseudomalignant osseous tumour of soft tissues) predstavlja lokalizovane ne-neoplastične, reparativne koštane lezije, koje se sastoje o, The Roman city and military camp of Viminacium is situated between the villages of Stari Kostolac and Drmno, 12 kilometres north-east of Požarevac, close to the confluence of the Mlava and the Danube. During its history, it became the biggest urban settlement and the capital of the province of Upper Moesia (Moesia Superior), later First Moesia (Moesia Prima). In one of the necropoles of Viminacium, Pećine, in grave No. 5785, skeletal remains of a juvenile male individual were discovered. The burial took place in Late Antiquity. Anthropological analyses revealed a fracture of the right femur followed by myositis ossificans traumatica. The trauma to the bone can damage the overlying muscle and, occasionally, the muscle tissue will respond to the trauma by producing bone directly in the muscle tissue itself. This condition is known as myositis ossificans traumafica (post-traumatic myositis ossificans or myositis ossificans circumscripta) and is most likely to occur in response to trauma in young male individuals, and in the femoral (the quadriceps muscles) or humeral region (brachium muscles).

The deaths of young individuals is usually perceived as a failure on behalf of the parents, and of society in general. It is regarded that death of a member of these social groups is premature, that it came before they have reached their full potential or before they fulfilled goals expected of them during their life. In various cultures, burials of such individuals differ from the norm, and it can be expected that they should be recognizable in the archaeological record. One of the categories of this so-called mors immatura consists of young women eligible for marriage who died before having the chance to actually get married, with the subcategory of ones who did accomplish that goal but died before giving birth to any offspring. The emotions of relatives of the deceased were often translated into material culture through rich grave furnishings and choice of specific objects, which was the case in the Mediterranean basin in the Roman period. “Exceptionally lavish” graves of young women were identified in recent scholarly articles as the resting places of young women and girls who were denied marriage or childbirth. The latest excavations in Viminacium resulted in the discovery of an intact sarcophagus. In it were the remains of two individuals, probably members of the family that owned the nearby villa rustica. Preliminary bioarchaeological reports showed that one of the skeletons belonged to a female in her early twenties, while the other individual was male over 45 years of age. Gold and silver objects placed with the woman, as well as hairpins made of jet, could lead to the conclusion that she died before getting married, or at least before bearing children to whom she could bequeath the jewelry. Possible scenarios will be explained through the means of material culture studies and life course theory, and various scientific methods will be employed in order to test the hypotheses presented.

Viminacium (Stari Kostolac) was the largest and the most important city in Moesia Superior (Upper Moesia). It was the provincial capital, administrative, religious, military and trade centre. It was built on a strategic location at the conflu-ence of the river Mlava and the Danube, on the crossroad of both land and river routes with large military and trade poten-tial. On one of the necropoles of Viminacium, Pirivoj, in grave no. 325, skeletal remains of a juvenile female individual were discovered. The burial is dated into the first half of the 3rd century. The deceased juvenile was laid on the back with hands clasped on her stomach. The orientation of the grave was North–South. Anthropological analyses revealed traces of osteomyeli-tis with proliferative periostitis on the left tibia and left fibula. The source of infection was related to a large ulcer on the left tibia. The current appearance of the bone shows poor health treatment of the ulcer and active inflammation at the time of death. In this presentation, we will also focus on the ulcer aeti-ology and possibility of its’ treatment in Antiquity. Treatments will also be briefly discussed, with preparations based on silver and lead, vinegar, honey, etc.

Viminacium is located close to the confluence of the Mlava and the Danube, near the village of Stari Kostolac. It rep-resents an extremely complex site with a long history of re-search. There was a large number of necropoles in its’ sur-roundings: late prehistoric necropoles with bi-ritual burials, sev-eral Roman necropoles, also with bi-ritual burials, as well as several necropoles with inhumation from different medieval periods. In ancient Viminacium, so far, four graves with mass burial, mainly skulls with a slightly lesser amount of bones from the postcranial skeleton, have been found. In the archaeological context, there are two funeral practices: incineration and inhumation. Within them, we can distinguish individual, group and mass burials. Under individual burials we comprehend the placing of skeletal remains of one person inside a grave pit, a grave construction, or a built tomb. Group funerals involve the laying of skeletal remains of two or more persons, usually members of one family, who are buried at the same or different period of time, into a grave pit, a grave construction or a built tomb. Mass burials involve the storage of skeletal remains of more individuals, usually at the same period of time, under specific circumstances (massive death toll due to natural disasters, massive death toll as the consequence of various epidemics, as well as massive death toll as a result of armed conflicts, etc.). Secondary mass burials are mostly partial, and much more attention and care is dedicated to the skulls. On one of the necropoles of Viminacium, Pećine, in grave no. 4924, skeletal remains, mostly skulls, of more than 150 individuals were discovered. In this paper, we will try to explain this phenomenon, on the example of grave no. 4924, and show all possible causes for mass skull burials at ancient Viminacium.

Viminacium is located close to the confluence of the Mlava and the Danube, near the village of Stari Kostolac. It rep-resents an extremely complex site with a long history of re-search. There was a large number of necropoles in its’ sur-roundings: late prehistoric necropoles with bi-ritual burials, sev-eral Roman necropoles, also with bi-ritual burials, as well as several necropoles with inhumation from different medieval periods. In ancient Viminacium, so far, four graves with mass burial, mainly skulls with a slightly lesser amount of bones from the postcranial skeleton, have been found. In the archaeological context, there are two funeral practices: incineration and inhumation. Within them, we can distinguish individual, group and mass burials. Under individual burials we comprehend the placing of skeletal remains of one person inside a grave pit, a grave construction, or a built tomb. Group funerals involve the laying of skeletal remains of two or more persons, usually members of one family, who are buried at the same or different period of time, into a grave pit, a grave construction or a built tomb. Mass burials involve the storage of skeletal remains of more individuals, usually at the same period of time, under specific circumstances (massive death toll due to natural disasters, massive death toll as the consequence of various epidemics, as well as massive death toll as a result of armed conflicts, etc.). Secondary mass burials are mostly partial, and much more attention and care is dedicated to the skulls. On one of the necropoles of Viminacium, Pećine, in grave no. 4924, skeletal remains, mostly skulls, of more than 150 individuals were discovered. In this paper, we will try to explain this phenomenon, on the example of grave no. 4924, and show all possible causes for mass skull burials at ancient Viminacium.

Lokalitet Pirivoj nosi ime po lokalnom nazivu za potez istočno od viminacijumskog legijskog logora (sl. 1). Na ovom prostoru su 1997. godine vršena sondažna, a 2003-2007, 2011. i 2013. godine zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja, koja su u najvećoj meri rezultirala otkrićem istočne nekropole Viminacijuma. Istraženo je ukupno 413 grobova inhumiranih i 68 grobova kremiranih pokojnika. Najvažnija arheološka celina na nekropoli je grobna parcela, ograđena zidom od kamenih kvadera, dimenzija 20 m x 20 m. U središtu parcele otkrivena je građevina od ramskog škriljca i maltera, osnove 5 m x 5 m, u okviru koje se nalazio grob tipa bustum. Grandioznost ovog kompleksa u odnosu na druge funerarne celine otkrivene na viminacijumskim nekropolama upućuje na zaključak da se radi o sahrani istaknutog člana zajednice (Golubović et al. 2009: 55). Veći deo nekropole na Pirivoju datovan je u period 2. i 3. veka, dok se sahranjivanje u zapadnom delu groblja vršilo u kasnoantičkom periodu (Redžić 2007: 79). Nekropola je formirana uz put koji je od istočne kapije kastruma vodio ka Pinkumu (Veliko Gradište), i koji je na lokalitetu Pirivoj arheološki potvrđen na tri mesta (Danković 2015). Pored celina sepulkralnog karaktera na lokalitetu je otkrivena i jedna opekarska peć.2 Celovitije su publikovani samo rezultati istraživanja vođenih u jugozapadnom delu lokaliteta (Raičković, Milovanović 2010; Vuković 2010), dok se brojni radovi bave pojedinim grobnim celinama ili delovima njihovih grobnih inventara.

Introduction Knowledge of biological and cultural heritage represents a significant basis for the advance of human civilization. The aim of this study was to determine and define dental health status of pre-historic people of the Vinca culture. Material and method Study included twenty skeleton remnants of different gender and age from anthropological series of Gomolava. Skeletons originated from one necropolis and two individual graves dating from mid and early Neolithic periods of the Vinca culture. Based on radiocarbon analysis absolute skeletal age was determined to date within the periods from 5848±38 to 5739±35 BC. Preservation of skeletons varied from completely preserved skulls and jaws to fragmented parts of jaws. Data analysis was performed with methodology used in the research of human population teeth and jaws from the Lepenski Vir culture. Results Results showed high level of teeth abrasion (98,1%), medium level of dental calculus deposits (44,9%), low level of tooth decay, significant number of retained roots, as well as the occurrence of periapical lesions and periodontal disease within the neolith population of Gomolava site. Conclusion Taking into account absolute age of examined skeletons, collected data are very significant, from the perspective of its wide content. From a pathological perspective, teeth abrasion stands out as a dominant feature, while tooth decay fits within standard values for human population of the neolith period., Uvod Poznavanje biološkog i kulturnog nasleđa je bitna pretpostavka daljeg civilizacijskog napretka. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se na osnovu očuvanih humanih skeletnih ostataka lobanja i vilica antropološke serije sa Gomolave, analizom zuba i vilica, sagleda i definiše zubno-zdravstveni status praistorijskih ljudi iz perioda Vinčanske kulture. Materijal i metod Istraživanja su obuhvatila dvadeset skeletnih ostataka, različitog pola i individualne starosti. Skeleti potiču iz jedne nekropole i dva pojedinačna groba srednjeg i mlađeg neolita iz perioda Vinčanske kulture. Apsolutna starost skeleta je radio- karbonskom analizom ugljenika C14 datovana u periodu od 5848. ±38 do 5739. ±35 godina pre nove ere. Očuvanost skeleta je bila različita i kretala se od kompletno sačuvanih lobanja i vilica do fragmentovanih delova vilica. Podaci su analizirani metodologijom koja je primenjivana u istraživanjima zuba i vilica humane populacije Kulture Lepenskog Vira. Rezultati Rezultati su ukazali na visok stepen abrazije zuba (98.1%) neolitske populacije sa lokaliteta Gomolava, umereni stepen naslaga (44,9%), nizak stepen karijesa, značajan broj zaostalih korenova, kao i pojavu periapikalnih procesa i parodontopatije. Zaključak Uzimajući u obzir apsolutnu starost ispitivanih skeleta, prikupljeni podaci su izuzetno vredni po obimu građe i njenom sadržaju. Patološkom slikom dominira abrazija, dok je karijes prisutan u okviru standardnih vrednosti za humanu populaciju iz perioda neolita.

Главни задатак ове дисертације је повезивање истражених некропола са подручја Виминацијума са израчунавањем величина насеља и утврђивањем континуитета или дисконтинуитета насеља и некропола, те у ком смислу та веза постоји или не постоји. Да би се добио одговор на ово комплексно питање у вези са Виминацијумом, приступ истраживањима је морао да буде интердисциплинарни, као и каснија тумачења. Једино тако су могли бити добијени одговори на питања о карактеру становништва, бројности, организованости становања и месту живљења, као и о пореклу, да би се на крају видело зашто живот на Виминацијуму престаје после готово два миленијума. Чињеница је да ни једна друга насељена локација у близини није откривена досадашњим ископавањима, рекогносцирањима околног терена или аероснимањем (нпр. случај акведукта). На основу до сада истражених десетак некропола из различитих периода (од касне праисторије до касног средњег века) разумно је поставити хипотезу да је осим локације римског града и војног логора Виминацијума свака другa локација у околини током целог периода била мање погодна за насељавање, зато што је и поред повремених разарања остајало обиље квалитетног грађевинског материјала погодног за изградњу других објеката на истој локацији. Разношење материјала је трајало током периода средњег, па све до 19. века. На тај начин хипотеза указује на континуитет настањености на простору Виминацијума, али има и свој дисконтинуитет. Он се огледа у чињеници да су тај простор настањивале различите популације које су га користиле за разне намене, почев од праисторијских Келта па све до периода касног средњег века, што је безмало два миленијума. Поменута и примењивана интердисциплинарност се заснива на резултатима истраживања и упоређивања налаза археологије (крај праисторијског и цео историјски период), антропологије, одн. биофизичке антропологије (која покрива више од десет хиљада скелета, а што је уопште највећи број на једном налазишту у Европи), демографије, одн. палеодемографије (ко, The main goal of this dissertation, through brief rewiew should be repeated the most important problems. In the first place, this refers to the main goal of the dissertation and that was connecting cemeteries and the settlement. Immediately after that come continuity or discontinuity of the settlement and the cemeteries, revealing whether this connection exists or does not. In order to gain answers to this complex question about Viminacium, its needed to undertake interdisciplinary research and interpretation. Only in such a way, it was possible to gain answers about population features, numbers, organization and location of inhabitation, as well as about origin, finally revealing why the inhabitation of Viminacium ceased after almost two millennia. The fact is that no other settlement on location near is not detected on previous excavations, reconnaissance of the surrounding ground or aerial survey (eg. The case of the aqueduct). On the basis of investigated ten necropolis from different periods (from late prehistory to the late Middle Ages) it is reasonable to hypothesis that in addition to the location of a Roman city and military camp Viminacium any other sites in the vicinity during the whole period was less suitable for settlement, because despite the occasional destruction remained an abundance of high-quality construction material suitable for the construction of other buildings on the same site. Meeting materials lasted throughout the Middle Ages, to the 19th century. In this way, the hypothesis suggests continuity of habitation and on the territory of Viminacium, but it has its own discontinuity. It is reflected in the fact that the area was inhabited by different populations, beginning from Celts until the period the late Middle Ages, which is almost two millennia. Its important to remind that the mentioned research and the applied multidisciplinary are based on results and comparing archaeology (the end of the prehistoric and the entire historic period)

Glavni zadatak ove disertacije je povezivanje istraženih nekropola sa područja Viminacijuma sa izračunavanjem veličina naselja i utvrđivanjem kontinuiteta ili diskontinuiteta naselja i nekropola, te u kom smislu ta veza postoji ili ne postoji. Da bi se dobio odgovor na ovo kompleksno pitanje u vezi sa Viminacijumom, pristup istraživanjima je morao da bude interdisciplinarni, kao i kasnija tumačenja. Jedino tako su mogli biti dobijeni odgovori na pitanja o karakteru stanovništva, brojnosti, organizovanosti stanovanja i mestu življenja, kao i o poreklu, da bi se na kraju videlo zašto život na Viminacijumu prestaje posle gotovo dva milenijuma. Činjenica je da ni jedna druga naseljena lokacija u blizini nije otkrivena dosadašnjim iskopavanjima, rekognosciranjima okolnog terena ili aerosnimanjem (npr. slučaj akvedukta). Na osnovu do sada istraženih desetak nekropola iz različitih perioda (od kasne praistorije do kasnog srednjeg veka) razumno je postaviti hipotezu da je osim lokacije rimskog grada i vojnog logora Viminacijuma svaka druga lokacija u okolini tokom celog perioda bila manje pogodna za naseljavanje, zato što je i pored povremenih razaranja ostajalo obilje kvalitetnog građevinskog materijala pogodnog za izgradnju drugih objekata na istoj lokaciji. Raznošenje materijala je trajalo tokom perioda srednjeg, pa sve do 19. veka. Na taj način hipoteza ukazuje na kontinuitet nastanjenosti na prostoru Viminacijuma, ali ima i svoj diskontinuitet. On se ogleda u činjenici da su taj prostor nastanjivale različite populacije koje su ga koristile za razne namene, počev od praistorijskih Kelta pa sve do perioda kasnog srednjeg veka, što je bezmalo dva milenijuma. Pomenuta i primenjivana interdisciplinarnost se zasniva na rezultatima istraživanja i upoređivanja nalaza arheologije (kraj praistorijskog i ceo istorijski period), antropologije, odn. biofizičke antropologije (koja pokriva više od deset hiljada skeleta, a što je uopšte najveći broj na jednom nalazištu u Evropi), dem, The main goal of this dissertation, through brief rewiew should be repeated the most important problems. In the first place, this refers to the main goal of the dissertation and that was connecting cemeteries and the settlement. Immediately after that come continuity or discontinuity of the settlement and the cemeteries, revealing whether this connection exists or does not. In order to gain answers to this complex question about Viminacium, its needed to undertake interdisciplinary research and interpretation. Only in such a way, it was possible to gain answers about population features, numbers, organization and location of inhabitation, as well as about origin, finally revealing why the inhabitation of Viminacium ceased after almost two millennia. The fact is that no other settlement on location near is not detected on previous excavations, reconnaissance of the surrounding ground or aerial survey (eg. The case of the aqueduct). On the basis of investigated ten necropolis from different periods (from late prehistory to the late Middle Ages) it is reasonable to hypothesis that in addition to the location of a Roman city and military camp Viminacium any other sites in the vicinity during the whole period was less suitable for settlement, because despite the occasional destruction remained an abundance of high-quality construction material suitable for the construction of other buildings on the same site. Meeting materials lasted throughout the Middle Ages, to the 19th century. In this way, the hypothesis suggests continuity of habitation and on the territory of Viminacium, but it has its own discontinuity. It is reflected in the fact that the area was inhabited by different populations, beginning from Celts until the period the late Middle Ages, which is almost two millennia. Its important to remind that the mentioned research and the applied multidisciplinary are based on results and comparing archaeology (the end of the prehistoric and the entire historic period)

Six Late Roman graves and one prehistoric burial have been discovered under a tumulus in the course of investigations. The tumulus is around 11meters in diameter and around 1 meter high and is situated at Veprčani, in the mountainous area of Mariovo in south Macedonia. The graves mostly contained cists of broken stones or slabs covered with stone slabs, one grave was carved into the rock and one consisted of a dislocated grave association. One prehistoric burial containing the remains of a cremated individual and grave goods was encountered under a small stone mound to the south of tumulus. Regarding the grave goods, mortuary practice and funerary rituals of the original tumulus as well as the prehistoric burials, and material from the mound have been dated to the Ha A period, while the antique graves were dated to the 3rd-4th century.

In the 1980s, at the site of Viminacium - Više Grobalja, 31 artificially deformed skulls were discovered at the necropolis ascribed to the Gepids. These skulls attracted much attention from anthropologists as they represent the largest series of artificially deformed skulls in this part of Europe. Another 63 skulls, showing no traces of artificial deformation have, thus far, been disregarded, hence they will now be published in more detail and those best preserved, illustrated in this paper. In 2006, the published archaeological analysis confirmed that this site is, in fact, a case of two necropolises from the Migration Period, which were, however, spatially and chronologically linked. They were named as Viminacium II, specifically Više Grobalja 1 and Više Grobalja 2. The older necropolis (1) contained 36 skeletons, and the younger (2), 58 skeletons. This paper includes another two Viminacium necropolises from the Migration Period - the necropolis of Burdelj (i.e. Viminacium I) with 66 graves and the necropolis of Lanci (i.e. Viminacium III) with 15 graves. Simply stated, the anthropological characteristics of the skeletons from these four necropolises of Viminacium from the Migration Period - Burdelj, Više Grobalja 1, Više Grobalja 2 and Lanci, excluding the previously published artificially deformed skulls, demonstrate a low degree of heterogeneity.