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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate chitosan (CS)-based formulations loaded with 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or 10% nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) to remineralize the demineralized primary tooth enamel surface. Ninety enamel blocks were demineralized and were divided into six groups (n = 15): (1) CS-based hydrogel, (2) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF, (3) CS-based hydrogel loaded with nHA, (4) CS-based hydrogel loaded with NaF and nHA, (5) 5% NaF varnish, and (6) negative control with no intervention. After intervention, the specimens were pH cycled by 2 h immersion in demineralizing solution and 22 h immersion in remineralizing solution for 8 days. The remineralization effects were evaluated by Vickers microhardness measurements and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS). The best mean ± SD percentage microhardness recovery in remineralized enamel (%REMH) was found in group 4 (56.90 ± 5.49). The %REMH of groups 2 (30.74 ± 3.51) and 5 (29.23 ± 5.65) were statistically the same (p = 0.943). FESEM images confirmed partial coverage of the porous demineralized enamel with a newly formed mineralized layer. Based on EDS findings, the Ca/P ratio values of the treated enamel surfaces with CS-based hydrogels ranged between 1.71 and 1.87, and the highest F content was noticed in group 2 (1.02 ± 0.03). Although, all tested CS-based hydrogels demonstrated the potential to repair demineralized enamel, nHA- and NaF-containing CS-based hydrogel showed the highest remineralization effect. We infer that this new hybrid hydrogel is a potentially useful dental material for tooth biomineralization.

According to the theory of transferred malice in common law, in cases of mistake in person, the criminal intent is transferred from the failed intended purpose to the finished unintended purpose and the committed crime, without regarding the predictive ability of the unwanted victim is intentional. In this way, the committed crime against the real victim is considered as the crime of the intended purpose and has the same sentence. Because, the intention is transferred from a definite purpose to an indefinite or accidental purpose as a face of malice; without the mental presupposition of universality. Therefore, the perpetrator is exposed to two intentional charges of starting to kill the intended person and intentional murder of the unintentional person with a primitive intent of killing man. But, according to prominent Shiite jurists and jurisprudential rule such as ((We intend not to do and we do not intend)), the murder sentence resulted from a mistake in person is unintentional. Also, the sentence of this type of murder in case of intent to kill a certain respectable person on the Islamic Penal Code of Iran approved in 1392, citing Articles 144, paragraph (a) of Article 290 and paragraph (c) of Article 292 and paragraph (c) of Article 291, except in the case of rule of the footnote of Article 292, it is considered as unintentional. As a result, citing some jurists the theory of transferred malice or paragraph (d) of Article 290 of the Islamic Penal Code or even the title ((similar crime)) in the paragraphs of Article 290, with the motive of protecting human beings to make this type of murder intentional, is not acceptable.

Introduction: Concept map is one of the effective methods in the evolution of medical education, which leads to the development of learning problem solving, group skills and creativity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drawing and implementing of concept map in a group method with a computer on the divergent thinking of nursing students. Materials and methods: The present study was experimental and population enter to study in consensus method. 102 nursing students participated in this study. Using the random allocation method, 51 people were in the intervention group and 51 people were in the comparison group. The intervention plan of drawing and presenting a concept map was done in a group method using Mind Mapper software during 7 sessions that each session was 90 minutes. Peter Hani's questionnaire was used to measure students' divergent thinking. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22 software. Findings: The mean and standard deviation of divergent thinking scores of students in the intervention group were 5.68 ± 1.22, 8.23 ± 1.35 and 8.70 ± 1.18 before, after and one month after the intervention. The mean and standard deviation of divergent thinking scores of students in the control group were 3.41 ± 0.66, 3.41 ± 0.66 and 3.33 ± 0.62 before, after, and one month after the intervention, and there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of divergent thinking. (P

To protect the contractor who is unaware of the actual price, defects and characteristics of goods or services, the Law- of contracts- recognizes the right of termination of transaction. But a lack of awareness by the contracting party is sometimes due to ignorance or lack of careful inspection. Analyses of legal texts and doctrines indicate that ignorance of the contracting party does not eliminate the possibility of termination which means that the law is rewarding carelessness! However, keeping solidarity of transactions requires that the right of termination not be recognized, in cases where the contracting party does not reasonably examine the actual price, defects and/or characteristics of goods or services before entering into contract. Critically examining the jurisprudential texts and legal approaches of some European countries, the present study sheds light on the duty of the contracting party to investigation prior to entering a contract. Findings revealed that in the legal systems of France and Germany, in cases where the contracting party was able to observe and become aware of the defect, it is not possible to terminate the contract, while in English law the contractor's negligence will not necessarily deprive him/her of the right to claim deception and therefore to avoid the contract.

The capital market, as a place of accumulation of micro funds, faces anomalies such as Infractions and offenses, and this has led officials to look for solutions. One of the ways to prevent and counteract these anomalies is to publicly disclose the offenders' name which has taken into consideration in recent years This two-pronged approach, on the one hand, by introducing offenders , can lead to the prevention of infractions and offenses, and on the other hand, after the occurrence of these anomalies, by defaming the offender, be a decisive and deterrent response to them. The solution, of course, is not without criticism; For example, critics find the public disclosure of offenders and criminals in conflict with the need for respect for human dignity (Proportionality of punishments). In short, it can be said that this objection cannot persuade officials to ignore the potentials and benefits of public disclosure of offenders. In addition, it can be neglected to apply the punishment in respect of minor offenses so as to ensures proportionality of punishments. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, public disclosure of criminals and offenders has been studied analytically and comparatively.

The article presents results of thermodynamic analysis using a zero-dimensional mathematical models of a negative CO2 emission power plant. The developed cycle of a negative CO2 emission power plant allows the production of electricity using gasified sewage sludge as a main fuel. The negative emission can be achieved by the use this type of fuel which is already a “zero-emissive” energy source. Together with carbon capture installation, there is a possibility to decrease CO2 emission below the “zero” level. Developed models of a novel gas cycle which use selected codes allow the prediction of basic parameters of thermodynamic cycles such as output power, efficiency, combustion composition, exhaust temperature, etc. The paper presents results of thermodynamic analysis of two novel cycles, called PDF0 and PFD1, by using different thermodynamic codes. A comparison of results obtained by three different codes offered the chance to verify results because the experimental data are currently not available. The comparison of predictions between three different software in the literature is something new, according to studies made by authors. For gross efficiency (54.74%, 55.18%, and 52.00%), there is a similar relationship for turbine power output (155.9 kW, 157.19 kW, and 148.16 kW). Additionally, the chemical energy rate of the fuel is taken into account, which ultimately results in higher efficiencies for flue gases with increased steam production. A similar trend is assessed for increased CO2 in the flue gas. The developed precise models are particularly important for a carbon capture and storage (CCS) energy system, where relatively new devices mutually cooperate and their thermodynamic parameters affect those devices. Proposed software employs extended a gas–steam turbine cycle to determine the effect of cycle into environment. First of all, it should be stated that there is a slight influence of the software used on the results obtained, but the basic tendencies are the same, which makes it possible to analyze various types of thermodynamic cycles. Secondly, the possibility of a negative CO2 emission power plant and the positive environmental impact of the proposed solution has been demonstrated, which is also a novelty in the area of thermodynamic cycles.

The study targeted towards drying of cantaloupe slices with various thicknesses in a microwave dryer. The experiments were carried out at three microwave powers of 180, 360, and 540 W and three thicknesses of 2, 4, and 6 mm for cantaloupe drying, and the weight variations were determined. Artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were exploited to investigate energy and exergy indices of cantaloupe drying using various afore-mentioned input parameters. The results indicated that a rise in microwave power and a decline in sample thickness can significantly decrease the specific energy consumption (SEC), energy loss, exergy loss, and improvement potential (probability level of 5%). The mean SEC, energy efficiency, energy loss, thermal efficiency, dryer efficiency, exergy efficiency, exergy loss, improvement potential, and sustainability index ranged in 10.48–25.92 MJ/kg water, 16.11–47.24%, 2.65–11.24 MJ/kg water, 7.02–36.46%, 12.36–42.70%, 11.25–38.89%, 3–12.2 MJ/kg water, 1.88–10.83 MJ/kg water, and 1.12–1.63, respectively. Based on the results, the use of higher microwave powers for drying thinner samples can improve the thermodynamic performance of the process. The ANFIS model offers a more accurate forecast of energy and exergy indices of cantaloupe drying compare to ANN model.

This paper investigates the possibility of combining steel fibers with different weight percentages along with their functions in increasing compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and bending strength. In this study, two types of steel fibers, hooked and crimped, have been employed in the preparation of samples. These fibers have a length to diameter ratio of 30 mm and 50 mm (L/D=30 and L/D=50). Further, the combination of these fibers caused a reduction in concrete flow and reduced its efficiency. The combination of these fibers caused considerable increase of concrete bending strength compared to fibreless and single-fiber type concretes. In this research, tensile strength and bending strength of samples with 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% fibers were investigated in which the tensile strength and bending strength of all samples increased. However, there were very considerable increases in tensile strength and bending strength of samples made with hybrid crimped fibers. The results indicated that steel fibers did not have much impact on concrete compressive strength.

Background and Objective: Epidemiological study in Oral lesions and diseases can help to identify risk factors for preventing diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the frequency of salivary gland lesions in a pathology laboratory of Hamedan dental school and Besat Hospital. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study all records of patients from 2006 to 2017 were reviewed by referring to the Department of Pathology of Hamadan Dental School and Archives of Besat Hospital. The required data including histopathologic diagnosis and anatomic location of lesions, age and gender were recorded and the data were analyzed using SPSS v.16 statistical software. Results: The results showed that salivary lesions comprise 6/63% of total head and neck lesions, of which 65.4%, 24.3% and 10.3% of lesions were non-neoplastic and benign and malignant neoplastic lesions respectively. Also, the forecasting of the incidence of cases for the next three years was at least 6.20% and a maximum of 10.36%. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that future studies with more emphasis on clinicians will provide more accurate information about patients. Also, extensive studies are suggested in other cities and provinces with a longer period of time.