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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of individual difference variables and social relationships on student learning outcomes of short-term study abroad programs. Design/methodology/approach: This study used a social network analysis (SNA) approach to examine the effects of friendship, advice and communication networks on student learning outcomes. Findings: Results indicated that demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, years of work experience) did not influence learning outcomes nor the enjoyment of the experience. Social networks positively influenced students' perceived improvement in managerial skills, their ability to reflect on their international experience and their intercultural sensitivity. Research limitations/implications: Social relationships may be an important factor to consider in understanding the relationship between short-term study abroad programs and learning outcomes. Practical implications: Program directors and faculty members need to consider the design of assignments and activities that may facilitate the development of specific types of social relationships (e.g. friendship, communication and advice). These specific social relationships may have unique influences on specific learning outcomes of short-term study abroad programs. Originality/value: This study is the first study that examined the effects of different types of social relationships on learning outcomes for short-term study abroad programs. The results have important implications for both future research and the design of international study-abroad programs.

We provide first evidence of the economic factors that motivate individuals to obtain a real estate license to potentially pursue a career in real estate sales. We focus on four key housing indicators: median house price, median days on the market, housing affordability, and housing sales performance. Our results indicate that house price is the main driving force for individuals to take the California real estate salesperson license exam as well as for those real estate salespersons wanting to upgrade to the broker license. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]