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Abstract Optoelectronic neural interfaces can leverage the photovoltaic effect to convert light into electrical current, inducing charge redistribution and enabling nerve stimulation. This method offers a non-genetic and remote approach for neuromodulation. Developing biodegradable and efficient optoelectronic neural interfaces is important for achieving transdermal stimulation while minimizing infection risks associated with device retrieval, thereby maximizing therapeutic outcomes. We propose a biodegradable, flexible, and miniaturized silicon-based neural interface capable of transdermal optoelectronic stimulation for neural modulation and nerve regeneration. Enhancing the device interface with thin-film molybdenum significantly improves the efficacy of neural stimulation. Our study demonstrates successful activation of the sciatic nerve in rodents and the facial nerve in rabbits. Moreover, transdermal optoelectronic stimulation accelerates the functional recovery of injured facial nerves.

Electrochemical detection is widely used in biosensing fields, such as medical diagnosis and health monitoring due to its real-time response and high accuracy. Both passive and active electrodes and the corresponding readout circuits have been continuously improved over the past decades. This article summarizes the redox reaction method, state-of-the-art electrode materials, and readout circuits based on the passive three-electrode. The redox-current-based readout circuits are widely used and developed toward multichannel high precision and low power consumption. In terms of active electrodes, this article reviews the development of field-effect transistors (FETs)-based electrochemical detection and readout circuits. In the past decade, the development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has also enabled more precise electrochemical detection.

Based on the traditional two-layer accumulative roll bonding (TARB), the geometrical variations and mathematical relationship during the four-layer accumulative roll bonding (FARB) were derived and summarized. Furthermore, the multi-layer accumulative roll bonding (MARB) technology was proposed and the geometrical variations and mathematical relationship of MARB were simultaneously derived and summarized. Experimentally, Mg-14Li-3Al-2Gd (LAGd1432) sheets were fabricated by TARB and FARB, respectively. Compared with the TARB, the FARB has a higher accumulative efficiency in terms of accumulative layers, total number of interfaces, interface spacing, total deformation and equivalent strain. Therefore, the FARB-processed sheets in lower cycles have the similar microstructure and mechanical properties of the TARB-processed sheets in higher cycles. In addition, FARB process can further break through the deformation limit of TARB process in a single cycle through adopting two-step rolling in one cycle with 50% deformation in one pass and 75% accumulative deformation in one cycle, which can effectively solve the problem of poor interface bonding of the latest interface brought by the last cycle, and thus significantly improve the phenomenon of unstable performance of the ARB-processed sheets.

The Li2CO3--Na2CO3--K2CO3 carbonate system exhibits superior sulfur interception capacity and thermodynamic stability in the molten salt oxidation (MSO) of cation exchange resins (CERs) with high sulfur content. However, the spent salt from the MSO process cannot be reused to reduce the operating cost and further improve the reduction ratio. Therefore, the optimal oxygen equivalent for treatment is obtained by thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of the MSO process of CERs as 1.08 multiples of the theoretical oxygen demand and the corresponding approximate chemical formula in this work. The results of the equilibrium analysis are used as the basis to propose a replenishment cycle for the MSO process (MSO-RC), which replenishes the consumed carbonate to restore the SO2 adsorption capacity and treatment capacity of the spent salt. During the experiments, the oxidation efficiencies of MSO-RC are higher than 99%, and the volume reduction ratio is improved by 12% compared with the traditional MSO. In addition, the MSO-RC maintains sulfur interception rates above 80% across multiple cycles and preserves over 94.7% Li2CO3 by adding cost-effective Na2CO3 and K2CO3 into the molten salt system. The MSO-RC process significantly improves the efficiency of process operation with lower operational costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time continuous sensing of biological analytes is of importance in a range of biomedical applications. Here, the authors report on a flexible and physically transient sensor for the detection of nitric oxide and demonstrate applications in nitric oxide sensing in organs ex vivo and in vivo.