Search

During the Second World War, Britain was regarded by neutral Sweden as an important source of intelligence. Swedish service attachés were posted to London to use their diplomatic and service status to collect and report relevant intelligence to Swedish High Command in Stockholm for assessment and circulation. Their collection techniques in Britain meet Wilhelm Agrell's definition of intelligence liaison and this paper describes how they were able to deliver significant results under difficult conditions. At times, they had to contend with a hostile and restrictive host country, communication difficulties (in every sense) with Stockholm and unappreciative diplomats and senior officers. Their efforts have gone largely un-noticed in Swedish Second World War historiography, and readers may be surprised to learn of the results that they achieved and the difficulties that they faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although military attaches have served as ―soldier diplomats for centuries, very few publications exist that discuss the roles they have played in shaping or promoting intrenal and foreign policy or the impacts they have had in the development of diplomatic relations. Military attachés can best be described as military officers assigned to embassies around the world as representatives of their national Defense Ministries. Also, in the study of international relations and those of diplomatic law, the position of the military attaché has been the object of relatively little attention, studies on his position in domestic and international law, being practically non-existent. Meanwhile, the increase in military cooperation around the world and the development of military diplomacy have led to a multifold increase in the number of military, naval and air attachés deployed in diplomatic missions around the world, which has led to situations where legal uncertainty may arise regarding to the general status of a military attaché as a diplomatic agent or to the understanding of his diplomatic immunity.

In the 1970s, at the height of the East-West détente process, Romanian-Japanese relations reached the highest level of development and bilateral cooperation, not only economically and industrially, but also diplomatically and militarily. All these developments revolved around the visit of the Romanian leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, to Japan in 1975, with all its implications, especially regarding the intensification of collaboration, the promotion of trade and the acquisition of technologies at better prices than those offered by the West. At the same time, the resumption of military attaché exchanges between Romania and Japan offered new perspectives for strengthening the dialogue on military matters. In the spirit of the mutual desire of the two states to expand their range of contacts, beyond adherence to different political-ideological systems, the aim of this study is to analyse the scope of these bilateral relations, identifying the similarity of interests and positions of Romania and Japan on certain international issues and events. From an economic point of view, Japan was interested in collaborating with Romania, a country with a particular attitude compared to the other states of the communist bloc, while the Bucharest establishment capitalized on Tokyo's willingness to open new markets for its products. In addition to the fruitful economic collaboration materialized in numerous agreements, Romanian-Japanese relations were also extended into the political-diplomatic and military domains. The peaceful resolution of disputes, such as the situation in Vietnam or the Middle East, disarmament negotiations within the UN, and cooperation in the nuclear field are just a few aspects that reveal the convergence of opinions captured in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to military and political events in the Far East on the eve and at the beginning of World War II, namely, German-Japanese relations. The rapprochement of Germany and Japan during this period had a serious geopolitical reason, which consisted in the attitude of both countries towards the Soviet Union. It was a common military and political goal for both Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. The presence of such an external enemy led to the creation of a German-Japanese military-political alliance, which, however, could not overcome the geographical remoteness of both countries, as well as the partners’ wary attitude towards mutual ambitions in the Asia Pacific region. A huge role in the development of military-political relations between Germany and Japan was played by their military diplomats operating in Tokyo and Berlin. Military-political cooperation between the two countries did not stop until April 1945 and was represented not only by the conclusion of bilateral agreements, contacts with the top leadership of Germany and Japan, and the exchange of intelligence information, but also by the organization of delivery of military supplies, which, however, did not have any real significance. Central to the article is the analysis of reports of German military attachés accredited to the German embassy in Tokyo. These documents are deposited in the captured archival funds, which are stored in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Most of these documents are reviews of military operations during the Sino-Japanese War, as well as data on the armed forces of Japan and the army of the central government of China (Kuomintang). Some of the materials contain intelligence information about the Red Army and the Soviet military forces in the Far East. The Authors did not set themselves the goal of recreating the full picture of military-political cooperation between Germany and Japan in the pre-war period and during the Second World War, but rather limited themselves to analyzing the reflection of this topic in the reports of German military attachés from Tokyo.

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The military issue has always been a concern in the foreign policy of the states, and the continuous progress made in the various military fields, as well as the increasingly significant tendency of military diplomacy to be involved in the maintenance of international peace and security, led to the need to use military experts within diplomatic missions, from specialists in the field to permanent advisers to the heads of permanent or temporary diplomatic missions. The history of military attachés dates to the early 19th century when European countries began sending military observers to foreign capitals to monitor military developments and gather intelligence about the accredited state. Military attachés are members of the army of the accrediting state and head the military offices of the respective diplomatic missions, being, in principle, hierarchically subordinate, regardless of rank, to the head of the diplomatic mission. However, this subordination does not prevent the military from communicating directly with the ministries regarding strict military issues, especially those that refer to military secrets. The period after the First World War, along with the development of Romanian diplomacy, was recorded as the strengthening of the institution of the military attachment, having a special contribution to the implementation of the country's military policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1878 and 1918, around fifty military attachés were accredited by the Romanian state in various European capitals, and their reports remained unpublished for the most part. The history of this position began in Constantinople, where a military attaché was appointed for the first time in 1878, a mission that he kept only for a year. Gradually, attachés were established in other European capitals, too. The activity of Romanian military attachés in various European capitals in the late 19th century and the beginning of the subsequent century can represent the topic of more comprehensive analyses in Romanian historiography, and the names of those who served are worth retrieving. Among them are the Romanian military attachés in the Ottoman Empire, for whom short biographies are outlined in the following lines. The main focus is on the last of them, Lucian Trantomir, a Romanian military attaché in Constantinople between 1913-16. The sources for such research are diverse, ranging from documents kept in the Romanian Military Archives to the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or various county archives in Romania. The investigation of such detailed reports written abroad by seasoned military personnel can provide new perspectives, as in the case of other Romanian military attachés, for reconstructing the involvement in the conflicts marking the beginning of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, drawing on the primary sources and scientific and popular science publications, presents and examines the life path of an extraordinary personality - Aloyzas Valušis - a scout, an officer of the army of the Republic of Lithuania, a cavalryman, a colonel of the General Staff, and a personal adjutant of the President Antanas Smetona. The aim of the study is to overview the life of Valušis, as well as the reasons and circumstances that shaped him as a high-ranking officer and Lithuania’s representative in the diplomatic service in the position of military attaché. The article discusses the family of Valušis, his youth, service in the Lithuanian army, experiences in the diplomatic service, his social activities and fate as an emigrant. The main stages of Valušis life, which formed a colourful portrait of this personality, are depicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Second World War, neutral Sweden was regarded by Britain as an important source of intelligence but the activities and contribution of the Stockholm Military Attaché, Reginald Sutton-Pratt to the sourcing, management and communication of British military intelligence have not been previously assessed. Sutton-Pratt was a key figure in Anglo-Swedish 'intelligence liaison,' that enabled Britain to estimate the military capability of this neutral in the event of German invasion. Intelligence liaison required competences that facilitated cooperation between senior Swedish and British military officers to a perhaps surprising degree. Additionally, Sutton-Pratt maintained Norwegian sources that provided detailed intelligence about German deployment and activities in the occupied territory. He also sourced intelligence from escaped British POWs for MI9. Sutton-Pratt's valuable position as an accredited attaché was threatened by his involvement in SIS and SOE operations but he avoided being recalled. In addition to his intelligence roles, he worked assiduously to contribute to the British war effort across a range of activities such as military supplies to Finland during the Winter War and prisoner exchange with the Germans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents aspects from the biography of General Livius Teiușanu, the first Romanian military attaché in Washington (1917-1920). Born in 1888, he attended the Military School of Infantry Officers (1909), and the following year studied in Germany. He took part in the campaign against Bulgaria, and then in the battles of the First World War. After being seriously wounded in the Battle of Jiu (October 23-29, 1916), he was moved to the Infantry Military School in Iassy. After the war, he was sent on a mission as a military attaché in the Unites States, together with a team of diplomats who formed the first Romanian Legation in Washington. Being accused of antimonarchic attitude, he was arrested in 1930, after publishing some critical writings about King Charles II of Romania. Considered a "reactionary and anti-democratic element", he was also arrested during the communist regime, on two occasions, in 1952 and 1959. Imprisoned at a hospital for nervous diseases, he was released in 1962. He died the following year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nazif Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti’nde uzun süre ataşemiliterlik yapan ender subaylardan biridir. Viyana ve Berlin sefaretlerinde yaklaşık on yıl görev yapmıştır. Bu süreçte edindiği bilgi ve tecrübelerine istinaden Harbiye Nezaretinin muhtelif şubelerinin idaresini üstlenmiş, Tasfiye-i Rüteb Komisyonu Başkanlığı gibi önemli bir görevi icra etmiştir. Lakin mezkûr komisyon başkanlığı sırasında Mahmud Şevket Paşa’yla arası açılmış, bu nedenle Avrupa’ya gidip emekli olmak zorunda kalmıştır. Mahmud Şevket Paşa suikastının akabinde İstanbul’a dönmüş fakat gözaltına alınıp Vize’ye sürgüne gönderilmiştir. Bir müddet Vize’de kaldıktan sonra Avrupa’ya gitmesine müsaade edilmiş, yaklaşık beş yıl Viyana’da sürgünde yaşamıştır. Sürgün hayatı Enver Paşa ve diğer önde gelen İttihatçıların ülkeden ayrılmalarıyla sona ermiştir. İstanbul’a döndükten sonra, kısa bir süre Genelkurmay İkinci Başkanlığı yapan Nazif Paşa sonrasında aktif görevden ayrılmıştır. Bu çalışmada aynı zamanda Yeni Askerlik ve Terakki Çareleri adı kitapların yazarı olan Nazif Paşa’nın hayatı hakkında değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır.

Although the Ottoman Empire had started experiencing the transition to permanent diplomacy in the last quarter of the 18th century, the formation and development of diplomatic missions abroad had been adequately completed in the second period of the Tanzimat (1856-1876). During this period, the Ottoman State opened new diplomatic missions and formed their structure in parallel with the European style. After 1856, the office of attaché was adopted in the Ottoman embassies in accordance with the model of other European states as the lowest-ranking official in foreign missions. Initially, this post was entrusted to some Ottoman students who’d been commissioned abroad for educational purposes. Although patrimonial relations were influential in these assignments, the Sublime Porte also considered the criteria of merit. Moreover, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha also established the office of military attaché just after 1856 during the Tanzîmât. The Sublime Porte initially assigned military officers commissioned abroad for military training as military attachés. This article focuses on the emergence of the office of attaché during the first period of professionalization in the Ottoman foreign ministry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligence collaboration between Romanian and French armies was a real success in World War I, because it made a decisive contribution at victories in summer of 1917. After the Great Union in December 1918, political-military alliance with France, who became the first power in Europe, helped Romanian state to secure its integrity, national sovereignity and protected its new frontiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the origins and functioning of the Military Attaché Office in Berlin in the years 1928-1932 led by Lieutenant Colonel Witold Dzierzykraj-Morawski, who carried out the intelligence activities under the guise of a military diplomat. Within the scope of his operational activities, Lieutenant Colonel Morawski established contacts with other military attachés and gathered and transmitted information on the country of residence in order to identify its military potential as well as internal and external political situation in the Weimar Republic. In his work, Lieutenant Colonel Morawski did not conduct intelligence activity of a purely operational nature, however, he managed to obtain a wide range of contacts for intelligence work, in which he used the meetings with military attachés of foreign countries, people from various circles from German pacifists and the Union of Poles in Germany as well as the environments related to the armaments industry. From 1929 to 1932 he expanded his activity to include open sources, i.e. the official press and announcements of the Ministry of the Reichswehr that gave him knowledge about the dates of the next maneuvers and detailed information about their course, which he received in a wider range from Japanese or Spanish military attachés. Moreover, he obtained information about the cooperation between Germany and the USSR, which was to serve to devalue contacts between the military attaché of Great Britain and the German military authorities. One of such information was obtained in 1931 from the military attaché of Sweden through the Finnish military attaché office. In spite of quite secretive action, in November 1931 he was accused of espionage and was expelled in March 1932. He also gave a lecture at the Center for Higher Military Studies in Warsaw (February 1932) where he presented the possible directions of attack of the German Army and the entire doctrine of combat activity of the Reichswehr.

The European military intelligence was founded in the 19th century. Prussia was the first state to introduce the organization of military intelligence. The first military attaché for foreign military intelligence in the Ottoman State was appointed in 1864 to the Embassy of Paris. Apart from the military attachés, naval attachés and consuls were also employed - in the course of time - in the foreign intelligence. The first regulation for military attachés was prepared by German General von der Goltz Pasha, who started office as general inspector in the Ottoman Army in 1883. The most foreign intelligence reports sent by the military attachés in the Ottoman State were aboutthe Amirates of Russia and Bulgaria. Also, the Ottoman Foreign Intelligence sent reports prior to the 1877-78 Ottoman- Russian War, the Balkan Wars and the Turco-Italian War. The developments in weapons and ammunition as well as in the technologies of the armies and navies of the European countries were observed closely by the foreign military intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gheorghe Dabija became known in the Romanian military journalism through his studies and works of military pedagogy, where he approached various aspects of the training and education of the troops. Within the period 1910-1913 he was a military attache in Sofia and Belgrade. He participated in the Reunification War 1916-1919, commanding different military structures, a fact that enabled him, after the finalization of the military operations, to dedicate himself to the military history, drafting an exceptional monography dedicated to the battle actions developed within the period 1916-1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Contemporary History / Časopis za Suvremenu Povijest is the property of Croatia Institute for History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on the military terminology in the praxis of interpreting, primarily in the militarydiplomatic setting. It begins with the theoretical introduction into the connection between diplomacy, military and interpreting, explaining some of the basic terms related to that. Based on the personal experience of the author while interpreting for military attachées, the paper continues with pointing out the translating of German military terminology into Slovak, including military ranks and some basic military terms as well. Following that, the brief overview of the translation of the ranks and the terms is presented. Moreover, the author expresses her further hopes considering dealing with this kind of terminology in the practice of interpreters, possibly giving an option of compiling a bilingual dictionary of military terminology (GE - SK) in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although historiography often attributes the German military leadership a high responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War, the action of the German military attaché in Paris, Detlof von Winterfeldt, has so far been ignored. This article shows how Winterfeldt assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the French army and describes how his reporting influenced the General Staff's evaluations in Berlin. It examines the concrete effects of his reporting on German military policies and military planning before 1914 to ascertain whether the General Staff relied on Winterfeldt's reports and if so, what difference they made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gheorghe Dabija became known in the Romanian military journalism through his studies and works of military pedagogy, where he approached various aspects of the training and education of the troops. Within the period 1910-1913 he was a military attaché in Sofia and Belgrade. He participated in the Reunification War 1916-1919, commanding different military structures, a fact that enabled him, after the finalization of the military operations, to dedicate himself to the military history, drafting an exceptional monography dedicated to the battle actions developed within the period 1916-1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CEDRUS is the property of Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is based on documents from Japanese archives and works of Japanese and Polish historians and experts, most of which have been introduced to Russian circulation for the first time. It examines cooperation between Japan and Poland in military intelligence and cryptanalysis aimed against the U.S.S.R. in 1919-1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the reporting record of the German military attaché in Vienna from 1906 to the outbreak of the First World War. The reporting provided Berlin with a steady flow of information on the weaknesses of Austria-Hungary's armed forces. These weaknesses stemmed from the character and structure of the Dual Monarchy, and were responsible for its chronically debilitated combat-effectiveness. The reporting contradicts claims of contemporary German memoirists, and the belief of historians since the war, that neither Austria's military weaknesses nor their underlying causes were known at the highest levels of the German military prior to the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on recent documentary information, most of the sources coming from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bucharest) and from the Romanian Military Archives (Pitesti). Beginning with the 1920's, Romania signed a series of treaties with the European states which foresaw, among others, the appointment of military attachés to the diplomatic mission abroad. An important role in achieving the military targets decided by Romania during the interwar period was the close connection among Paris, London and Bucharest. This is why personalities such a Radu R. Rosetti, Nicolae Radescu, Constantin Sanatescu were assigned as military attaché at diplomatic missions. Among these great personalities was Ion Antonescu, a military attaché first in Paris from 30 August 1922, then in London from 1 July 1923 and in Brussells (1923-1926). He was assigned in this function because he "had remarkable features of character, determination and initiative". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the military relations between England and Romania on the verge of World War II. Great Britain, one of the most important providers of weapons and military materials, showed interest in attracting countries from Eastern Europe and reaching both economical and military cooperation agreements on the height of World War 11. British Ministry R. Hoare regarded the agreement with Romania as an important military point of view if and only it can effectively act in the Balcans.