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For example, in the military domain, we wouldn't want to see the US and Chinese military deploy AI systems before they're ready, and then risking accidents in the process. What's your view on what seems like an inevitable march toward AI use in battlefield management B Scharre b :It's been a longstanding desire of the US military to use AI for battlefield management, dating back at least to the last 15 to 20 years. There are, we've seen, some evidence in a few instances of AI systems that are able to engage in strategic competition with humans, such Meta's AI system Cicero, that achieved human level performance in the game Diplomacy. [Extracted from the article]

This study introduces a cost-effective and eco-efficient method for fabricating an advanced microwave absorber using a layer-by-layer rGO and SiO 2 structure. The rGO/SiO 2 composite, synthesized via modified Hummer's and Stöber methods, demonstrates remarkable microwave absorption properties. The resultant porous structure, characterized by an S BET of 294.89 m2/g, enables multiple reflections and scatterings of electromagnetic waves. At a sample thickness of 3.8 mm, the material achieves a reflection loss (RL) of −47.43 dB at 12.56 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 11.04 GHz. For a 6 mm thick sample, an exceptionally high EAB of 12.72 GHz is observed, maintaining a high RL of −42.32 dB. These results demonstrate that the rGO/SiO 2 material is a promising candidate for applications in electromagnetic wave absorption, offering a simple, scalable solution for mitigating electromagnetic pollution and enhancing military stealth technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central aspect of the modernization of the armed forces is innovation in military technology, which in turn has been closely linked to defense spending. However, the connection between these variables has hardly been analyzed quantitatively. This is due, in part, to the scarcity of statistical data on military technology. This paper has constructed this indicator for the case of Spain based on patents registered in the country. This has allowed us to conduct a VAR model analysis to explore the relationship between defense spending and military technology and between the latter and the modernization of the armed forces from the late 19th century to the eve of the Civil War. Estimates have revealed that defense spending did not have a causal effect (in the Granger sense) on military patents, but there was a relationship in the opposite direction; that is, technological innovation preceded spending. In addition, it has been found that the patents that most influenced spending were foreign patents. On the other hand, there is evidence of a positive effect of military patents on the modernization of the armed forces, with foreign patents being the most influential in this case as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly changed military applications, creating new competitive advantages and shifting the global balance of power. This article examines NATO’s AI strategy and the associated interoperability challenges, with a particular focus on Turkey. NATO’s AI strategy seeks to enhance interoperability among its member states by fostering the integration of AI technologies into military capabilities. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the varying levels of AI technological advancement, divergent national AI-military strategies and differing geopolitical considerations among member countries. Using Turkey as a case study, this paper explores how the rapid development of AI-based military drones contributes to Turkey’s strategic autonomy and enhances regime resilience while also highlighting certain interoperability considerations within NATO. The analysis underlines the need for a cohesive approach to AI integration that addresses these disparities to maintain NATO’s collective defence capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This revision of the da Vinci Medal Address delivered at SHOT's annual meeting in Los Angeles on October 28 2023 presents two valedictories. The first reviews fifty years in SHOT studying and teaching the history of technology and warfare. It argues that not only is technology a particularly useful category of analysis for understanding change in warfare over the course of human history but warfare is an equally useful category of analysis for studying technological change. The second valedictory invites SHOT members to clarify what they mean by the term "technology." There is no need for a single definition but the term is so widely and loosely used in contemporary discourse that it behooves SHOT members to explain what they mean by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has influenced, constrained, guided, and even dominated modern combat methods. Especially in the field of command and control(C2), artificial intelligence technology deeply influences various elements and links of C2 activities through C2 systems and equipment. However, due to the novelty of artificial intelligence technology and the specificity of military systems, the impact of artificial intelligence on C2 is difficult to explicitly capture and measure during non war periods. This article systematically explores the mechanism of the role of artificial intelligence in the field of C2 from four aspects: the relationship between artificial intelligence and C2, the ways in which artificial intelligence affects the elements of C2, the trends in the impact of artificial intelligence on C2, and the risks and challenges faced by the co-evolution of artificial intelligence and C2. The conclusion drawn can assist military personnel in better controlling the battlefield, controlling war, and facing the challenges of war in the intelligent era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for stealth technology in military and aerospace applications has driven the development of advanced radar-absorbing structures. In particular, honeycomb absorbing structures (HASs) have shown promise due to their unique properties. In order to enhance the absorption characteristics of HASs and evaluate its application effect on aircraft, firstly, the mechanism of enhancing the electromagnetic (EM) absorption capacity of honeycomb structures by using a gradient design for the impregnation material is studied. Secondly, a multi-layer gradient honeycomb absorbing structure (MGHAS) with top skin and intermediate bonding layers is proposed. The influence of the type and arrangement of impregnation materials on reflectivity is analyzed to obtain design strategies that can enhance the absorption performance of the MGHAS. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the EM absorption performance of the MGHAS. The optimized MGHAS achieves broadband absorption below −10 dB in a 2–18 GHz range, and the reflectivity even reaches −30 dB near 10 GHz. Finally, to solve the problem of electromagnetic scattering characteristics of periodic structures, such as HASs applied to electrically large targets, reflectivity is introduced into a shooting and bouncing ray method, which is a high-frequency algorithm used to analyze the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the aircraft inlet. Based on this method, the reduction effect of the MGHAS on the radar cross section (RCS) of the aircraft inlet is explored. The results indicate that at the detection angle at 0° and detection frequency at 10 GHz, an aircraft inlet equipped with the MGHAS achieves a 26 dB reduction in the RCS compared with an aircraft inlet without stealth technologies and an 18 dB reduction compared with an inlet with coating-type absorbing material in TM mode. This study demonstrates that the proposed MGHAS effectively reduces the electromagnetic scattering intensity of the aircraft inlet and enhances the radar stealth performance of the aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of military equipment entity extraction, a crucial component in constructing military knowledge bases, holds significant research value and theoretical importance for guiding the development and improvement of equipment support forces. In the military domain, equipment entities exhibit a phenomenon of nesting, where one entity is contained within another, and abbreviations or codes are frequently used to represent these entities. To address this complexity, this paper proposes a method named CoTNER for extracting entities. Initially, a large-scale language model is used to perform data augmentation with chain-of-thought on the original dataset, providing additional semantic and contextual information. Subsequently, the augmented dataset is fine-tuned on a small-scale language model to adapt it to the task of military equipment entity extraction and to enhance its ability to learn complex rules specific to the domain of military equipment. Additionally, a high-quality data filtering strategy based on instruction-following difficulty scoring is proposed to address the catastrophic forgetting issue that may occur during the fine-tuning of large language models. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed military equipment entity extraction method outperforms mainstream traditional deep learning methods, validating the effectiveness of CoTNER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of deep learning-based detection algorithms, deep learning is widely used in the field of infrared small target detection. However, well-designed adversarial samples can fool human visual perception, directly causing a serious decline in the detection quality of the recognition model. In this paper, an adversarial defense technology for small infrared targets is proposed to improve model robustness. The adversarial samples with strong migration can not only improve the generalization of defense technology, but also save the training cost. Therefore, this study adopts the concept of maximizing multidimensional feature distortion, applying noise to clean samples to serve as subsequent training samples. On this basis, this study proposes an inverse perturbation elimination method based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to realize the adversarial defense, and design the generator and discriminator for infrared small targets, aiming to make both of them compete with each other to continuously improve the performance of the model, find out the commonalities and differences between the adversarial samples and the original samples. Through experimental verification, our defense algorithm is not only able to cope with multiple attacks but also performs well on different recognition models compared to commonly used defense algorithms, making it a plug-and-play efficient adversarial defense technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A debate is underway in New Zealand over whether the nation should join AUKUS Pillar 2 that involves collaborating and sharing of advanced emerging technologies. Most of the commentary has been critical, yet rarely do New Zealand's domestic critics acknowledge the potential benefits or strategic reasoning underlying the New Zealand's government's decision to consider the pact. This article offers a rejoinder to insert balance into the discourse. It argues that the advanced technologies involved in Pillar 2 will be critical in future conflicts, and that New Zealand needs them if it is to remain interoperable with like-minded militaries. It may also act as an economic accelerator for New Zealand's budding tech industry, and future-proof New Zealand's access to advanced technologies in a bifurcating global technology ecosystem. AUKUS is also part of a region-wide geostrategic re-balancing initiative in response to China's military buildup – it may strengthen deterrence against potential Chinese aggression. The article also considers the issue of New Zealand's perceived trade dependency on China and how this is a factor in Wellington's deliberations, and then challenges the critique that New Zealand does not have relevant capabilities or expertise to benefit the AUKUS members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinhold Niebuhr stands alone among many 20th century theorists of religion and politics for at once rejecting both the natural law tradition of just war, as well as the secular-rationalist tradition of his progressive contemporaries. Nowhere is his dual criticism more evident than in his critical stance on technology in war. For Niebuhr, technological advancements were not only inevitable, but sometimes necessary to develop in the face of advances from nefarious actors in world affairs. But using technologically advanced weapons risked destroying the moral authority of a nation by engaging in utilitarian calculus. Religious and military ethicists concerned with the integration of technological advancement in contemporary war would do well to consider Niebuhr's thought and how it might be developed further in order to address the new concerns raised not only by modern tools such as drones, hypersonic weapons, and AI, but also by whatever yet to be developed technologies remain past the temporal horizons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines contemporary proxy war literature, highlighting a distinguishable pattern in the post-9/11 era. The Deniability Strategy, characterized by indirect intervention and plausible deniability, is juxtaposed with the emerging Minimalist Strategy, which emphasizes transparent state involvement using in-lieu-of actors (ILOA) as proxies. The Minimalist Strategy accounts for modern military and information technology, which reduces the effectiveness of non-attributional tactics. The article identifies three infra-strategies within the Minimalist Strategy: Auxiliary, Replacement, and Front Strategies, each serving different state needs in conflict. Through analysis of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the article demonstrates the viability of the Minimalist Strategy and its implications for future proxy wars, offering a complementary framework to enhance existing scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1928, Captain Barnett W. Harris, an amateur naturalist from Indiana, arrived in Zululand to experiment on wild animals with his invention – the mercy bullet. This "bullet"consisted of a hypodermic needle filled with anesthetic drugs that could render an animal unconscious – an early model of what is now known as the tranquilizer gun. The history of this gun typically begins with Colin Murdoch, a New Zealand pharmacist and veterinarian, who patented the invention in 1959. While largely absent in the archives, through tracing popular science publications and press, this article exposes a longer history of animal tranquilizers from an unlikely source. Tracing Harris's story allows this article to speak to different historical discourses that influenced his rise as a celebrated inventor, and later to his disappearance from the scientific arena. This article argues that debates about pain relief (for both humans and nonhuman animals) and developments in military technology at the turn of the twentieth century resulted in experiments with narcotic bullets, a precursor to this "mercy bullet moment." While hailed across the press as the man who might transform animal capturing into a humane practice, the workings of Harris's bullet remained ambiguous. Despite this, he promoted his invention through several lecture series and radio presentations to the American public in the 1930s, where elements of scientific showmanship can be observed. Overall, Harris's omission from the history of animal tranquilizing demonstrates the multiple contingencies that define a moment of scientific "success" – or, in this case, push some into relative obscurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Contemporary Military Challenges" discusses modern warfare, focusing on recent conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine. It highlights the challenges faced by the international community in finding diplomatic solutions to these conflicts. The text also explores the use of new technologies, such as Turkish drones, in military operations. Additionally, it addresses the importance of balancing military readiness with environmental protection for successful defense strategies. The article presents various perspectives on military operations and security issues, providing insights into evolving strategies and technologies in contemporary warfare. [Extracted from the article]

With the widespread application of infrared technology in military, security, medical, and other fields, the demand for high-definition infrared images has been increasing. However, the complexity of the noise introduced during the imaging process and high acquisition costs limit the scope of research on super-resolution algorithms for infrared images, particularly when compared to the visible light domain. Furthermore, the lack of high-quality infrared image datasets poses challenges in algorithm design and evaluation. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an optimized super-resolution algorithm for infrared images. Firstly, we construct an infrared image super-resolution dataset, which serves as a robust foundation for algorithm design and rigorous evaluation. Secondly, in the degradation process, we introduce a gate mechanism and random shuffle to enrich the degradation space and more comprehensively simulate the real-world degradation of infrared images. We train an RRDBNet super-resolution generator integrating the aforementioned degradation model. Additionally, we incorporate spatially correlative loss to leverage spatial–structural information, thereby enhancing detail preservation and reconstruction in the super-resolution algorithm. Through experiments and evaluations, our method achieved considerable performance improvements in the infrared image super-resolution task. Compared to traditional methods, our method was able to better restore the details and clarity of infrared images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Ocular tools and technologies may be used in the diagnosis of sport-related concussions (SRCs), but their clinical utility can vary. The following study aimed to review the literature pertaining to the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of such assessments. Methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews was adhered to. Reference standard reliability (RSR ≥ 0.75) and diagnostic accuracy (RSDA ≥ 0.80) were implemented to aid interpretation. Results: In total, 5223 articles were screened using the PCC acronym (Population, Concept, Context) with 74 included in the final analysis. Assessments included the King-Devick (KD) (n = 34), vestibular-ocular motor screening (VOMs) and/or near point of convergence (NPC) (n = 25), and various alternative tools and technologies (n = 20). The KD met RSR, but RSDA beyond amateur sport was limited. NPC met RSR but did not have RSDA to identify SRCs. The VOMs had conflicting RSR for total score and did not meet RSR in its individual tests. The VOMs total score did perform well in RSDA for SRCs. No alternative tool or technology met both RSR and RSDA. Conclusion: Ocular tools are useful, rapid screening tools but should remain within a multi-modal assessment for SRCs at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the diffusion of military technology in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia from the fourth to first centuries BCE. Arms and armor initially associated with Celtic peoples spread across the Mediterranean and beyond, a process hastened by the adoption of the panoply by the Romans in the century prior to their explosive conquests. This case study in the "globalization" of military technology in the pre-modern world highlights the agency and influence of groups commonly considered subaltern in the geopolitical history of the Mediterranean and its continental environs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our model extends the joint-products models to allow for two types of defence inputs used to produce both an alliance-wide public defence output and a country-specific private output. Distinguishing different defence inputs is particularly appropriate in the case of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), as the alliance-wide defence output is produced with two inputs – military technology in the form of sensors and radars and land. These two inputs are complements in the production of the alliance-wide public output. At the same time, the military technology has country-specific private benefits as this can be used by the civilian economy. Our analysis shows that distinguishing between defence inputs may change the predictions of the joint-products model. We derive conditions under which an ally responds to an increase in the defence input by other allies by increasing or decreasing its own contribution of both or only one of the defence inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the study of the challenges that disruptive technologies represent for industrial defence strategies and procurement policies. It focuses on the incorporation of drones into military arsenals and will be based on a study of the Brazilian Navy case. Drones are a disruptive technology both for the defence industrial base and for their implications for military tactics and the organisational structure of the armed forces. The analysis addresses the main difficulties encountered in incorporating these technologies into traditional military structures and acquisition systems. We explore the ways in which defence procurement adapts (or fails to adapt) to the emergence of disruptive technologies: are traditional military organisations and procurement structures capable of introducing disruptive technologies and engaging in the organisational and operating practices required to do so? Some lessons are drawn from this experience: even when the military relevance of drone technology is widely acknowledged and even officially recognized, procurement strategies and practices have not been able to shift from their focus on incumbent suppliers and conventional systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States' current rivalry with China should be seen as a technology race in which the ability to imagine, discover and apply innovations will decide who wins. While the United States spends more than China on research and development (R&D), China's state-centred system enables it to transform funding and talent into deployed capabilities faster than the United States' private-enterprise-centred system can. Accordingly, the US must avoid complacency about the inherent advantage of the democratic-capitalist system in scientific discovery and devise more effective mechanisms for stimulating free enterprise to develop new military technology. This requires the US Department of Defense to devote more resources to R&D by asking allies to contribute more for military operations, and to better incentivise military innovation by investing funds in private enterprise to defray start-up costs before production can yield steady revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently Western military history has concentrated on battles, technology, and the biographies of great generals. The roots of this tradition of history writing lie in the Ancient Greeks and this orientation has carried through to the present. Military historians studying other cultures, like China's, have usually tried to make very different traditions of commemorating war match or fit into the Western tradition. Although there is no established Chinese tradition of military history writing, an implicit tradition embedded in its extensive historiography suggests an emphasis on conflicts between military systems rather than specific weapons, battles, or individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network intrusion detection systems are an important defense technology to guarantee information security and protect a network from attacks. In recent years, the broad learning system has attracted much attention and has been introduced into intrusion detection systems with some success. However, since the traditional broad learning system is a simple linear structure, when dealing with imbalanced datasets, it often ignores the feature learning of minority class samples, leading to a poorer recognition rate of minority class samples. Secondly, the high dimensionality and redundant features in intrusion detection datasets also seriously affect the training time and detection performance of the traditional broad learning system. To address the above problems, we propose a deep belief network broad equalization learning system. The model fully learns the large-scale high-dimensional dataset via a deep belief network and represents it as an optimal low-dimensional dataset, and then introduces the equalization loss v2 reweighing idea into the broad learning system and learns to classify the low-dimensional dataset via a broad equalization learning system. The model was experimentally tested using the CICIDS2017 dataset and fully validated using the CICIDS2018 dataset. Compared with other algorithms in the same field, the model shortens the training time and has a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an estimated 225 billion United States dollars to spend on military modernization over the next three years (Choudhary, 2024), India has become one of the world’s most attractive markets for defense equipment producers. Consequently, a large number of foreign investors are stepping in the Indian defense production industry but due to the local specific regulatory, cultural, managerial, administrative and legislative environment, they have contributed their funds in the sector without having a clear overview how to enhance their returns on such ventures. This article wishes to analyze the present situation in India and possibilities of drawing a roadmap on how an outside supplier of military technology can penetrate the market as a supplier to the local Ministry of Defense. Due to these incentives, in order to give appropriate guidelines to successfully transfer technology, this article looks into a variety of tools and models which analyze how a potential transfer should be executed. This research considered academic models applied in a similar manner in the same region or in similar industries. As a result the study triangulated the model’s eligibility and applicability to the Indian reality and cross-validated them with the interviews conducted with the experience and knowledge of people in the industry. According to the Ministry of Defense of India (2024) which states that India was far too long depended on foreign suppliers for its military equipment and that the desire to achieve self-sufficiency has always been present. They believe the obstacles which are stopping them are: their inability to absorb resources properly and their inability to adopt technology correctly on their own. The abovementioned incentives have attracted a number of foreign investors to step in India defense production industry (Bhowmic, 2012). However, due to the local specific regulatory, cultural, managerial, administrative and legislative environment, lots of foreign investors have contributed their funds in the sector without having a clear overview how to enhance their returns of such ventures (Baskaran, 2004). According to members of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (Lombardo & Ben-Ari, 2011) the announced by the Indian Ministry of Defense strategic ambitions to start producing 70 percent of their required military equipment domestically by the end of this decade, rather than the 30 percent it is currently manufacturing, is driven by two main elements namely: a desire to boost defense-related domestic industry sectors and the belief that satisfying their own defense requirements is a characteristic of being a global power. Furthermore, the same scholars indicate that the previous attempts for generating domestic defense manufacturing on a sufficient level were postponed by the nation’s ambitions to possess high-end military technology composed of foreign equipment. Supporting these ambitions in January 2024 the Indian government released its Defense Production Policy (Confederation of Indian Industry, 2024) which supports the agenda for supporting the domestic defense industrial base, rather than focusing in procurement documents for future purchases from foreign suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Safety & Security Sciences Review / Biztonságtudományi Szemle is the property of Obuda University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reflects on the dynamics that underlay the circulation of military technology during the early modern phase of globalization. The debate on the development and transfer of gunpowder weaponry has been dominated by a grid of analysis which implicitly puts value on sovereign production and direct state control over the resources used for war. Focusing on the transfer of naval artillery between Europe and Asia, the article argues for the need to expand the scope of analysis of the contractor state, so far centred on Europe, and study the potential world-scale of the market for naval resources and services in the period between 1500 and 1750. It also highlights the need to replace the reading of technological transfers centred on nation-states by a more fluid and transnational vision which articulates the demand stemming from both states and non-state actors and the rise of regional clusters specialized in providing naval technology with competitive levels of prices, in an age of increasingly interconnected maritime economies. Therefore, the article aims to show why naval artillery, despite being a protagonist of old imperialistic narratives, is still a relevant object of study for the agenda of global history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European defence market can be described as a geoeconomically relevant sector that forms part of Europe's overall economy, not least in the way that it is a producer of military capabilities and technologies and a repository of scientific skills. Traditionally, European Union (EU)‐level steps to support and liberalise the sector have reflected a regulatory approach marked by soft law, but in recent years, the EU has also developed financial tools to incentivise defence co‐operation. Looking specifically at the European Defence Fund (EDF), this article views this transition as evidence of a 'geoeconomic turn' in European defence market policy that is a response to structural challenges related to technology control, security of supply and geopolitical competition. Employing relative gains theory and liberal intergovernmentalism, this article charts the transition from market liberalisation to industrial policy in EU defence market initiatives based on specific intra‐ and extra‐political dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and utilization of clean energy is becoming more extensive, and wind power generation is one of the key points of this. Occasionally, wind turbines are faced with various extreme environmental impacts such as icing, lightning strikes and so on. In particular, the icing of wind turbines increases icing–wind loads, and results in a reduced power output. And blades broken down lead to large-area shutdown accidents caused by high-speed rotating, which seriously affects the reliability and equipment safety of wind power generation. Relevant institutions and researchers at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on this. This paper summarizes the formation and influencing factors of wind turbine icing, the influence of icing on wind power generation, and defense technologies. First, it introduces the formation conditions and mechanisms of icing in wind farm regions and the relationship between meteorological and climatic characteristics and icing, and analyzes the key influence factors on icing. Then, the impact of icing on wind turbines is explained from the aspects of mechanical operation, the power curve, jeopardies and economic benefits. And then the monitoring and safety status of wind turbines icing is analyzed, which involves collecting the relevant research on anti-de-icing in wind power generation, introducing various anti/de-icing technologies, and analyzing the principle of icing defense. Finally, this paper summarizes wind turbine icing and its defense technologies, and puts forward the future research direction based on the existing problems of wind power generation icing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI and autonomy are potentially revolutionising warfare, thus constituting an emerging risk for the civilian population affected by armed conflicts. As advanced systems increasingly populate modern battlefields, risks and opportunities beyond augmented military effectiveness beg clarification. This paper will reflect on how contemporary AI development and IHL are entwined. It will first present an overview of modern AI-enabled and autonomous technology deployed for military decision-making and targeting. Second, it will set the legal scene through the current international processes, and existing principles on State responsibility and IHL. Third, it will address the protection of civilians under three thematic areas: the technical complexity associated with ethical and legal challenges in targeting law; the arguments surrounding the use of targeting systems to enhance civilian protection; and the 'peaceful' use of systems for humanitarian purposes. Ultimately, it will conclude that any humanitarian assessment of the technology risks relying on speculation due to technical complexity and circumstances of use, thereby reinforcing the importance of States' cooperation in the voluntary exchange of best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones are now a mainstay in war. Yet not all countries can manufacture armed and networked drones, heightening global demand. While some drone-manufacturing countries have adopted permissive export policies, U.S. policymakers have been more restrictive, citing international legal commitments and domestic export controls. In this study, I consider drone exports as a question of both political economy and public opinion. I derive and test hypotheses about public support for drone exports through a conjoint survey experiment administered in the United States. I find that perceived alignment between the recipient country and United States, as well as the intended use of drones, are the most important factors shaping public support for drone exports. Export control measures are less relevant to public opinion. These findings offer the first experimental evidence about public opinion for drone exports, which have implications for the political economy of security and policies relating to the export of military technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of intelligent war is coming with the wide application of big data technology and artificial intelligence technology in military field. Based on the characteristics of intelligent war, this paper describes the challenges of traditional weapon equipment, and puts forward the development strategy of weapon equipment system under condition of intelligent war, it has certain practical significance to improve the system efficiency of weapon equipment and win the initiative of future wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]