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Pseudopregnancy is the development of signs of pregnancy in the absence of an embryo or fetus. The objectives of this study were to characterize pseudopregnancy in dromedary camels, determine its prevalence in camel farms and practice, identify associated risk factors, and describe its clinical and hormonal properties. The prevalence of pseudopregnancy on 100 camel farms with 4264 total female camels was determined to be 2.07 % (86/4264) overall, while the rate among infertile animals was 17.68 % (1385/7833). The genital tracts of 58 pseudopregnant female camels were examined, and their breeding histories were examined. Serum concentrations of estradiol-17 β (E2), progesterone (P4), and prolactin (PRL) in these animals were assessed. Five cyclic camels and five in early pregnancy were used as control subjects. Signs of pseudopregnancy included being anestrous, refusing to mate, and adopting a stiffened posture—with the head held high and the tail cocked—when approached by a male. Normal pregnancy-associated mammary and abdominal changes were absent. Risk factors associated with pseudopregnancy included age (odds ratio [OR] = 21.63, P = 0.0001) and a history of reproductive disorders (OR = 4.155, P = 0.042). Based on their P4 levels, the pseudopregnant camels were classified as either typical (high P4, 16/58, 27.59 %) or atypical (low P4, 42/58, 72.41 %). The main clinical findings in the camels with typical pseudopregnancies were a narrow/closed cervix (56.25 %), clinical endometritis (CE; 43.75 %), and pyometra (31.25 %), while those with atypical pseudopregnancies exhibited CE (50 %) and luteinized follicles (43.1 %). The pregnant camels had significantly (P = 0.0001) higher serum P4 concentrations (2.44 ± 0.32 ng/mL) than the pseudopregnant (0.68 ± 0.12 ng/mL) and cyclic camels (0.16 ± 0.01 ng/mL). Serum E2 levels did not differ significantly among the pseudopregnant (43.2 ± 1.05 pg/mL), pregnant (47.72 ± 4.06 pg/mL), and cyclic (40.72 ± 1.03 pg/mL) camels. The pregnant camels had a significantly (P = 0.04) higher average serum PRL concentration (3.61 ± 0.45 ng/mL) than the pseudopregnant (2.77 ± 0.12 ng/mL) and cyclic camels (2.18 ± 0.11). In conclusion, pseudopregnancy in camels exhibits the same external signs that characterize pregnancy, but pseudopregnancy involves an absence of edema of the udder, milk production, and high PRL levels. We propose a division of pseudopregnant camels into typical and atypical classes, depending on whether they have high P4 levels. Pseudopregnancy is associated with a high incidence of other reproductive disorders, particularly in older camels. • Pseudopregnancy is a major problem in camel practice. • Pseudopregnant camels cock their tails and refuse to mate. • There are two types: typical (high P4 levels) and atypical (low P4 levels). • Risk factors for pseudopregnancy include age and a history of reproductive disorders. • Prolactin appears to play no role in the development of camel pseudopregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of rations incorporating rumen degradable protein (RDP), non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), and sulfur on nutrient utilization, milk production, milk quality, and the economic aspects of dairy goats. Methods: In the first study, five treatments were tested in a block-randomized design to examine in vitro fermentability and digestibility. Treatments included P0 (control diet), P1 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC), P2 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC and 5% soybean), P3 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC and 5% autoclaved soybean), and P4 (P0+7.5% cassava-NFC, 5% autoclaved soybean, and 0.1% sulfur). In the second study, sixteen lactating Saanen-Ettawa crossbreed dairy goats (initial milk production = 0.97±0.25 L/head/d, 30 DIM; body weight = 44.44±7.20 kg) were assigned into four groups and fed treatment diets: R0 (basal diet), R1 (R0+12% autoclaved soybean), R2 (R0+12% autoclaved soybean and 9% cassava-NFC), and R3 (R0+12% autoclaved soybean, 9% cassava-NFC, and 0.11% sulfur). The diets were offered for 7 weeks with a two-week adaptation period. Parameters observed include milk production and quality, milk fatty acids, blood hematology and metabolites, and economic aspects. The study used a block randomized design with initial weight as a block. Results: The treatment diets in the first study had no effect on in vitro fermentability and digestibility. Treatments R2 and R3 resulted in higher milk production than R0 and R1. Milk quality remained consistent across treatments, while solid non-fat, lactose, and protein was higher in R2 and R3. Blood hematology was unaffected by the treatments. Nutrient efficiency and income over feed cost were enhanced by R2 and R3 treatments. Conclusion: Protected RDP using autoclaved soybean and cassava-NFC maintained in vitro digestibility, even though it did not improve in vitro fermentability. Precision dairy ration based on RDP, NFC, and sulfur positively impacts milk production, nutrient efficiency, and animal health in dairy goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karan Fries (KF) cattle is India's newly developed dairy breed with high production potential. The present study was undertaken to evaluate 17 linear-type traits, behavioural and functional traits for estimating the genetic parameters and to find their association with production performance in KF cattle using a multi-trait Bayesian animal model. Among linear-type traits, stature, chest girth, body length and body depth had a high positive genetic and phenotypic correlation (ranging from 0.30 ± 0.01 to 0.74 ± 0.03) with production traits (total milk yield and 305 days milk yield). The majority of the linear-type traits, milking temperament and milking speed were moderately heritable (ranging from 0.25 ± 0.04 to 0.40 ± 0.03), while days open had low heritability (0.20 ± 0.25). This study showed the importance of reliable assessment of genetic parameters and incorporation of a few linear-type traits having high heritability and genetic correlation with production traits, can be utilized for future selection and breeding programmes in KF cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of agroecological transition, breeding females with robust reproductive performance, leading to prolonged lactation sequences, is valuable for farmers. This study aimed to explore the relationship between artificial insemination (AI) success and phenotypic lactation curves that serve as proxies for key biological functions in Alpine and Saanen goats. Using data from two French experimental farms (1996–2021), the study analyzed time series data on milk yield (MY), body weight (BW), and sternal body condition score (BCS_S). These data were modeled at the lactation scale to characterize dynamic profiles and create clusters. Each phenotypic lactation curve was evaluated with three levels of detail: cluster membership, synthetic indicators, and model parameters. To investigate AI success, three datasets were used: 638 lactations with complete MY, BW, and BCS_S data; 1359 lactations with MY and BW; and separate sets with 1731 MY and 795 BCS_S records. A mixed logistic regression model (year as a random effect) assessed the relationship between AI success and phenotypic lactation curve characteristics. Results showed that for primiparous goats, AI success was influenced by MY clusters (p < 0.05), while in multiparous goats, MY and BCS_S clusters did not influence AI success. However, indicators such as persistency (p < 0.001) and BW repletion speed (p < 0.001) were significant. Overall, the lactation curve shape was more important to AI success than milk production level, offering insights for enhancing reproductive performance in dairy goats. • Only parity and lactation stage affected reproductive success. • High persistent goats were less likely to succeed at reproduction. • Slower body weight gain had detrimental effects on reproduction. • Low sternal body condition score had detrimental effects on reproduction. • Proxies could be found to target goats at risk of reproductive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the design and modernization of a feed mixer and demonstrates the impact of what might seem like a non-primary machine in the technological line for producing vitamin-enriched salt lick blocks (SLB) on the quality of the final product, the salt block. Furthermore, it examines the effect of SLBs themselves on animal growth and productivity, including increased milk yields and weight gain. Original recipes and ingredients of the feed salt mixture with their granulometric composition, moisture content, and mass fraction in the composition of the vitamin-enriched salt premix lick block are provided. The design of the mixing shaft is shown, and the operation of the modernized mixer is described. Experimental equipment from the technological line for the production of premix lick blocks is presented. The results of statistical regression analysis are given, adequately describing the working process of the mixer and allowing the calculation of the specific productivity of the new mixer, energy consumption, and mixing homogeneity within the selected intervals of variation of input factors. The component composition ratios of the SBL were found, which allowed achieving maximum specific productivity and homogeneity, as well as minimum energy consumption in a wide range of input parameters of the mixing process in the new mixer. The effect of the final product, vitamin-enriched salt premix lick blocks, on the growth and productivity of animals was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displaced abomasum (DA) is an important digestive condition that adversely affects the economic performance and the productive lifespan of a dairy cow. Due to increasing DA incidence in recent years, the present research was performed to estimate the potential effects of DA on the performance of Iranian Holstein. Production data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the associations of DA occurrence with the time from calving to first service, pregnancy (in 120 and 220 DIM, respectively) and culling. The least-square means showed that DA was significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with reduced milk, fat, and protein yields, especially during peak milk production. Results of survival analyzes showed that DA could be associated with reduced probability pregnancy in the first service at 120 DIM (hazard ratio = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.51–0.64), and at 220 DIM (hazard ratio = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.76–0.86) and with an increased hazard of culling in the same lactation (hazard ratio = 3.85; 95% CI = 3.13–4.74). Considering negative effects of DA in dairy cows, it can be concluded, quantitative knowledge of the consequences of DA may convince dairy farmers to apply preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of DA in the herd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between farm and animal factors and the fatty acid (FA) profile and milk amyloid A (MAA) content of milk were determined in 336 Holstein dairy cows on 24 Quebec farms using multiple regression. Cows with a somatic cell count (SCC) >200 000, and farms feeding palm oil were excluded. Independent factors of the regression models included days in milk (DIM), parity, yield, fat and protein contents of milk, SCC, and the dietary contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude fat (CFAT). Nonsignificant variables with P > 0.25 were stepwise removed. Models with high fits were those of total short-chain FA, medium-chain FA, odd- and branched-chain FA (OBCFA), and saturated long-chain FA with R2 of 0.33, 0.36, 0.34, and 0.41, respectively. The fat and protein contents and yield of milk did not affect the milk FA profile. Higher NDF increased the milk fat proportions of short-chain FA and OBCFA and decreased those of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Higher CFAT reduced this proportion of short-chain FA but increased those of MUFA and PUFA. Increasing DIM reduced this proportion of short-chain FA and increased that of medium-chain FA. Higher SCC increased MAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the effects of adopting dairy feed technology bundles on the milk production of smallholder dairy farmers. Design/methodology/approach: The study was based on Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression (MESR) to estimate the effects of the adoption of three feed technology bundles on milk production using data collected from 518 dairy farm households in West Java, Indonesia. Findings: The findings indicated that adopting technology bundles had positive and robust effects on milk production, with gradual positive effects between non-adoption and the adoption of different bundles of technologies. Research limitations/implications: This study focused on the association between the adoption of feed technology bundles and milk production. However, further analysis of the causal links between the adoption of feed technologies and milk production as well as the inclusion of other outcomes in the analysis, such as production costs and risk mitigation, are required. Originality/value: Most of the literature on agricultural technology adoption focuses on the adoption of individual technologies, crop farming and conservation practices. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the adoption of dairy feed technology bundles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lactation length (LL) of 305 days in milk (DIM) does not fully represent the reality of milk yield and a great part of lactations extend beyond that period. This study aimed to compare the parameters of extended lactation curves with the traditional 305 DIM, considering parity orders (PO) in Holstein (HOL) and Jersey (JER) cows. Data were collected from 33,524 cows (31,194 HOL and 2,330 JER) across 544 dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil. Cows were classified by PO (primiparous, secundiparous, and multiparous) and LL, defined based on calving intervals of 11 to 13 months (LL305D), 13 to 15 months (LL365D), and 15 to 18 months (LL435D). Wood's model was used to estimate lactation parameters from a non-linear mixed model. Cows in LL435D started with a higher milk yield (parameter A) than those in LL305D, with the greatest differences observed in multiparous HOL (3.3 L/d) and JER cows (2.1 L/d). However, the rate of increase in milk yield until peak (parameter B) was lower in extended lactations, decreasing from ~ 0.24 to ~ 0.19 in HOL and from ~ 0.18 to ~ 0.14 in JER when comparing LL305D to LL435D, respectively. Extended lactations (LL365D and LL435D) showed greater persistency (lower parameter C) in both breeds, with primiparous cows in LL435D being the most persistent (HOL = 0.0018, JER = 0.0016). HOL cows had higher initial milk yield and parameter B than JER cows across all POs and LLs. Primiparous HOL cows reached peak milk yield 13 days later in LL435D compared to LL305D. Total milk yield in the lactation increased, while daily mean milk yield per lactation day decreased with extended LL. Extended lactations improved milk yield persistency and could enhance cow longevity, efficiency, and lifetime production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMilk using the traditional production system has been associated with environmental problems such as gas emissions and climate change, drawing the attention of industry and researchers to the search for alternatives that may be more sustainable for milk production. Cellular agriculture is an emerging process proposed for food production without animal involvement. Although milk production through cellular agriculture is in the initial phase and presents many technical challenges, its production is promising and has attracted key players in the dairy sector. This review highlighted two types of lab-grown milk production: production using mammary cells and precision fermentation using specific microbial hosts. There are still few scientific articles that address milk production through cellular agriculture. Studies have focused on obtaining milk proteins that can be combined with other constituents, such as water, oils, and carbohydrates, to create products that simulate milk’s nutritional and functional properties. Patent applications from dairy industries and startups describing methods for obtaining lab-grown milk include genetic manipulation, selection of microorganisms, culture medium for growth of microorganisms or mammary cells, growth factors, and engineering of bioreactors used in milk production and/or constituents. Challenges related to optimal nutritional profile, costs and regulatory issues must be addressed in the coming years. Therefore, this review article provides relevant information and discussion about lab-grown milk, which, despite being promising, is still in the early stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous non-coding RNAs and play important roles in regulating mammary development and activities of ovine mammary epithelial cells (OMECs), which affect the milk yield and milk ingredient contents of ewes. We previously found that miR-21 was highly expressed in ovine mammary tissue, while the regulatory mechanisms of miR-21 underlying mammary development and lactation performance are still unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the functions of miR-21 in the activities of OMECs, and validated the target relationship of miR-21 with a predicted target gene programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Finally, we investigated the regulatory effect of PDCD4 on the viability, proliferation and milk fat synthesis of OMECs. The overexpression of miR-21 significantly increased the viability of OMECs, the number and proportion of Edu-labeled positive OMECs, as well as the contents of triglyceride in OMECs. In fact, miR-21 inhibitor obtained opposite results with miR-21 mimics. The results obtained from the dual luciferase report and RT-qPCR assays confirmed that the seed sequence of miR-21 can complementarily combine with the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR) of PDCD4, and miR-21 decreased the luciferase activity of PDCD4. Meanwhile, miR-21 also reduced the expression of PDCD4. These results indicate that PDCD4 is a target gene of miR-21. It was further found that PDCD4 decreased the viability and triglyceride content of OMECs, and the number and proportion of Edu-labeled positive OMECs. These findings suggest that miR-21 promotes the viability, proliferation and milk fat synthesis of OMECs by down-regulating the expression of PDCD4. The results revealed the regulatory mechanism by which miR-21 affected the activities and milk fat synthesis of OMECs in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multifetal births are the most significant economic characteristic in goats. Therefore, physiologically, exploring the influence of their birth frequency on genital function and milk production is vital. The present study was carried out to monitor the potential effect of the number and type of birth on udder, milk yield, milk composition, ovarian follicles, and certain blood parameters in dam's Baladi goats during the postpartum period. On the birth day, fifty Baladi goat dams were separated into five equal groups based on the number of births: (G1) female kids and (G2) male kids. In addition to gender, there are three categories: (G3) single kids, (G4) twin kids, and (G5) triple kids. All of the offspring looked to be in good health, moving about regularly, and displaying no symptoms of peripartum pregnancy problems. Results: The data revealed that the udder width of dams in G4 and G5 was significantly higher (p < 0.033) than G3, while the udder circumference was increased in the G5. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the udder measurements between G1 and G2. Gender of birth showed a significant higher in large follicle ≤ 5 mm (p < 0.005), medium follicle (p < 0.004), and small follicle ≥ 3 mm (p < 0.004) in the G2 compared to the G1. Also, the follicular population (p < 0.042) of the medium and the diameter follicle (p < 0.038) of the small ≥ 3 mm were significantly higher in the G5 compared to the G3. The Pearson correlation (r) was determined to increase the milk yield with an increase in udder length, udder width, and udder circumference. Also, there was a positive correlation among the udder length with protein, salt, solids not fat, and total solids. A negative correlation was found among udder width and udder circumference with fat, lactose, solids not fat, and total solids. There was a negative correlation between the ultrasonographic examination of ovarian follicles and milk yield. Conclusions: This study may provide valuable information regarding the association of udder parameters and ovarian population with milk yield and its composition as an indicator of milk production in goat dams based on gender and number of births. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate serum and fecal trace element and mineral levels in Red Steppe dairy cows with different daily milk yields during the transition from feedlot to pasture. Serum and fecal trace element and mineral levels were assessed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The obtained data demonstrate that serum Ca, Mg, K, and Na levels increased significantly in the pasture period, and this increase is more profound in cows with higher milk yield. In turn, circulating levels of B, Co, Cr, Fe, I, and Se significantly decreased in the pasture period. Despite the lack of group differences in the feedlot period, serum B, Cr, and Fe levels in the pasture period were higher in cows with higher milk yield. In turn, circulating Co and I concentrations were higher in the cows with lower milk yield. Finally, the levels of toxic trace elements in the pasture period were found to be higher in cows with lower milk productivity. Discriminant analysis demonstrated that the groups of cows with different milk productivity were clearly discriminated only in the pasture period. Despite a significant change in fecal trace element and mineral content upon transition from feedlot to pasture, only minor group differences between cows with different daily milk yields were observed. These findings demonstrate that despite the lack of differences in dietary trace element and mineral intake, cows with different milk productivity are characterized by distinct patterns of serum trace element and mineral content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simmental cattle are renowned for their dual purpose as meat and dairy breeds. The study recorded phenotype data from 183 Simmental cattle and performed a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) analysis to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying milk production, body size traits, and tail characteristics. Statistical analysis of phenotype data showed that season, parity, and age at first calving (AFC) factors had a significant effect on milk production (P < 0.05). The results of GWAS on cattle linear traits revealed that the candidate genes SH3RF2, DCHS2, ADAMTS1, CAMK4, PPARGC1A, PRL, PRP6 , and CORIN have been found to affect body circumference (BC) and cannon circumference (CC). Through GWAS analysis of tail traits, including Circumference over tail root (COTR) and Tail Length (TL) in Simmental cattle, candidate genes associated with tail length, such as KIF26B, ITPR2, SLC8A1 , and SLIT3 were identified. Interestingly, candidate genes IL1RAP, AQP9, ITPR2, and PKD2 were also associated with metabolic inflammation in cattle tails. These genetic markers offer valuable insights into the traits of Simmental cattle, facilitating the development of molecular breeding strategies to enhance production value and provide references for breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food safety remains a challenge in developing nations, including Ethiopia, where dairy products are known to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Limited food safety interventions studies for improving food safety along the food supply chain have been conducted. The objective of this intervention study was to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of women dairy farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia by developing and delivering training customized to their education level. Methods: A total of 120 dairy women farmers were recruited from local milk cooperatives and milk collection centers at four study sites. Training materials on clean milk production and hygienic milking practices were developed for an audience that may not be able to read or write. The 3-day curriculum was delivered using theoretical lecturing, video presentation, practical activities, and handouts, and learning was assessed with a questionnaire and checklist. Results: The study indicated that women dairy farmers improved their knowledge, attitude, and practices relating to quality milk production. However, milk shade assessments of individual farmers identified many important risk factors for clean milk production that were due to infrastructure issues. Discussion: The effectiveness of the training materials and approach was supported by the increase in KAPs assessment scores from pre-training to post-training for all study sites. Comparisons of the training outcomes and evaluation results of milk shades were found counterintuitive, which revealed the complexity of food safety interventions. Customized food safety training is effective but should be combined with dairy farming infrastructure improvements to achieve the goal of clean milk production at farm level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) poses a significant threat to the cattle industry, resulting in adverse economic consequences in affected countries. This study aims to estimate the financial losses due to LSD outbreaks in dairy farms in northern Thailand. Based on a retrospective study, data was collected using a standardized questionnaire from 100 farms affected by LSD outbreaks (outbreak farms) and 33 farms that did not experience LSD outbreaks (non-LSD outbreak farms) in two dairy farming areas that experienced LSD outbreaks between June and December 2021. In outbreak farms, the average total financial losses was 727.38 USD per farm, significantly higher than the 349.19 USD per farm observed in non-LSD outbreak farms. The primary cause of financial loss in outbreak farms was mortality. Reductions in milk sold due to a drop in milk production, and the need to discard milk because of the withdrawal time of antibiotics used for treating secondary infections on affected cattle, also contributed substantially to the financial losses. On farms without LSD outbreaks, the main expenses were related to vaccination and disease prevention, amounting to 130.66 USD and 218.53 USD per farm, respectively. LSD outbreaks negatively affect all farms in the outbreak areas, as both outbreak farms and non-LSD outbreak farms had to bear prevention costs. In the post-outbreak phase, the primary activities focused on continued monitoring of new LSD cases and conducting surveillance, carried out collaboratively by farmers and livestock authorities. This is the first study in Thailand providing valuable insights into the financial implications of LSD outbreaks for farmers, highlighting the substantial financial consequences of the disease. The findings from this study are beneficial for decision making, efficient resource allocation and the development of effective mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insufficient lactation, known as hypogalactia, is an important reason for weaning. To date, no effective methods have been established to increase lactation volume. With the advantages of low cost and convenience, acupoint stimulation—defined as any stimulation applied at acupoints—is a promising option. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of acupoint stimulation for postpartum breastfeeding insufficiency. Methods: A systematic search of seven databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CNKI, Airiti Library, ClinicalTrials.gov) was performed from their inception dates to September 30, 2023. Randomized trials were included. The inclusion criteria of the intervention included acupuncture, acupressure (including tuina and massage), electroacupuncture, laser stimulation, catgut embedding, and auriculotherapy. The primary outcomes were the amount of lactation and the level of prolactin. Secondary outcomes were colostrum time and adverse effects. The risks of bias were assessed using RoB 2.0. Results: Twenty-four studies involving 3214 participants were included. When compared to the control group, the experimental group exhibited improved volume of milk production (MD = 81.30; 95% CI = 58.94–103.67) and higher prolactin levels (MD = 41.90, 95% CI = 28.57–55.22). Colostrum time was shorter in the control group ([MD = − 7.26; 95% CI = − 10.69 to − 3.83] for continuous data; [RR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.38–2.08] for dichotomous data). Adverse effects were reported in only one trial, which included three cases of fear of acupuncture and one case of hypotension. Conclusions: Acupoint stimulation may have beneficial effects on postpartum breastfeeding insufficiency. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because of the presence of risks of bias and heterogeneity among studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the proportion of genetic variance explained by single nucleotide polymorphism markers, individually or clustered in 1, 2, and 5 Mb windows, for milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat content, protein content, and somatic cell score in Mexican Holstein cattle. The analysis included data from 640,746 lactation records of 358,857 cows born between 1979 and 2019, distributed in 353 herds in 18 states of Mexico. The analysis included genotypic data on 7,713 cows and 577 sires, with information on 88,911 markers previously imputed and filtered by quality control. Genomic scans via the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction method were performed using BLUPF90 software. A total of 162 markers were significantly associated (p<0.01) with the phenotypic traits evaluated, and the SNP markers were distributed across chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 29. When the size of the genomic windows was increased from 1 to 5 Mb, a greater proportion of genetic variance was explained by the SNPs within the window, and a greater number of windows explained more than 1% of the genetic variance. The most significant regions were associated with two or more phenotypic traits, such as one region on chromosome 14 that harbors the DGAT1, EXOSC4, PPP1R16A, and FOXH1 genes, which affect all the traits under study. In general, the utilization of genomic windows resulted in a greater proportion of genetic variance explained by milk production traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding farmers' breeding systems and preferred traits is crucial for establishing effective genetic improvement programs. This study investigated Gudali cattle breed selection, breeding objectives, and selection criteria in North-east Benin (Malanville and Tchaourou). We surveyed 120 Gudali cattle farmers using a structured questionnaire and conducted hierarchical clustering using R software. We identified the distribution of farmers based on herd composition and production systems. Farmers were grouped into four classes: Sedentary Purebreds (16.67%), Transhumant Purebreds (33.33%), Sedentary Mixed Breeds (34.17%), and Transhumant Mixed Breeds (15.83%), with average Gudali herd sizes ranging from 23.68 to 90.11 heads depending on the system. The overall average herd size was 42.67 ± 6.00 heads. The majority of farmers owned different breeds, including Borgou (26.67%), Yakana (26.67%), and Azawak (7.5%), with only 32.5% having Gudali only herds. Farmers chose Gudali cattle for their milk production, good growth and market value, with 96.67% prioritizing milk production. The main selection criterion was coat color in all breeding systems with respective indices of 0.59; 0.57; 0.54 and 0.47 respectively for sedentary purebred; sedentary mixed breed; transhumant purebred and transhumant mixed breed systems. Most mixed breed farmers (55.84%) cross Gudali with local breeds for better dairy performance. While only 3.33% of farmers were aware of community-based breeding programs (CBBP), there was strong interest (95%) in participating. Potential challenges such as access to feed and disease management were reported. The proposed mitigation strategies include establishing pasture areas and strengthening collaboration among stakeholders. Implementing CBBP programs by incorporating farmers' preferences and practices, could sustainably improve Gudali cattle productivity and resilience in Benin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Milk production traits are complex and influenced by many genetic and environmental factors. Although extensive research has been performed for these traits, with many associations unveiled thus far, due to their crucial economic importance, complex genetic architecture, and the fact that causal variants in cattle are still scarce, there is a need for a better understanding of their genetic background. In this study, we aimed to identify new candidate loci associated with milk production traits in German Holstein cattle, the most important dairy breed in Germany and worldwide. For that purpose, 180,217 cattle were imputed to the sequence level and large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) followed by fine-mapping and evolutionary and functional annotation were carried out to identify and prioritize new association signals. Results: Using the imputed sequence data of a large cattle dataset, we identified 50,876 significant variants, confirming many known and identifying previously unreported candidate variants for milk (MY), fat (FY), and protein yield (PY). Genome-wide significant signals were fine-mapped with the Bayesian approach that determines the credible variant sets and generates the probability of causality for each signal. The variants with the highest probabilities of being causal were further classified using external information about the function and evolution, making the prioritization for subsequent validation experiments easier. The top potential causal variants determined with fine-mapping explained a large percentage of genetic variance compared to random ones; 178 variants explained 11.5%, 104 explained 7.7%, and 68 variants explained 3.9% of the variance for MY, FY, and PY, respectively, demonstrating the potential for causality. Conclusions: Our findings proved the power of large samples and sequence-based GWAS in detecting new association signals. In order to fully exploit the power of GWAS, one should aim at very large samples combined with whole-genome sequence data. These can also come with both computational and time burdens, as presented in our study. Although milk production traits in cattle are comprehensively investigated, the genetic background of these traits is still not fully understood, with the potential for many new associations to be revealed, as shown. With constantly growing sample sizes, we expect more insights into the genetic architecture of milk production traits in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Buffaloes are considered an indispensable genetic resource for dairy production. However, improvements in lactation performance have been relatively limited. Advances in sequencing technology, combined with genome-wide association studies, have facilitated the breeding of high-quality buffalo. Methods: We conducted an integrated analysis of genomic sequencing data from 120 water buffalo, the high-quality water buffalo genome assembly designated as UOA_WB_1, and milk production traits, including 305-day milk yield (MY), peak milk yield (PM), total protein yield (PY), protein percentage (PP), fat percentage (FP), and total milk fat yield (FY). Results: The results identified 56 significant SNPs, and based on these markers, 54 candidate genes were selected. These candidate genes were significantly enriched in lactation-related pathways, such as the cAMP signaling pathway (ABCC4), TGF-β signaling pathway (LEFTY2), Wnt signaling pathway (CAMK2D), and metabolic pathways (DGAT1). Conclusions: These candidate genes (e.g., ABCC4, LEFTY2, CAMK2D, DGAT1) provide a substantial theoretical foundation for molecular breeding to enhance milk production in buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present an assessment of the risk of the potential introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in cows in Bulgaria. In the spring of 2024, we witnessed an unprecedented spread of the virus in dairy herds in the USA. This crossing of interspecies barriers by the virus creates a real danger of pandemic manifestations in humans. The continued spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy populations and other mammalian species and efficient animal-to-animal transmission increases the risk of infection and subsequent spread of the virus in human populations. According to registers, as of 1 November 2022, a total of 559,544 cattle were bred in Bulgaria. The total number of dairy cows decreased by 5.2% year-on-year to 197,996. Farms breeding dairy cows as of 1 November 2022 were 12,439, which is 22.1% less than the previous year. The production of cow's milk in 2022 amounted to 748,278 thousand liters. Traditionally, the largest share in the total yield of cow's milk is occupied by the south-central region with 25.9%, followed by the southeastern region with 18.5%. Due to potential risk factors such as the high concentration of dairy cows in high-risk areas for avian influenza A, the possibility of HPAI jumping the interspecies barrier and spreading in dairy herds in Bulgaria is very high. We therefore set out to assess the risk of virus penetration in these herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bison (Bison bison) and cattle (Bos taurus) are closely related (can interbreed) and they also share many parasites. Cattle are commonly infected with one or more of the eight named Sarcocystis species: Sarcocystis hirsuta, S. cruzi, S. hominis, S. bovifelis, S. heydorni, S. bovini, S. sigmoideus and S. rommeli. Among these, the full life-cycle is known only for S. cruzi. Sarcocystis cruzi (transmitted via canids) is recognized as the most pathogenic Sarcocystis species, causing abortion, low milk yield and poor body growth. It has been experimentally cross-transmitted from cattle to bison and vice versa. Methods: We tested 200 bison tongues from three commercial sources (farms) (Nebraska #141; South Dakota #36; New Jersey and Pennsylvania #23). Frozen tongues were purchased and examined for Sarcocystis infection using light microscopy, histology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rRNA) of S. cruzi. Lesions associated with degenerating sarcocysts were studied. The intensity of Sarcocystis infection in histological sections was quantitated. Results: Sarcocystis cruzi-like infections were detected in 129 of 141 (91.5%) tongues from Nebraska, 36 of 36 (100%) tongues from South Dakota and two of 23 (8.6%) tongues from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Sarcocysts were detected in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin in 167 of 200 samples. Light microscopy examination revealed that the sarcocysts had thin walls (< 1 µm thick) and appeared to be S. cruzi. However, in two samples, sarcocysts had thicker walls measuring up to 2.3 µm wide and 154 µm long and the sarcocyst wall was not striated; these two samples could not be characterized further. In three tongues, degenerating sarcocysts were recognized; two of these were associated with thick-walled sarcocysts. Molecularly, S. cruzi from bison was identical to that in cattle. Conclusions: In the present study of bison tongues, S. cruzi was the only species identified in bison using both molecular and morphological methods. An unidentified species of Sarcocystis found in two bison samples needs further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current meta-analysis was employed to combine the results of multiple studies into a single estimate related to B-LG, CSN3, DGAT1, PRL, GH, and PIT1 gene polymorphisms and their effects on milk production traits. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate associations between B-LG, CSN3, DGAT1, GH, PIT1, and PRLgene polymorphisms with milk production traits in Holstein dairy cows. An extensive search was done from 2002 to 2022 year. Statistical analyses were performed by using Stata 11.2 software. Genetic models viz codominant (AA vs. AB, AA vs. BB, and AB vs. BB), dominant (AA + AB vs. BB), recessive (AA vs. AB + BB), and completely over-dominant (AA + BB vs. AB) were applied. The results of meta-analysis of association between B-LG genotypes with milk yield where found a significant (P < 0.05) and with fat and protein contents (P < 0.01). In CSN3 polymorphisms of A/A and A/B genotypes had a significant effect on fat yield (P < 0.05) and protein content (P < 0.01). DGAT1 polymorphisms had a significant effect on milk yield, fat yield, protein yield (P < 0.05), with fat and protein contents showed high effect (P < 0.01). No significant association was detected between GH and milk traits (P > 0.05). PIT1 genotype polymorphisms had a significant effect on milk yield (P < 0.05) and protein content (P < 0.01). PRL genotype polymorphisms were significantly associated with milk yield (P < 0.05), fat content and protein yield (P < 0.01). The B-LG, DGAT1,CSN3 and PRL gene polymorphisms could be utilized as good markers to improve milk production traits in the Holstein cattle breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants' physiology changes through the day because photoassimilates can increase water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in the afternoon compared to the morning. This study evaluated the harvest time effect on whole-plant corn silage morphological composition, particle size, fermentation profile, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and estimated milk yield. A two-year agronomic assay was performed in a completely random design, and one experimental silo was produced by each parcel (n = 16). The afternoon harvest increased (P < 0.01) dry matter content compared to the morning harvest. Harvest time did not affect (P = 0.32) corn grain, stalk, leaf proportion, and silage particle size. However, the morning harvest increased dry matter recovery (P = 0.01) and had no effect (P = 0.10) on silage pH and concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared to the afternoon harvest. In addition, afternoon harvest instead of morning harvest increased (P = 0.05) silage starch, water-soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent lignin, and ether extract content and dry matter in vitro degradation. Controversially, treatments showed no effect (P = 0.14) on silage energy concentration, estimated energy content, and milk yield. Thus, the morning harvest produces more silage dry matter, but the afternoon harvest improves corn silage's nutritional value with no impact on estimated milk yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: One of the great challenges regarding pasture-grazing cows is an often significant intake of early-maturing herbage rich in highly soluble protein that could impair rumen efficiency. One of the strategies to counteract this problem could be a dietary supplementation capable of reducing protein degradability, thus improving ruminal activity, reducing environmental impact, and increasing the health value of animal products. The study was aimed at evaluating two varieties of faba beans, according to different polyphenol contents, in Cinisara grazing lactating cows for animal performances, grazing behaviour, and milk quality. A certain improvement in milk production was observed in cows supplemented with a high-polyphenol compared to a low-polyphenol faba bean variety and a soybean-based control group. Nevertheless, lower protein and casein proportions, together with higher milk urea nitrogen levels, were reported with a high polyphenols diet. The results seem to be in line with the hypothesis that tannin effects are not univocal but are dependent on several factors, such as basal diet composition, tannin dosage, and type. The high degradability of crude protein (CP) from fresh grass can impair its utilization in ruminants. The presence of a moderate level of polyphenolic substances in the diet of grazing animals could help to overcome this problem. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with two varieties of faba bean, with different polyphenol contents, on milk yield and quality, as well as on grazing behaviour, in Cinisara grazing cows. A total of 30 cows, homogeneous per days in milk (61 ± 29) and milk yield (12.9 kg ± 3.2), fed on a mixed pasture (CP 17.9% DM) and supplied with grains (an equal mixture of barley, oats, and wheat) and mixed hay (CP 10.2% DM), were assigned to three dietary treatments and supplemented as follows: control group (C, 10 cows), 1 kg of hay, 6 kg of grains mixture, and 0.4 kg soybean meal; low polyphenols group (LP, 10 cows), 1 kg of hay, 4 kg of grains mixture, and 2 kg/d of faba bean var. Torrelama (total polyphenols 4.4 mg GAE/g DM; CP 28.4% DM); high polyphenols group (HP, 10 cows), 2 kg of hay, 4 kg of grains mixture, and 2 kg/d of faba bean var. Fanfare (total polyphenols 16.4 mg GAE/g DM; CP 28.9% DM). All groups were allowed to graze for 20 h/d on natural pasture forage. The HP supplement tended to increase the milk yield compared to that of the LP and C groups (17.1 vs. 15.3 and 14.6 kg/d, respectively; p = 0.057) but reduced the protein (3.20 vs. 3.39 and 3.47%; p = 0.009) and casein proportions (2.45 vs. 2.67 and 2.74%, respectively; p = 0.007) compared to those from the LP and C treatments. HP milk also showed a higher milk urea nitrogen (MUN) value compared to that of C milk, while an intermediate level was measured in LP milk (25.5 vs. 22.9 and 20.9 mg/dl, respectively; p = 0.036). No dietary effect was evident in the milk fatty acid profile. Eating time at pasture and biting rate were not affected by supplementation. The results do not seem to suggest a difference in the efficiency of use of supplements with different polyphenol contents. In any case, they seem to demonstrate that the use of faba beans, regardless of their polyphenol content, represents a valid alternative to soyabeans, also taking into account the tendency for an increased milk yield found by integrating pasture grazing with faba beans possessing a high level of polyphenols, without significant worsening of the qualitative characteristics of the milk or negatively affecting grazing behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this study was to compare profitability when feeding silages of different grass species to investigate if animal production or cost of silage is most important for profitability in production with cattle. Contribution margin calculations was conducted for three different geographical regions in Sweden for enterprises with either dairy cows, beef breed bulls, or beef suckler cows. Calculations were conducted for three different weather scenarios with either normal, delayed harvest due to wet weather conditions, or drought conditions. Even if there was less yield of grass of timothy, it was superior to tall fescue fed to dairy cows. For beef breed bulls, it depended on weather conditions if meadow fescue or tall fescue was the best choice. Reed canary grass fed to pregnant beef cows was always superior to festulolium and a mix of meadow fescue—timothy. The result from this study is of importance to farmers' decision-making in a changing climate. This study compared the profitability when feeding silages of different grass species in enterprises with either dairy cows, beef breed bulls, or beef suckler cows. Traditional (TR) grasses timothy and meadow fescue was compared to the alternative wet-and-drought-resistant (WD) grasses tall fescue, festulolium, and reed canary grass in three different weather scenarios with either normal conditions (Ref), delayed late harvest time due to wet weather conditions (Wet), or decreased grass yield due to dry weather conditions (Dry). Contribution margin calculation was conducted for three geographical regions in Sweden. In the Ref and Wet scenarios, TR was more competitive than WD for dairy cows and beef bulls in all regions. Also in the Dry scenario, TR was more competitive than WD for dairy cows, as the lower production cost of the WD was outweighed by a lower milk yield of cows fed WD compared to cows fed TR. Contrary, for beef bulls, WD gave a higher contribution margin than TR did in the Dry scenario, where the break-even for WD being superior over TR occurred when more than every second year was dry. WD reed canary grass was always more competitive than TR and WD festulolium for beef cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a response to comments on a review of plantain's ability to mitigate nitrogen leaching from pasture systems. The authors appreciate the responses and aim to highlight exaggerated claims and limited research criteria regarding plantain's effectiveness. They discuss key points such as the inappropriate use of certain figures and the mechanisms by which plantain reduces nitrogen leaching. The authors hope for positive scientific discussions to advance understanding of plantain and other pasture species for environmental benefits. [Extracted from the article]