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The canonical pathway is rapid, transient, and involves immune and inflammatory responses, whereas the noncanonical pathway is a slower, sustained response that often controls developmental processes including B-cell maturation.[7],[8] Deregulation of the NF- B pathway has been described in a variety of B-cell malignancies, including Hodgkin lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. On initial workup, a positron emission tomography (PET) and/or computed tomography (CT) showed a large left paraspinal pelvic mass and a left supragluteal mass with moderate fludeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is a heterogenous group of low-grade B-cell lymphomas that harbor various genetic alterations. Case 2 The patient was a 67-year-old female who underwent biopsy of an eyelid lesion (Figs 3A-C), which showed a dense infiltrate of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and was diagnosed with ocular extranodal MZL of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). [Extracted from the article]

Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is a heterogenous group of low-grade B-cell lymphomas that harbor various genetic alterations. On initial workup, a positron emission tomography (PET) and/or computed tomography (CT) showed a large left paraspinal pelvic mass and a left supragluteal mass with moderate fludeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. The canonical pathway is rapid, transient, and involves immune and inflammatory responses, whereas the noncanonical pathway is a slower, sustained response that often controls developmental processes including B-cell maturation.[7],[8] Deregulation of the NF- B pathway has been described in a variety of B-cell malignancies, including Hodgkin lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Case 2 The patient was a 67-year-old female who underwent biopsy of an eyelid lesion (Figs 3A-C), which showed a dense infiltrate of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and was diagnosed with ocular extranodal MZL of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). [Extracted from the article]

Several attempts to identify the optimal on deck procedure to enhance swing velocity in baseball have been made. However, inconsistent findings continue to constitute much of the body of literature. Additionally, the emergence of athlete monitoring in sport has led to the exploration of more sport specific tasks to potentially identify athlete fatigue and readiness to perform. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine three different bat weight warm up protocols on subsequent swing velocity and to examine the reliability of swing velocity measurements to allude to its potential a sport specific athlete monitoring metric. Thirty-two recreational male baseball players 20.3 ± 2.0years, 179.6 ± 7.1cm and 89.6± 11.1kg completed the study. Subjects completed three testing visits that included warming up with a control bat ([CB] 32in, 29oz), plastic bat ([PB] 31in, 6.4oz), or heavy bat ([HB] 32in, 57oz). Testing visits began with three CB swing trials followed by three intervention bat trials, then concluded with three additional CB swings. Swing velocity was assessed using visual 3D technology. Analyses of variance indicate that following the PB (26.6 ± 2.0m⋅s-1) and CB interventions (26.2 ± 1.7m⋅s-1) significantly faster (p<0.001) swing velocities were generated when compared to the traditional HB intervention (24.1 ± 2.2m⋅s-1). When assessed for reliability, the average ICC was 0.681 and Chronbach's alpha was 0.95 indicating exceptional reliability. Congruent to previous research, this data bolsters the notion that warming up with a HB can hinder swing velocity. However, in contrast to previous research this data suggests that using a PB can increase swing velocity significantly. Furthermore, visual 3D can be designated as an exceptionally reliable device to measure swing velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several devices are available to measure muscular power through velocity measurement, including the Tendo FitroDyne. The ability for such devices to produce consistent results is still questioned, and the reproducibility of measurement between free weight and machine exercise has yet to be examined. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine the test-retest reliability for barbell velocity during the bench press (BP) and weight velocity during the 2 leg press (2LP) for loads corresponding to 20-80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Forty recreationally active individuals (22.6 ± 2.5 years; 175.9 ± 10.8 cm; and 76.2 ± 13.2 kg) with a 1RM BP and 2LP of 66.8 ± 32.4 kg and 189.5 6 49 kg, respectively, volunteered for this study. Subjects completed 1 familiarization visit preceding 3 testing visits, which encompassed 1RM determination and 2 days of velocity testing. Forty-eight hours after 1RM testing, the subjects performed 1 repetition at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their 1RM for each exercise in randomized order. Subjects returned to the laboratory 1 week later to perform the velocity assessment again in randomized order. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) and relative SEM for the BP and 2LP ranged from 0.56 to 0.98 (3-18.1%) and 0.78 to 0.98 (2.8- 7.2%), respectively, and no mean differences were observed between trials. The results suggest high reliability for BP velocity between 30 and 60% 1RM and moderate reliability at 20, 70, and 80% 1RM, while the 2LP displayed high to excellent reliability from 20 to 80% 1RM. Cumulatively, machine-based exercise displayed greater reproducibility; however, additional machine exercises need to be examined to bolster this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined the acute effects of continuous whole-body vibration (CWBV) and intermittent whole-body vibration (IWBV) on neuromuscular and functional measures in women with sarcopenia and nonsarcopenic women. Continuous wholebody vibration was one 6-minute exposure, while IWBV consisted of six 60-second exposures to rest intervals (30 Hz, 2-4 mm amplitude). Factorial analyses revealed group × exposure × time interactions for jump height (JH; F ¼ 10.8, P ¼ .002), grip strength (GS; F ¼ 15.5, P < .001), timed up and go test (F ¼ 11.7, P ¼ .002), and sit and reach test (S&R; F ¼ 9.7, P ¼ .004). Both JH and GS significantly improved post-WBV in women with sarcopenia (P < .001), with post-IWBV significantly greater (P < .001) than post-CWBV. Timed up and go test and S&R significantly improved post-IWBV in both the groups (P < .001) with post-IWBV significantly better than post-CWBV (P < .001). Bench press power at 20% one repetition maximum (1RM) revealed an exposure × time interaction (F ¼ 4.6, P ¼ .04) illuminating that IWBV significantly improved muscular power (P < .001). Bench press power at 40% 1RM revealed group × exposure (F ¼ 6.4, P ¼ .016) and exposure × time interactions (F ¼ 5.8, P ¼ .022). Individuals with sarcopenia significantly increased power output (P < .001) post-IWBV which was significantly greater than post-CWBV (P ¼ .037). Bench press power at 60% 1RM revealed an exposure × time interaction (F ¼ 8.6, P ¼ .006), indicating that power was significantly improved post-IWBV (P ¼ .027) and decreased post-CWBV. Berg Balance scale revealed a time main effect (F ¼ 6.64, P ¼ .015), and pain discomfort was significantly lower post-IWBV. These data indicate IWBV may provide a more efficacious exposure pattern in older women when compared to CWBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miller, RM, Keeter, VM, Freitas, EDS, Heishman, AD, Knehans, AW, Bemben, DA, and Bemben, MG. Effects of blood-flow restriction combined with postactivation potentiation stimuli on jump performance in recreationally active men. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 1869–1874, 2018—Whole-body vibration (WBV) and maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) combined with blood-flow restriction (BFR) to augment postactivation potentiation have yet to be examined. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the augmented effects of postactivation potentiation when WBV and MVC are combined with BFR. Twenty men (21.8 ± 2.6 years, 180.5 ± 6.2 cm and 84.5 ± 12.1 kg) completed the study. Participants completed 3 testing sessions in a randomized design that included one of the following: (a) control (CON), (b) WBV and WBV combined with BFR (WBV + BFR), or (c) MVC and MVC combined with BFR (MVC + BFR). Jump height and power were recorded for 3 trials, PRE and POST jump height (cm) mean ± SD for each were as follows: CON 58.9 ± 8.6 and 57.9 ± 8.6, WBV 58.2 ± 8.1 and 59.9 ± 8.1, WBV + BFR 58.7 ± 7.6 and 60.2 ± 8.1, MVC 59.7 ± 7.4 and 60.2 ± 8.6, and MVC + BFR 57.7 ± 7.9 and 59.4 ± 8.1. PRE and POST jump power (W) mean ± SD for each were as follows: CON 1,224.3 ± 221.5 and 1,234.3 ± 189.2, WBV 1,251.1 ± 230.4 and 1,266.1 ± 215.7, WBV + BFR 1,265.8 ± 207.9 and 1,259 ± 223.3, MVC 1,264.7 ± 211.9 and 1,263.5 ± 236.5, and MVC + BFR 1,252.3 ± 222.0 and 1,294.6 ± 256.6. Significant differences were revealed in jump height between the 5 interventions (p < 0.01), WBV (p < 0.01), WBV + BFR (p < 0.01), and MVC + BFR (p < 0.01) revealed significant differences in time but no differences in jump power. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that WBV, WBV + BFR, and MVC + BFR significantly improve jump height and time in air but not jump power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservatives and liberals disagree sharply on matters of morality and public policy. We propose a novel account of the psychological basis of these differences. Specifically, we find that conservatives tend to emphasize the intrinsic value of actions during moral judgment, in part by mentally simulating themselves performing those actions, while liberals instead emphasize the value of the expected outcomes of the action. We then demonstrate that a structural emphasis on actions is linked to the condemnation of victimless crimes, a distinctive feature of conservative morality. Next, we find that the conservative and liberal structural approaches to moral judgment are associated with their corresponding patterns of reliance on distinct moral foundations. In addition, the structural approach uniquely predicts that conservatives will be more opposed to harm in circumstances like the well-known trolley problem, a result which we replicate. Finally, we show that the structural approaches of conservatives and liberals are partly linked to underlying cognitive styles (intuitive versus deliberative). Collectively, these findings forge a link between two important yet previously independent lines of research in political psychology: cognitive style and moral foundations theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although pre-transplant immunization is routinely recommended, this recommendation is based on little data. The primary objective of this study was to compare antibody responses in lung transplant patients who received influenza vaccine before the transplant, within the first six months of transplant, between 13 and 60 months post-transplant, and 110 months or beyond transplant. Methods This prospective cohort study included 357 total immunization events performed over five yr to measure H1N1, H3N2, and B antibody responses to the influenza vaccine in pre- and post-lung transplant patients. Geometric mean titers, seroprotection (antibody titer at least 1:40), seroconversion (fourfold increase between pre and post), and mean fold increases were compared. Results The geometric mean titer distributions were different for H3N2 and B ( ANOVA; p = 0.002 for both). Pre-transplant antibody concentrations were higher compared to the 13- to 60-month group for H3N2 (corrected p = 0.002) and the healthy group for B (corrected p = 0.001). The ≥110-month group had higher seroconversion rates compared to the 13- to 60-month group for H3N2 and B viruses. Conclusion Lung pre-transplant patients and the long-term survivors have higher responses to the influenza vaccine than early post-transplant and the transplant control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histotripsy therapy produces cavitating bubble clouds to increasingly fractionate and eventually liquefy tissue using high-intensity ultrasound pulses. Following cavitation generated by each pulse, coherent motion of the cavitation residual nuclei can be detected using metrics formed from ultrasound color Doppler acquisitions. In this paper, three experiments were performed to investigate the characteristics of this motion as real-time feedback on histotripsy tissue fractionation. In the first experiment, bubble-induced color Doppler (BCD) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis monitored the residual cavitation nuclei in the treatment region in an agarose tissue phantom treated with two-cycle histotripsy pulses at >30\text MPa using a 500-kHz transducer. Both BCD and PIV results showed brief chaotic motion of the residual nuclei followed by coherent motion first moving away from the transducer and then rebounding back. Velocity measurements from both PIV and BCD agreed well, showing a monotonic increase in rebound time up to a saturation point for increased therapy dose. In a second experiment, a thin layer of red blood cells (RBC) was added to the phantom to allow quantification of the fractionation of the RBC layer to compare with BCD metrics. A strong linear correlation was observed between the fractionation level and the time to BCD peak rebound velocity over histotripsy treatment. Finally, the correlation between BCD feedback and histotripsy tissue fractionation was validated in ex vivo porcine liver evaluated histologically. BCD metrics showed strong linear correlation with fractionation progression, suggesting that BCD provides useful quantitative real-time feedback on histotripsy treatment progression. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

PURPOSE:To compare the acute physiological responses of low-load resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) to traditional high-load RE without BFR (HL-RE) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Fifteen participants (men: n = 4; women: n = 11) with a confirmed diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS randomly completed the following RE conditions: 1) LL-BFR, consisting of 4 sets (30-15-15-15) of bilateral leg press (LP) and knee extension (KE), at 20% of their 1RM, and with 50% of BFR and 2) HL-RE, consisting of 4 sets (10-10-10-10) of the same exercises at 70% of 1RM without BFR. There was a 1-min rest period between sets and 5 min between exercises. Lactate [La-] was measured at rest, 5 min post-, and 60 min post-exercise; muscle thickness (MT) for the 50% portion of the thigh was measured via ultrasound at rest, immediately post-, 30 min, and 60 min post-exercise; and the myoelectric activity of the vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of both legs was measured using superficial electromyography (EMG) during each trial. Repeated measures analyses of variance with Bonferroni post hoc were used to detect significant differences between conditions within each time point. RESULTS: Although both trials significantly (p < 0.001) increased [La-] 5 min post-exercise, HL-RE resulted in significantly greater [La-] compared to LL-BFR (3.72 ± 1.41 vs. 2.20 ± 0.67 mmol/L, p < 0.001), however, both returned to resting levels 60 min post-exercise. There were no significant differences between HL-RE and LL-BFR for MT (cm) at any time point for either the right or left leg (p = 0.64 and p = 0.98). Additionally, MT was significantly (p ≤ 0.03) greater than resting (right: 3.43 ± 0.71, left: 3.43 ± 0.61) immediately post- (3.76 ± 0.68) and 30 min post-exercise (3.58 ± 0.73) for the right leg and immediately post (3.81 ± 0.66) for the left leg. HL-RE induced significantly (p < 0.001) greater EMG values than BFR-RE for the VM and VL muscles of both legs during the LP and KE exercises. CONCLUSIONS: HL-RE seems to induce greater acute physiological responses than BFR-RE for the measured parameters. Nonetheless, BFR-RE was well tolerated by the subjects and elicited significant increases in all the physiological parameters measured, which indicates that it may serve as a potential training strategy for MS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histotripsy thrombolysis is a non-invasive, drug-free, image-guided therapy that fractionates blood clots using well-controlled acoustic cavitation alone. Real-time quantitative feedback is highly desired during histotripsy thrombolysis treatment to monitor the progress of clot fractionation. Bubble-induced color Doppler (BCD) monitors the motion after cavitation generated by each histotripsy pulse, which has been found in gel and ex vivo liver tissue to be correlated with histotripsy fractionation. We investigated the potential of BCD to quantitatively monitor histotripsy thrombolysis in real time. To visualize clot fractionation, transparent three-layered fibrin clots were developed. Results indicated that a coherent motion follows the cavitation generated by each histotripsy pulse with a push and rebound pattern. The temporal profile of this motion expands and saturates as treatment progresses. A strong correlation exists between the degree of histotripsy clot fractionation and two metrics extracted from BCD: time of peak rebound velocity ( t PRV ) and focal mean velocity at a fixed delay ( V f,delay ). The saturation of clot fractionation ( i.e ., treatment completion) matches well the saturations detected using t PRV and V f,delay . The mean Pearson correlation coefficients between the progression of clot fractionation and the two BCD metrics were 93.1% and 92.6%, respectively. To validate BCD feedback in in vitro clots, debris volumes from histotripsy thrombolysis were obtained at different therapy doses and compared with V f,delay . There is also good agreement between the increasing and saturation trends of debris volume and V f,delay . Finally, a real-time BCD feedback algorithm to predict complete clot fractionation during histotripsy thrombolysis was developed and tested. This work illustrates the potential of BCD to monitor histotripsy thrombolysis treatment in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study examined the associations between serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and muscle, bone, and fat parameters in recreationally active women. One-hundred forty-five women (48.7 ± 17.8 years; 164.4 ± 7.1 cm; 66.8 ± 10.7 kg; and 24.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2) underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) assessments to determine total and regional muscle, bone, and fat parameters. Muscle performance of the knee extensors was examined via isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic dynamometry assessments, and serum IL-6 was measured via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Serum IL-6 was inversely associated with thigh muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA, r = -0.28, p < 0.01); isometric strength (r = -0.19, p < 0.05); hip areal bone mineral density [aBMD] (r = -0.18, p < 0.05); trochanter aBMD (r = -0.23, p < 0.01); total body aBMD (r = -0.20, p < 0.05); cortical volumetric bone density at 38 and 66% tibia (r = -0.18 and r = -0.19, respectively, both p < 0.05), and 66% cortical thickness (r = -0.17, p < 0.05). These associations were present after adjusting for age, BMI, and physical activity. Thigh mCSA was significantly lower in the tertile possessing the greatest IL-6 compared to the lowest tertile (p < 0.01); after adjusting for age, body mass index, and physical activity. Collectively, these observations indicate that IL-6 is inversely associated with skeletal muscle and bone parameters independent of relevant confounders. These observations bolster the prognostic value of serum IL-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Histotripsy has shown promise in non-invasive cardiac therapy for neonatal and fetal applications. However, for cardiac applications in general, and especially in the adult heart, cardiac and respiratory motion may affect treatment accuracy and efficacy. In this article, we describe a histotripsy-mediated cardiac therapy system integrated with a fast motion tracking algorithm and treatment monitoring using ultrasound imaging. Motion tracking is performed by diamond search block matching in real-time ultrasound images using a reference image of the moving target, refined by Kalman filtering. As proof of feasibility, this algorithm was configured to track 2-D target motion and then electronically adjust the focus of a 1-MHz annular therapy array to correct for axial motion. This integrated motion tracking system is capable of sub-millimeter accuracy for displacements of 0–15 mm and velocities of 0–80 mm/s, with a maximum error less than 3 mm. Tissue phantom tests indicated that treatment efficiency and lesion size using motion tracking over displacements of 0–15 mm and velocities of 0–42 mm/s are comparable to those achieved when treating stationary targets. In vivo validation was conducted in an open-chest canine model, where the system provided 24 min of motion-corrected histotripsy therapy in the live beating heart, generating a targeted lesion on the atrial septum. Based on this proof of feasibility and the natural extension of these techniques to three dimensions, we anticipate a full motion correction system would be feasible and beneficial for non-invasive cardiac therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The flow of concentrated suspensions is well known to be accompanied by irreversible bulk migrations. One approach to modeling the migration of particles relative to the bulk motion is based on a particle flux induced by spatial variation of the particle normal stresses. A frame-invariant formulation of the mixture stresses is presented in a general form and used in this approach; specific forms of the constitutive model for the stress are considered. These forms either include only the isotropic shear-induced particle stress (particle pressure) or include both normal stress differences and the particle pressure. The predicted flow and migration behavior are considered for complex geometries, using the flows in a contraction and an expansion as the primary examples. Results are limited to two-dimensional flows. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Few data exist identifying the influence of age on midthigh muscle composition. Further understanding how muscle composition of the midthigh changes with aging may improve current exercise prescriptions. PURPOSE: To examine the influence of chronological age on midthigh composition in 142 women (49.1±17.7 years, 164.5±7.1 cm, 66.6±10.7 kg). METHODS: Midthigh peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans were completed at the 40% site of the right femur and were analyzed using BoneJ software. Muscle density (MuD), cross-sectional area (mCSA), and intramuscular fat area (IMAT) were derived from the scans. One-way ANOVA compared group means by decade 20-29 (n=28), 30-39 (n=21), 40-49 (n=22), 50-59 (n=25), 60-69 (n=29), ≥70 years (n=17), while Dunnett's test performed post-hoc pairwise comparisons with the youngest group. Spearman's correlations examined each parameters association with age. A significance level of p<0.05 was selected a priori. RESULTS: MuD and mCSA displayed significant negative associations with age (r=-0.58 and r=-0.67, respectively, both p<0.01), while IMAT displayed a significant positive association with age (r=0.17, p=0.04). Group differences were observed for MuD (p<0.01), mCSA (p<0.01), IMAT (p=0.029). Dunnett's test revealed that MuD was significantly greater in the 20-29 years group compared to both age groups ≥60 years (81.5±1.2mg/cm³ vs 79.1±2.2mg/cm³ and 78.2±2.9mg/cm³, respectively; both p<0.01), and mCSA was significantly greater in the 20-29 years group compared to each age group ≥50 years (104.4±15.4cm² vs 85.9±14.3cm², 78.8±12.4cm², and 72.3±14.5cm², respectively, all p<0.01). IMAT was significantly greater in ≥70 years group compared to the 20-29 years group (6.23±2.3cm² vs 4.3±1.8cm², p=0.04). Interestingly, MuD, a surrogate for muscle quality, displayed smaller age-related decreases than mCSA (MuD: -3.9% vs mCSA: -29.7%) between the 20-29 and ≥70 years group. CONCLUSIONS: The current observations reveal that increased age displayed significant associations with midthigh muscle composition (MuD, mCSA, IMAT). However, future research is needed to identify which muscle composition parameter(s) contribute most effectively to maintaining muscle strength and physical performance with advanced age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pressure-driven flow of a noncolloidal suspension is studied in two-dimensional channel and axisymmetric circular pipe geometries at bulk solids fractions of . Flows are modeled by the “suspension balance” approach, consisting of mass and momentum balances for the bulk suspension and particle phase. For particles in Newtonian fluid, cross-stream motion is driven by spatial variation of particle phase normal stresses. The particle phase stress model is based strictly upon the computed rate of strain, with a nonlocal contribution to the normal stress. Two solution procedures for the suspension flow equations are described. The first is a “solve–evolve” scheme based upon a full two-dimensional solution of the unsteady, axially varying behavior using a conservative finite volume method to solve the bulk mass and momentum conservation equations. The flow solution is coupled to an explicit update (evolve) step of the particle conservation equation. The second is a nonconservative but efficient marching solution for the asymptotically steady, but axially varying, problem. Predicted axial variation of the particle fraction, velocity and pressure gradient, as well as the fully developed profiles in channel and pipe flows are presented. The rate of axial development is strongly dependent upon the ratio of particle size to channel half-width (or pipe radius), (or ). The agreement of marching method and full model solutions is very close for the cases studied; both agree quantitatively well with available experimental results, including axial development in the pipe flow, where the model predicts the second normal stress difference to influence the migration. Migration in a 2:1 contraction flow provides an illustration of a flow where the full solution is required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Achievement of 5–10% weight loss (WL) among older adults living with obesity considerably improves prognosis of health-related outcomes; however, concomitant declines in bone mineral density (BMD) limit overall benefit by increasing fracture risk. Declines in mechanical loading contribute to WL-associated BMD loss, with pilot data signaling the addition of external weight replacement (via weighted vest use) during intentional WL mitigates bone loss at weight bearing sites to a similar degree as resistance exercise training (RT). Definitive data in support of weighted vest use as a potential strategy to mitigate WL-associated bone loss in this population are needed. In the Incorporating Nutrition, Vests, Education, and Strength Training (INVEST) in Bone Health trial (NCT04076618), 192 older adults (60–85 years) who are overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) with at least one obesity-related risk factor or obese (BMI = 30–40 kg/m2) will be randomly assigned to participate in one of three 12-month intervention groups: WL alone, WL + weighted vest use (WL + VEST), or WL + RT. The primary aim is to determine the effects of WL + VEST compared to WL alone and WL + RT on indicators of bone health and subsequent fracture risk. Determining effective, translatable strategies that minimize bone loss during intentional WL among older adults holds public health potential. The INVEST in Bone Health trial offers an innovative approach for increasing mechanical stress during intentional WL in the absence of RT. If successful, findings from this study will provide evidence in support of a scalable solution to minimize bone loss during intentional WL among older adults with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LL BFR-RE) has been shown capable of improving neuromuscular parameters in several clinical populations, however, its tolerability and effects on individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. To investigate the perceptual responses of individuals with MS to LL BFR-RE versus traditional high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE). Four men and eleven women diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS randomly completed the following experimental trials: 1) LL BFR-RE four sets of 30–15–15–15 repetitions, at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) of leg-press (LP) and knee-extension (KE), with 50% of BFR, and a 1-min rest interval between sets; 2) HL-RE– four sets of 8–10 repetitions, at 70% 1-RM of LP and KE, with the same rest intervals. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured after each set, pain was measured before and after sets, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was measured at 5, 30, 60 min, and 24-h post-exercise. HL-RE elicited significantly (p <0.05) greater RPE compared to LL BFR-RE during all sets. Additionally, there were no significant (p >0.05) differences between LL BFR-RE and HL-RE for pain immediately after all sets, although pain measured before sets were significantly (p <0.05) greater for LL BFR-RE. Finally, both protocols resulted in similar DOMS, however, it was significantly (p <0.05) elevated 24-h post-exercise compared to 1-h after for HL-RE but not for LL BFR-RE. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LL BFR-RE is well tolerated by individuals with MS, requires less muscular exertion than HL-RE, and does not cause exaggerated pain during exercise or elevated DOMS up to 24 h post-exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation was to identify the influence that sex, training intensity, and frequency have on long-term resistance exercise (RE) outcomes in older adults. One-hundred eleven older adults (men: 41, women: 70) completed either: high-intensity RE 2d/week (HI-2D; n = 29), low-intensity RE 2d/week (LI-2D; n = 32), high-intensity RE 3d/week (HI-3D, n = 20), or low-intensity RE 3d/week (LI-3D, n = 30). HI protocols completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions with 80% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) while LI completed 3 sets of 16 repetitions with 40% 1-RM. Total and regional bone free lean body mass (BFLBM) were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the rectus femoris. mCSA was the only muscle quantity parameter to increase (p = 0.043). Significant trial effects for upper body, lower body, and specific strength were observed (all p < 0.001). Significant sex × time interactions (p < 0.001) were observed for upper and lower body strength, however, men and women displayed similar increases in lower body (45.7 ± 29.6 vs 46.4 ± 34.9%), upper body (33.1 ± 21.0 vs 33.4 ± 24.7%), and specific strength (36.5 ± 28.5 vs 40.1 ± 28.7%). A group × time interaction for lower body strength indicated that at 20-weeks HI-2D and LI-3D displayed greater lower body strength than LI-2D (both p < 0.009), and at 40-weeks HI-2D, HI-3D, and LI-3D displayed significantly greater lower body strength than LI-2D (all p < 0.038). These observations indicate that older men and women display similar long-term RE outcomes. Additionally, regardless of frequency or intensity, the current prescriptions were effective for increasing strength, however these data suggest HI-2D > LI-2D and LI-3D > LI-2D but similar outcomes among HI-2D, HI-3D, and LI-3D. The variety of effective RE approaches provides flexibility among older adults for selecting a lifestyle intervention that would be most sustainable. • Long-term strength adaptations are similar between older men and women. • Strength increases were evident despite marginal changes for lean body mass. • HI-2D, HI-3D, and LI-3D had greater lower body strength than LI-2D post-intervention. • All training groups displayed similar upper body and specific strength post-intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Practical blood flow restriction exercise may provide a more favorable exercise condition when compared to clinical blood flow restriction exercise. • High intensity and clinical blood flow restriction induce greater perceptual responses than low intensity or practical blood flow restriction exercise. The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the acute perceptual responses during low-load resistance exercise (RE) with clinical blood flow restriction (cBFR-RE) and practical blood flow restriction (pBFR-RE), and during conventional low- (LL-RE) and high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE), to determine if these responses differed between young males and females. Twenty-nine participants (14 males: 23.6±2.7years, 25.3±3.1kg/m2 and 15 females: 20.3±1.6years, 23.4±1.9kg/m2) completed the following exercise conditions in a randomized design: 1) cBFR-RE, 2) pBFR-RE, 3) HL-RE, and 4) LL-RE. Low-load conditions consisted of 30-15-15-15 repetitions of two-leg press (LP) and knee extension (KE) exercises with 30% one-repetition maximum (1-RM), and HL-RE consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% 1-RM, all with 60s rest intervals. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and discomfort were assessed before exercise and immediately following each set. RPE was significantly higher in HL-RE compared to all low-load conditions for both exercises after each set (all p<0.05). cBFR-RE resulted in significantly greater RPE than pBFR-RE and LL-RE for both exercises for sets 1-4 for LP and sets 2-3 for KE (all p<0.05). Levels of discomfort were similar between cBFR-RE and HL-RE, which tended to be significantly higher than pBFR-RE and LL-RE (p<0.05). Men reported significantly greater RPE than women following sets 2-4 during KE with cBFR-RE and sets 2 and 3 during KE for HL-RE (all p<0.05). Males also reported significantly greater discomfort than women following sets 2-4 for KE LL-RE (p<0.05). Altogether, these data suggest that pBFR-RE may provide a more favorable BFR condition based on perceptual responses and that perceptual responses may differ between sexes across varying resistance exercise conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the perceptual responses to resistance exercise (RE) with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen males randomly completed the following exercise conditions: low-load RE with continuous BFR (cBFR), low-load RE with intermittent BFR (iBFR), low-load RE without BFR (LI), and traditional high-load RE (HI). Participants completed 4 sets of 30-15-15-15 repetitions of bilateral leg press and knee extension exercises during the low-load conditions, at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), a 1.5‑sec metronome-controlled pace, with a 1-min rest interval between sets; HI consisted of 4 sets of 10 repetitions of the same exercises, at 70% 1-RM, with the same pace and rest interval. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and discomfort were assessed using psychometric scales before exercise and after each set. RPE displayed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the BFR conditions for either exercise. Additionally, both BFR conditions elicited significantly (p < 0.05) greater RPE than LI and significantly (p <0.05) lower RPE than HI during both exercises. Rating of discomfort displayed no significant differences between BFR conditions during the first two sets of leg press; however, cBFR evoked greater discomfort compared to iBFR during the last two sets. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences observed between conditions during the knee extension exercise. Rating of discomfort was similar between the BFR and HI conditions and each were significantly greater than LI during both exercises. Therefore, cBFR and iBFR seem to produce similar perceptual responses, which are greater than LI and lower than HI, but similar in regards to discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the best of our knowledge, previous literature has not longitudinally examined hydration status in collegiate basketball players. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the prepractice hydration status of collegiate basketball players across various training phases for 2 consecutive years. Retrospective analyses examined prepractice urine-specific gravity (USG) assessments obtained from National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I male basketball players during the preseason and competitive season, for 2 consecutive years. The first year (year 1 = Y1) of analysis consisted of 15 athletes and the second year (year 2 = Y2) consisted of 1 6 athletes, with 8 athletes in both seasons. Hydration status was classified based on the National Athletic Trainers' criteria: (a) euhydrated, USG < 1.020; (b) hypohydrated, USG = 1.020-1.030; and (c) significantly hypohydrated, USG > 1.030. Additional comparisons examined the association of minutes played with hydration status and changes in hydration status for athletes returning from Y1 to Y2. The results indicated 55-65.7% of cases showed levels of significant hypohydration during the preseason and competitive seasons for both years. Preseason hydration status was significantly better than the competitive season (Y1, p = 0.008; Y2, p = 0.005). Despite significant differences in minutes played (p < 0.001), no differences in hydration status were observed. Returning athletes displayed no differences in hydration status between Y1 and Y2. Collegiate basketball players show levels of hypohydration when longitudinally examined across various training phases. Although hydration may be improved in the preseason, alternative factors such as average game minutes played and length in program may not influence hydration status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has paralleled concomitant changes in external training load (eTL) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Therefore, this investigation characterized eTL and CMJ performance changes across preseason training in Division 1 male collegiate basketball athletes, while examining the influence of position (Guard vs. Forward/Center) and scholarship status (Scholarship = S vs. Walk-on = WO). During 22 practices, eTL was monitored in 14 male athletes, with weekly CMJs performed to quantify neuromuscular performance (Jump Height [JH], Flight Time:Contraction Time [FT:CT], Reactive Strength Index Modified [RSIMod ]). PlayerLoad per minute was significantly higher during W1 and W2 (5.4 ± 1.3au and 5.3 ± 1.2au, respectively; p < 0.05) compared to subsequent weeks, but no additional differences in eTL parameters across time were observed. Scholarship athletes displayed greater PlayerLoad (S = 777.1 ± 35.6, WO = 530.1 ± 56.20; Inertial Movement Analysis (IMA) IMA_High (S = 70.9 ± 15.2, WO = 41.3 ± 15.2); IMA_Medium (S = 159.9 ± 30.7, WO = 92.7 ± 30.6); and IMA_Low (S = 700.6 ± 105.1, WO = 405 ± 105.0;) (p < 0.05), with no observed differences in eTL by position. Moderate decreases in FT:CT and RSI- Mod paralleled increased eTL. Significant increases in practice intensity (W1 and W2) did not impact CMJ performance, suggesting athletes could cope with the prescribed training loads. However, moderate perturbations in FT:CT and RSIMod paralleled the weeks with intensified training. Cumulatively, scholarship status appears to influence eTL while player position does not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The countermovement jump (CMJ) is routinely used in athlete performance to quantify adaptions to training, as well as monitor neuromuscular readiness and fatigue. However, controversy remains in whether to incorporate an arm swing during the CMJ (CMJ AS) or keep the hands placed on the hips (CMJ NAS). Incorporating the arms provides a higher degree of sport-specificity that may yield improved reliability, especially in skilled jumpers. By contrast, the hands-on-hips approach isolates lower extremity force production and eliminates potential arm-swing variation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of CMJ typical (CMJ-TYP), CMJ concentric alternative (CMJ-Conc- ALT), and CMJ eccentric alternative (CMJ-Ecc-ALT) variables obtained during the CMJ AS and CMJ NAS. Twenty-two (men = 14, women = 8) NCAA Division 1 collegiate basketball players performed 3 CMJ AS and 3 CMJ NAS on a force plate, in a randomized order. To assess the test-retest reliability, participants returned 1 week later to perform 3 additional CMJ AS and 3 CMJ NAS. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to assess intersession and intrasession reliability for the various CMJ variables. A majority of CMJ-TYP and several CMJ-Conc-ALT and CMJEcc- ALT variables exhibited adequate intersession and intrasession reliability (ICC > 0.700 and CV <10%) during both the CMJ AS and the CMJ NAS. Countermovement jump AS may provide more pertinent information about long-term changes in sport-specific performance, whereas the CMJ NAS may be more beneficial for detecting acute changes in neuromuscular fatigue and athlete readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the time course for changes in muscle swelling and plasma volume following high (HI) and low-intensity resistance exercise with blood-flow restriction (LI-BFR). Ten male participants (22.1 ± 3.0 yrs) completed three experimental conditions: high-intensity exercise (HI - 80 % of 1RM), low-intensity exercise with BFR (LI-BFR -20 % of 1RM, and 160 mmHg of BFR), and control (CON - no exercise or BFR). Muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), muscle thickness, thigh circumference, and percentage change in plasma volume (PV %Δ) were measured. mCSA was significantly greater than rest values at 15 min post-exercise (p < 0.01) for HI and LI-BFR, and at 75 min post-exercise (p < 0.01) for HI. Muscle thickness was significantly greater than rest immediately post-exercise (p < 0.01) and 30 min post-exercise (p < 0.01) for HI and LI-BFR, and at 60 min post-exercise for HI (p = 0.01). Muscle thickness was greater for BFR immediately post-exercise compared to HI (p = 0.01) post-exercise. Thigh circumference was significantly greater from rest at 15 min post-exercise (p = 0.01) and at 75 min post-exercise for both LI-BFR (p = 0.03) and HI (p < 0.01). PV %A significantly decreased from rest immediately post-exercise for both HI (p < 0.01) and LI-BFR (p < 0.01). In conclusion, BFR exercise induces changes in muscle swelling and plasma volume similar to those observed at high-intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for fabricating a modular, kerf-minimizing histotripsy phased array was developed and tested. The method utilizes arbitrarily shaped elements, 3-D printing, water jet cutting, and a thin, 125- $\mu \text{m}$ electrically insulating epoxy coating to maximize aperture utilization while allowing for replacement of individual transducer modules. The method was used to fabricate a 750-kHz truncated circular aperture array (165 mm $\times234$ mm) transducer with a focal length of 142 mm. The aperture was segmented into 260 arc-shaped modular elements, each approximately 11.5 mm $\times11.5$ mm, arranged in concentric rings. The resulting aperture utilization was 92%. The full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) focal zone of the array was measured to be 1.6 mm $\times1.1$ mm $\times4.5$ mm, and the FWHM electrical steering range was measured to be 38.5 mm $\times33$ mm $\times \,\,>$ 40 mm. The array was estimated to be capable of generating approximately 120-MPa peak negative pressure at the geometric focus. In addition, the array was used to ablate a 5-cm3 volume of tissue with electric focal steering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Reduction of P300 event-related potential amplitude in schizophrenia is perhaps the most replicated biological reflection of the illness. P300 is typically elicited by infrequent deviant events that are imbedded in a series of identical frequent standard events. Deviants have features that explicitly distinguish them from standards, whereas standards can be distinguished from each other based on their local sequential probabilities within the stimulus series. The improbable occurrence of a standard should generate a P300, but only if the implicit local context generated by the recent stimulus history is processed. Method: To assess the ability of schizophrenia patients to process this implicit contextual information, ERPs were elicited from 22 controls and 16 schizophrenia patients during an auditory oddball task containing infrequent target tones (15%) and novel distracter sounds (15%) imbedded pseudo-randomly in a series of standard tones (70%). Consecutively presented standards following deviant stimuli varied in sequential probability from p =1.0 for the 1st standard to p =0.16 for the 4th consecutive standard. Results: Patients compared to controls demonstrated smaller P300 (P3a) to the fourth consecutive standard. However, in controls but not patients a contingent negative variation (CNV) was observed prior to the fourth standard, and an N2b/mismatch negativity (MMN) was observed following it. Conclusions: These outcomes suggest that patients are deficient in using the implicit context established by recent stimulus history to anticipate that an otherwise standard stimulus was unlikely and its occurrence unexpected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The acute and chronic effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on balance, postural stability, and mobility were evaluated in 21 women with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) randomly assigned to control (n = 9) or experimental (n = 12) groups. To assess acute responses, outcome variables were assessed before and immediately after a session of WBV (five 30-second bouts of vibration; frequency 30 Hz; amplitude 3 mm; 1-minute rest intervals) during their first visit (week 1) using field (Timed-Up and Go; 500-m walk; Berg Balance Scale) and laboratory tests (NeuroCom Balance Master and EquiTest System—Sensory Organization Test, Adaptation Test, Limits of Stability, Modified Clinical Test for Sensory Integration of Balance, Unilateral Stance, Tandem Walk, Step/Quick Turn). Acute responses were also measured after their fifth visit for only the Adaptation and Sensory Organization tests. For the chronic responses, participants were exposed to the WBV protocol once a week, for a total of 5 weeks, and then at week 5, were reassessed with the Adaptation and the Sensory Organization tests. Neither acute nor chronic exposure to the WBV protocols used in this study resulted in significant improvements (P > .05) in balance, postural stability, or mobility as assessed by either field or laboratory tests. However, based on promising results from other studies that have used WBV with other clinical populations, either alone or in conjunction with exercise, additional studies that increase the dose of vibration exposure, both acutely and chronically, should be conducted in patients with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of ink-jet printing for fabrication of components for solid oxide fuel cells has been explored. An anode interlayer, consisting of a composite of NiO and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and an electrolyte layer, YSZ (8 mol%), were ink-jet printed on a tape cast anode support, 55 wt% NiO–45 wt% YSZ (8 mol%). Scanning electron microscopy of the printed layers sintered at 1400°C revealed a dense electrolyte layer measuring 10–12 μm in thickness. Single cells using these printed layers and strontium-doped lanthanum manganate (LSM, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3)-based pasted cathodes were assessed by DC polarization and AC complex impedance methods. The cells exhibited a stable open circuit voltage of 1.1 V around 800°C, in a hydrogen atmosphere. A maximum power density of 500 m·(W·cm)−2 was achieved at 850°C for a typical cell with the electrolyte and anode interlayer cosintered at 1400°C. A composite cathode interlayer, LSM–YSZ, and a cathode current collection layer, LSM, were also ink-jet printed and incorporated in single cells. However, cells with all components ink-jet printed showed decreased performance. This pointed to critical issues in the composite cathode microstructure, which is controlled by the composite ink design/formulation and printing parameters that need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]