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This studio-based research project explores social attitudes towards postmenopausal women in contemporary western society. The investigation is driven by my ageing as a postmenopausal woman, and by the attitudes I have encountered that reinforce my observation that as women age they became less visible and valued in society. The feminist-inspired project reflects on how the derogation of postmenopausal women stems from the age-old patriarchal construct of western civilisation that reduces a woman's role to that of a child bearer, homemaker and an object of desire for men. When these functions have been fulfilled women are considered to be redundant to the needs of society and are discarded. In pursuing this research project, the plan was to explore how the language of sculpture can be used to challenge this negative view of older women. In the project, I have used the human body as a central point of Reference. I re-employ cast-off objects and materials associated with women's lives, such as stockings and fashion accessories to produce the work. Using assemblage and simple sculptural processes such as plastering and gilding, the work produced reimages postmenopausal women. The goal is to challenge the conception of ageing as simply a process of decline, presenting it as something which opens up new possibilities. While there are allusions to the psychological distress older women experience due to the unjust way they have been treated in society, they are also portrayed as complex, smart, adaptable, resilient, funny, wise, interesting and vital. The objective is to elicit an empathetic response, prompting the viewer to rethink their prejudicial attitude toward postmenopausal women. The project is informed by contemporary theorists on ageing, including the feminist writers Betty Friedan, Margaret Morganroth Gullette and Linn Sandberg, who posit an alternative, positive vision of life after menopause by promoting the concept that women can achieve empowerment as they age by challenging the limited expectations of society and by embracing self-determination. The work of many women artists is also examined to provide a contextual base for both the conceptual and technical aspects of the work. Artists were selected who have produced work to challenge traditional conventions regarding the perception of older women in society, for example, Cindy Sherman's recent photographic self-portraits. Other artists were chosen to inform the experimental and experiential approach used to investigate the potential of materials to communicate ideas about the way postmenopausal women experience ageing. They include the female Surrealists Meret Oppenheim, Dorothea Tanning and Eileen Agar, as well as Louise Bourgeois, who utilised materials derived from her domestic environment in some of her works to explore ideas about the experience of womanhood by drawing inspiration from her subconscious mind. While in recent decades the traditional subjugation of women in society has been challenged by feminists, resulting in positive changes in many spheres of women's lives, the unjust treatment of postmenopausal women remains mainly unchallenged today. My work in this project contributes to the discourse of this complex social issue, in the hope of an eventual shift in the conventional paradigm, to see older women treated with the respect they deserve.

Theories of early cooperation in human society often draw from a small sample of ethnographic studies of surviving populations of hunter–gatherers, most of which are now sedentary. Borneo hunter–gatherers (Punan, Penan) have seldom figured in comparative research because of a decades-old controversy about whether they are the descendants of farmers who adopted a hunting and gathering way of life. In 2018 we began an ethnographic study of a group of still-nomadic hunter–gatherers who call themselves Punan Batu (Cave Punan). Our genetic analysis clearly indicates that they are very unlikely to be the descendants of neighbouring agriculturalists. They also preserve a song language that is unrelated to other languages of Borneo. Dispersed travelling groups of Punan Batu with fluid membership use message sticks to stay in contact, co-operate and share resources as they journey between rock shelters and forest camps. Message sticks were once widespread among nomadic Punan in Borneo, but have largely disappeared in sedentary Punan villages. Thus the small community of Punan Batu offers a rare glimpse of a hunting and gathering way of life that was once widespread in the forests of Borneo, where prosocial behaviour extended beyond the face-to-face community, facilitating successful collective adaptation to the diverse resources of Borneo's forests.

Introduction: The role of pre- and post-test counselling in new HIV testing strategies to reduce delayed diagnosis has been debated. Data on time devoted to counselling are scarce. One approach to this problem is to explore patients' views on the time devoted to counselling by venue of their last HIV test. Methods: We analysed data from 1568 people with a previous HIV test who attended a mobile HIV testing program in Madrid between May and December 2008. Results: The majority (71%) were men (48% had had sex with other men), 51% were

Computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography is now a widely available and reliable test accessible on basic CT platforms that can exclude coronary heart disease with confidence. It is fast, cheap and, if properly carried out by trained and accredited staff in carefully selected patients, useful information can be obtained with acceptably low radiation exposure in some cases.

Under equilibrium conditions, the specific binding of 14C-alpha-methyl-D-glucoside and 14C-p-aminohippurate to brushborder and basolateral membranes of rabbit kidney cortex could not be quantitated using standard filtration techniques. It was concluded that the low receptor affinities of these transported solutes and the masking of bound isotopic counts by vesicular uptake prevented accurate measurement of specific binding activities.

To meet a growing need, a single dialysis apparatus has been developed that can easily be employed by conventionally trained staff to perform volume programmed ultrafiltration hemodialysis, sequential ultrafiltration-hemodialysis, hemofiltration, or any combination of these with either acetate or bicarbonate based dialysate. Continued studies will be necessary to establish its full suitability for general use. However, we feel that the investigations of the various modes of dialysis therapy that this device makes so readily available show great potential for improving the treatment of ESRD.

HISTAMINE has been a standard stimulant of gastric secretion for the past four decades, but its effect on the output of gastric pepsin is still controversial. Babkin1concluded that histamine stimulates only the parietal cells whose secretions then serve to wash out preformed pepsin. Other studies have given evidence that histamine is either a true stimulant of pepsin secretion,2,3or that it inhibits pepsin output,4or that it does neither.1,5,6Hirschowitz7has suggested that the main confusion is caused by species differences: men, monkeys, frogs, and mice secrete pepsin following histamine, but cats and dogs do not.8Hirschowitz has stated that the administration of histamine to dogs does not stimulate9and may inhibit8the secretion of pepsin. In a study of the responses of various denervated canine gastric pouches to graded stimuli, we were surprised to find that histamine-stimulated pepsin secretion at the

Detectable levels of gastrin are present in the canine fetal antrum as early as the fourth week before birth. The mean concentration of full-thickness antral gastrin is significantly greater in pups older than six weeks of age than in pups less than six weeks of age. The mean gastrin concentration of antral mucosa in pups six to nine weeks and 9- to 12-weeks old was not significantly different from that in canine fetuses. The antral gastrin concentration is strongly correlated with the serum gastrin concentration in pups (8 to 12 weeks old) but only weakly correlated in adult dogs. Parietal cells are present in the canine fundus as early as the fourth week prior to birth.

Although certain facts have been demonstrated experimentally about gastric hypersecretion in dogs following portacaval transposition, the exact cause remains unclear. 1,2 Hypersecretion has been shown to occur independently of hepatic parenchymal damage 3 is not suppressed by elimination of the cephalic and antral phases of gastric secretion. 4,5 Decreased hepatic catabolism or inactivation of a gastric secretagogue elaborated in the small intestine has been suggested by some investigators, 5-8 and histamine has been suggested to be this secretagogue. 9 Day and associates 10 have shown increased levels of circulating and gastric mucosal histamine in rats with portacaval shunts. Recently, Fischer and Snyder 11,12 have shown increased enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase in the gastric mucosa of rats with portacaval shunts and have been able to inhibit the gastric hypersecretion following portacaval shunt with brocresine (NSD-1055), a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor. The changes in gastric secretion brought about by portacaval shunting have