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Millettia speciosa is the dry root of the leguminous plant, which has the effect of tonifying the lung, strengthening the tendons and activating the collaterals. It is a famous dual-purpose plant for medicine and food in Lingnan area. In this paper, the research progress of the quality standard collection, variety identification, inspection, determination of effective ingredients and fingerprint quality evaluation of Millettia speciosa was reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing quality evaluation methods of Millettia speciosa were analyzed. The method of establishing the comprehensive quality evaluation system of Millettia speciosa was proposed, which can be used as a reference for the quality evaluation and quality control of Millettia speciosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP) enjoys widespread recognition for its culinary and medicinal attributes. Despite the extensive history of MSCP cultivation, the disparities in quality and bioactivity between wild and cultivated varieties have remained unexplored. In this study, 20 wild and cultivated MSCP samples were collected from different regions in China. We embarked on a comprehensive investigation of the chemical constituents found in both wild and cultivated MSCP utilizing UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS technology and multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). In total, 62 chemical components were unequivocally identified or tentatively characterized. Via the multivariate statistical analysis, we successfully pinpointed nine compounds with the potential to serve as chemical markers, enabling the differentiation between wild and cultivated MSCP varieties. Moreover, both genotypes exhibited substantial antioxidant and anti-fatigue properties. The bioactivities of wild MSCP were marginally higher when compared to their cultivated counterparts. This study illuminates the impressive antioxidant and anti-fatigue potential present in both wild and cultivated MSCP genotypes, further augmenting the allure of this species and opening new avenues for the economic valorization of MSCP. Hence, this study provides a valuable method for the identification and quality control of MSCP and a method in chemistry and pharmacology to assess an alternative possibility for cultivated MSCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP), which is distributed and used in Southern China, is often sulfur-fumigated during postharvest handling to prevent insects and molds. In the present study, a comprehensive strategy was proposed by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS) with multivariate analysis to rapidly identify potential chemical sulfur-fumigated MSCP (SF-MSCP) samples, discover chemical transformation mechanisms and control the quality of SF-MSCP. Eighty-six compounds were tentatively assigned, and ten compounds were screened out as potential markers. Moreover, the chemical transformation mechanism was deduced by hydrolysis, esterification and dehydration reactions that occurred during the sulfur-fumigated process. The developed method was successfully applied to predict 16 commercial MSCP samples, and 9 samples were found to contain sulfur compounds, ranging in sulfur residues from 100 to 310 mg/kg. These research outcomes can not only be used to distinguish the nonfumigated MSCP from SF-MSCP by chemical markers but also provide a chemical basis for further comprehensive investigating in-depth safety and functional evaluations of SF-MSCP.

Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP) enjoys widespread recognition for its culinary and medicinal attributes. Despite the extensive history of MSCP cultivation, the disparities in quality and bioactivity between wild and cultivated varieties have remained unexplored. In this study, 20 wild and cultivated MSCP samples were collected from different regions in China. We embarked on a comprehensive investigation of the chemical constituents found in both wild and cultivated MSCP utilizing UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS technology and multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). In total, 62 chemical components were unequivocally identified or tentatively characterized. Via the multivariate statistical analysis, we successfully pinpointed nine compounds with the potential to serve as chemical markers, enabling the differentiation between wild and cultivated MSCP varieties. Moreover, both genotypes exhibited substantial antioxidant and anti-fatigue properties. The bioactivities of wild MSCP were marginally higher when compared to their cultivated counterparts. This study illuminates the impressive antioxidant and anti-fatigue potential present in both wild and cultivated MSCP genotypes, further augmenting the allure of this species and opening new avenues for the economic valorization of MSCP. Hence, this study provides a valuable method for the identification and quality control of MSCP and a method in chemistry and pharmacology to assess an alternative possibility for cultivated MSCP.

The root of Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP) is used in folk medicine and is popular as a soup ingredient. The root is composed of the rhizome and radix, but only the radix has been used as a food. Thus, it is very important to compare the chemical components and antioxidant activities between the rhizome and radix. The extracts were analyzed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS and multivariate analysis, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Ninety-one compounds were detected simultaneously and temporarily identified. Ten compounds were identified as chemical markers to distinguish the rhizome from the radix. The antioxidant activities of the radix were higher than the rhizome. Correlation analysis showed that uvaol-3-caffeate, 3-O-caffeoyloleanolic acid, and khrinone E were the main active markers for antioxidant activity, which allowed for the rapid differentiation of rhizomes and the radix. Therefore, it could be helpful for future exploration of its material base and bioactive mechanism. In addition, it would be considered to be used as a new method for the quality control of M. speciosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millettia speciosa Champ, renowned for its diverse applications in traditional medicine, is extensively cultivated in the Guangxi region of China, spanning roughly 5,973 hectares. In July 2021, a plantation in Yulin, Guangxi, China (22°64'N; 110°29'E), exhibited severe leaf spot disease on M. speciosa. Notably, a 46,690 square meters area had over 40% leaf spot incidence. Initially, symptoms appeared as small, circular, pale-yellow lesions on the leaves, then turned into irregular, dark brown spots with yellow halos, leading to the wilt and defoliation of leaves. To identify the responsible pathogen, a total of five symptomatic leaves were collected and sterilized systematically. Small tissue segments (5×5 mm) from lesion peripheries were aseptically excised, then surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 10 s, and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 3 min. Following this, the sterilized tissues were triple-rinsed with sterile water and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28 °C in the dark for 7 d. A total of seven isolates were obtained through single-spore isolation, and one representative isolate, N2-3, was selected for further analysis. After 7 d of incubation, colonies displayed flat, white, and extensively branched aerial hyphae. Over time, the reverse side of the colony changed from white to yellowish-white. The pycnidia were black with conidial droplets ranging from cream to pale yellow exuding from their ostioles. The α-conidia were one-celled, hyaline, ovoid to cylindrical, typically with one or two droplets, 2.6 to 5.9 ×1.4 to 3.9 μm (n=50). These morphological traits align with those of the genus Diaporthe, as reported by Li et al. (2022) and Crous et al. (2015). To identify the species, isolate N2-3 underwent sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (BT), and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) sections (Huang et al. 2021). Obtained sequences of ITS, BT and EF1-α (Genebank accessions nos. OR600532, OR662169 and OR662168) displayed a 99% similarity to Diaporthe tulliensis (Genebank accessions nos. OP219651, ON932382, OL412437, respectively). Based on the concatenated ITS, BT and EF1-α, a neighbor-joining phylogenetic analyses using MEGA7.0 clustered with D. tulliensis. Therefore, the fungus was identified as D. tulliensis (teleomorph name) based on morphological and molecular features. A pathogenicity test was conducted on 1-year-old M. speciosa seedlings by gently abrading healthy leaves with sterilized toothpicks to create superficial wounds. Wounded leaves were then inoculated with 5 mm diameter mycelial plugs, while control seedlings received PDA plugs. Three leaves per plant and five plants per treatment were selected for assessment. All seedlings were kept in a controlled greenhouse (12/12h light/dark, 25 ± 2 °C, 90% humidity). After 7 d, the inoculated leaves showed symptoms like those in the field, while control plants remained healthy. The fungus was consistently reisolated from the infected leaves, satisfying Koch's postulates. Notably, D. tulliensis has caused Boston ivy leaf spot, bodhi tree leaf spot, cacao pod rot, and jasmine stem canker (Huang et al. 2021; Li et al. 2022; Serrato-Diaz et al. 2022; Hsu et al. 2023). This discovery is significant as it marks the first report of Diaporthe tulliensis causing leaf spot on Millettia speciossa in China, which has direct implications for the development of diagnostic tools and research into potential disease management strategies.

The root of Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP) is used in folk medicine and is popular as a soup ingredient. The root is composed of the rhizome and radix, but only the radix has been used as a food. Thus, it is very important to compare the chemical components and antioxidant activities between the rhizome and radix. The extracts were analyzed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS and multivariate analysis, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Ninety-one compounds were detected simultaneously and temporarily identified. Ten compounds were identified as chemical markers to distinguish the rhizome from the radix. The antioxidant activities of the radix were higher than the rhizome. Correlation analysis showed that uvaol-3-caffeate, 3-O-caffeoyloleanolic acid, and khrinone E were the main active markers for antioxidant activity, which allowed for the rapid differentiation of rhizomes and the radix. Therefore, it could be helpful for future exploration of its material base and bioactive mechanism. In addition, it would be considered to be used as a new method for the quality control of M. speciosa.

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In order to lay the foundation for revealing the growth and development law and screening the genes related to root expansion by studying the biological activity of the amylase gene family of Millettia speciosa. Based on the transcriptome sequencing results of non-enlarged and enlarged root of M. speciosa, 28 daphnia magna amylase genes were screened by bioinformatics technology. The results showed that the molecular weights of amino acid sequences encoded by 28 amylase-related protein genes ranged from 20.78 to 349.39 KDa. They were all acidic proteins, some of the subcellular localization was in chloroplast. They had PLN02784 super family and AmyAc-family super family conserved domains. The proportion of random coil in the secondary structure was the largest excluded from MsAm1, MsAm7, MsAm8, MsAm15, MsAm16, MsAm22, MsAm23 and MsAm28. Tertiary structure prediction showed that the amylase of M. speciosa contained α-amylase structure, β-amylase structure, and isoamylase structure. Amylase gene family had 86 functional elements, and MsAm9 had the most functional elements(42). The phylogenetic tree showed that MsAm15, MsAm16 belonged to the same category and had motif 2, motif 3, motif 7, and MsAm4, MsAm24, MsAm26 belonged to the other same category. Compared to Arabidopsis thaliana anylase, AtBM4 and MsAm6, AtAM2 and MsAm2, AtBM8 and MsAm5, AtBM4 and MsAm6, AtAM10 and MsAm22, AtIM3 and MsAm17 belonged to the same category, respectively. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the further study of biological functions and regulation mechanism of 28 M. speciosa amylase, and provide a reference for the study of root enlargement and improvement of M. speciosa amylase varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To study the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Millettia speciosa and Tinpspora sinensis and their compatibility. [Methods] (i) In the glacial acetic acid writhing experiment, 60 SPF-grade Kunming mice were adopted, and the mice were randomly divided into 6 groups at male-female ratio of 1∶1, namely, the blank control group, M. speciosa group, T. sinensis group, M. speciosa compatible with T. sinensis group at the ratio of 1∶2(expressed as 1∶2 compatibility group), M. speciosa compatible with T. sinensis group at the ratio of 1∶1 (expressed as 1∶1 compatibility group), and M. speciosa compatible with T. sinensis group at the ratio of 2∶1 (expressed as 2∶1 compatibility group), 12 mice for each group. Mice of the experimental groups were administered at a dose of 20 mL/kg, and the corresponding concentration of the Chinese medicine extract was given at 1 g/mL. The control group was administered with an equal volume of 0.9% physiological saline, and was intragastrically administered once every 24 h for 14 d. After intragastric administration for one hour on day 14, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5% glacial acetic acid solution was performed to induce pain.(ii) In the hot plate experiment, 60 Kunming female SPF mice were adopted, grouped, intragastrically administered with the same glacial acetic acid writhing experiment for 14 d. After intragastric administration for one hour on day 14, the mice were placed on a hot plate apparatus at(55±0.5) ℃. to measure the time of licking their hind feet.(iii) In the anti-inflammatory experiment, 60 Kunming SPF mice were adopted, grouped, intragastrically administered with the same glacial acetic acid writhing experiment for 14 d. After intragastric administration for one hour on day 14, xylylene was administered to the left ears of mice at a dose of 50 μL/piece to induce inflammation. [Results](i) In the glacial acetic acid writhing experiment, compared with the blank control group, the experimental group showed analgesic effects. Specifically, M. speciosa group, T. sinensis group, 1∶2 compatibility group, 1∶1 compatibility group, 2∶1 compatibility group showed significant effect(P<0.05), the writhing inhibition rate was 17.65%, 20.59%, 29.41%, 26.47%, and 44.12%, respectively, and 2∶1 compatibility group showed the most significant analgesic effects. (ii) In the hot plate experiment, compared with the control group, all experimental groups showed analgesic effect. Specifically, M. speciosa group, T. sinensis group, 1∶2 compatibility group, 1∶1 compatibility group, 2∶1 compatibility group showed significant effect (P<0.05), the pain threshold improvement rates were 16.13%, 14.55%, 14.96%, 29.95%, and 58.68%, respectively, and 2∶1 compatibility group showed the most significant analgesic effect.(iii) In the anti-inflammatory experiment, the swelling degree of the 1∶2 compatibility group was significantly different from that of the blank control group, M. speciosa group, T. sinensis group(P<0.05). and 1∶2 compatibility group showed the most significant anti-inflammatory effect. [Conclusions] M. speciosa, T. sinensis, and their compatibility had anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The 2∶1 compatibility group had the best analgesic effects, and 1∶2 compatibility group had the best anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP), which is distributed and used in Southern China, is often sulfur-fumigated during postharvest handling to prevent insects and molds. In the present study, a comprehensive strategy was proposed by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS) with multivariate analysis to rapidly identify potential chemical sulfur-fumigated MSCP (SF-MSCP) samples, discover chemical transformation mechanisms and control the quality of SF-MSCP. Eighty-six compounds were tentatively assigned, and ten compounds were screened out as potential markers. Moreover, the chemical transformation mechanism was deduced by hydrolysis, esterification and dehydration reactions that occurred during the sulfur-fumigated process. The developed method was successfully applied to predict 16 commercial MSCP samples, and 9 samples were found to contain sulfur compounds, ranging in sulfur residues from 100 to 310 mg/kg. These research outcomes can not only be used to distinguish the nonfumigated MSCP from SF-MSCP by chemical markers but also provide a chemical basis for further comprehensive investigating in-depth safety and functional evaluations of SF-MSCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical constituents from the roots of Millettia speciosa were investigated by chromatographic isolation, and their chemical structures were characterized using the MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. A total of 10 compounds, including six triterpenoids, two flavonoids, and two phenolic compounds, were identified from the roots of M. speciosa. Out of the isolated compounds, eight showed inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 43.9 to 449.5 µg/mL. Ursane-type triterpenes significantly suppressed NO production compared to the remaining compounds. In addition, these compounds also exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. Among the tested compounds, 4, 5, and 10 exhibited excellent α-glucosidase inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 2.2 µg/mL. Almost all of the test compounds showed little or no acetylcholinesterase inhibition, except for 5, which showed moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro. The molecular docking study of α-glucosidase inhibition by 3–5 and 10 was conducted to observe the interactions of these molecules with the enzyme. Compounds 4, 5, and 10 exhibited a better binding affinity toward the targeted receptor and the H-bond interactions located at the entrance of the enzyme active site pocket in comparison to those of 3 and the positive control acarbose. Our findings evidence the pharmacological potential of this species and suggest that the phytochemicals derived from the roots of M. speciosa may be promising lead molecules for further studies on the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetes drugs.

Two new rotenoids, named millettiaosas A–B ( 1 – 2 ), together with four known compounds were isolated from the roots of Millettia speciosa . Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR techniques and HRESIMS. Evaluation of the two new compounds for cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116, A549 and HepG-2) showed moderate activities (10 μM < IC 50 < 26 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical constituents from the roots of Millettia speciosa were investigated by chromatographic isolation, and their chemical structures were characterized using the MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. A total of 10 compounds, including six triterpenoids, two flavonoids, and two phenolic compounds, were identified from the roots of M. speciosa. Out of the isolated compounds, eight showed inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 43.9 to 449.5 µg/mL. Ursane-type triterpenes significantly suppressed NO production compared to the remaining compounds. In addition, these compounds also exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. Among the tested compounds, 4, 5, and 10 exhibited excellent α-glucosidase inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 2.2 µg/mL. Almost all of the test compounds showed little or no acetylcholinesterase inhibition, except for 5, which showed moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro. The molecular docking study of α-glucosidase inhibition by 3–5 and 10 was conducted to observe the interactions of these molecules with the enzyme. Compounds 4, 5, and 10 exhibited a better binding affinity toward the targeted receptor and the H-bond interactions located at the entrance of the enzyme active site pocket in comparison to those of 3 and the positive control acarbose. Our findings evidence the pharmacological potential of this species and suggest that the phytochemicals derived from the roots of M. speciosa may be promising lead molecules for further studies on the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetes drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Isolation of cellulose from wastes realized efficient utilization of resources. • For Congo red and Cu2+, the hydrogels had excellent adsorption efficiency. • The prepared hydrogels exhibited excellent reusability in adsorption. • The adsorption mechanisms of hydrogels on Congo red and Cu2+ were revealed. In order to obtain high-efficiency and sustainable adsorbents for both heavy metal ions and dyes, Millettia speciosa Champ cellulose and chitosan were used to prepare magnetic hydrogels with in-situ synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 in this study. The results of characterization by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TG and DTG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetryand (MIP) and texture analysis indicated the magnetic hydrogels with high strength, high porosity and macroporous structure were successfully prepared, and they could be recovered by magnetic field. Besides, the prepared hydrogels had excellent adsorption effect on Cu2+ and Congo red (CR). The adsorption process for Cu2+ conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics model better, whereas that for CR conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics model better. Adsorption isotherm analysis showed that Freundlich model could better describe the adsorption process for both CR and Cu2+. The thermodynamic study results proved that the adsorption process for CR or Cu2+ was spontaneous and endothermic. Besides, the increase of pH had a negative effect on CR adsorption and a positive effect on Cu2+ adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms analysis revealed that electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding were involved in the CR adsorption, and amino groups acted dominantly in the process of Cu2+adsorption. Furthermore, the prepared hydrogels exhibited excellent reusability, remaining their adsorption efficiency above 75% in five consecutive cycles. Therefore, the prepared hydrogels were expected to be promising materials for both heavy metal ions and dyes removal from waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]