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Carbon dioxide is a major source of the green house effect and, therefore, fuel saving techniques are expected to reduce emissions. Yet, in some cases, energy saving techniques may result in higher CO 2 emissions. For instance, when natural gas is mixed with waste blast furnace gas, energy savings are associated with higher CO 2 emissions. To confirm this proposition we have constructed a model of a furnace by using energy-object network that consists of modules of convective heat exchangers, combustion and stream mixing.

24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 4461-4468, A research network on renewable energy systems between France and countries of Central and Eastern Europe) was established in 2006 at the request of ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency). This network covers all types of university research teams and others and extends to all areas of renewable energy. It addresses both scientific and technical projects (R&D, training). The mission of this network is to create the conditions for sustainability of these scientific cooperation actions. Their overall objectives are: Integration of network members in the European Research Area, particularly through participation in national or European projects; Development of research project and ph-D works. This network includes 5 countries: France, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Albania. In this paper, we will describe the activities and the experiments in each laboratory and the research subjects realized together with a particular attention on the photovoltaic projects. The activities in the photovoltaic field realized and which will be realized are described.

The share of energy from renewable energy sources (RES) in the final gross energy consumption in Macedonia is about 14%, mostly due to the electricity produced by large hydro power plants and the use of biomass for heating. Macedonian energy sector is the main emitter of greenhouses gases (GHG) with share of about 70 % in the total annual emissions. Also, 70-75 % of emissions are associated with the electricity generation due to the predominant role of the lignite fuelled power plants. Recently, the government has adopted a strategy for the use of RES which identifies a target of 21% of final energy consumption from RES by 2020. In this paper analyses are conducted in order to investigate to which extent and in which way the absorption capacity of the power system for RES electricity can be improved. For this purpose, combining various conventional and RES technologies, including pump storage hydro power plant and revitalisation of the existing lignite power plants six scenarios for the power system expansion are developed by making use of EnergyPLAN model. Critical excess of electricity (CEEP) analyses are conducted in order to identify the maximal penetration of wind electricity. The results have shown that in the exiting capacities maximal penetration of wind electricity in 2020 is 13 % of total electricity consumption. The revitalization of the existing lignite power plants and building of pump storage power plant would increase the wind penetration. Furthermore, the developed scenarios are comparatively assessed in terms of the associated greenhouse gases emissions and import of electricity.