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As an important component of transcellular pathway, Caveolae enables the transcellular transport of substances without disrupting cellular homeostasis. In kidney, albumin crosses glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) via Caveolae. Transcellular transport of albumin plays a crucial role in the pathology of proteinuria. Thus the importance of Caveolae cannot be overstated. However, the acting mechanism of Caveolae affecting transcellular albumin transport in kidney and their signaling pathways have remained largely elusive. This review summarized the latest studies on the regulation of Caveolae affecting transcellular albumin transport. Thus elucidating the relevant mechanisms of action and understanding the pathways of influence may provide potential therapeutic targets in the prevention and alleviation of proteinuria

Lakes and reservoirs are an important sources of drinking water for human life. However, numerous water quality indexes show seasonal fluctuation under different climatic conditions. We conducted a one-year investigation of Taiping Lake in year 2022 to construct relationship between water quality parameters and water quality. High water temperature promotes the growth of algae, and the existence of N species could provide the essential nutrient substance for the growing of algae. Under the irradiation of sunlight, algae will consume carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and release oxygen which can raise oxygen levels in the water. However, the rapid growth of algae could influence the acid-base balance in water through the consumption of carbon dioxide; thus, resulting in the increasing of pH values. These pH changes may pose a threat to drinking water.

To accurately predict the detonation and safety performances of high-energy explosives, it is necessary to investigate their reaction mechanisms on different scales, which, however, presents a challenge due to the complex reaction kinetics of the explosives and a lack of experimental methods presently. This work introduces the time-resolved pump-probe experiments capabilities aiming at high-energy explosives based on large-scale laser facilities and presents the recent progress in research on the dynamic process of the explosives, obtaining the following understandings: (1) First, the micron-sized single-crystal 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) can be compressed to an overdriven detonation state at a laser facility, followed by the shock Hugoniot measurements of TATB; (2) Second, high resolution transient X-ray radiography makes it possible to achieve the dynamic imaging of the internal deformation, damage, and reaction dynamics of high-energy explosive under dynamic loading; (3) Third, the phase transformation and chemical reaction products of the shock-compressed explosives can be investigated using dynamic X-ray diffraction or scattering spectra; (4) Finally, the structural changes, molecular reactions, molecular bond cleavage, and intermediate product components of explosives under ultrafast pumping can be explored using ultrafast laser spectroscopy. Large-scale laser facilities can provide various flexible pump-probe methods, including laser shock loading, transient X-ray imaging, dynamic X-ray diffraction, and ultrafast spectroscopy, allowing a series of experiments to be carried out to evaluate different levels of ignitions from low-pressure to overdriven detonations. Furthermore, the facilities also enable in situ, real-time investigations of the internal deformation, phase transition, and ultrafast dynamics of explosives under dynamic loading at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The study of the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of high-energy explosives on microscopic-mesoscopic scales provides an efficient means to unravel the mystery of explosive reactions.

Acetic acid is a common inhibitor present in lignocellulose hydrolysate, which inhibits the ethanol production by yeast strains. Therefore, the cellulosic ethanol industry requires yeast strains that can tolerate acetic acid stress. Here we demonstrate that overexpressing a yeast native arginase-encoding gene, CAR1, renders Saccharomyces cerevisiae acetic acid tolerance. Specifically, ethanol yield increased by 27.3% in the CAR1-overexpressing strain compared to the control strain under 5.0 g/L acetic acid stress. The global intracellular amino acid level and compositions were further analyzed, and we found that CAR1 overexpression reduced the total amino acid content in response to acetic acid stress. Moreover, the CAR1 overexpressing strain showed increased ATP level and improved cell membrane integrity. Notably, we demonstrated that the effect of CAR1 overexpression was independent of the spermidine and proline metabolism, which indicates novel mechanisms for enhancing yeast stress tolerance. Our studies also suggest that CAR1 is a novel genetic element to be used in synthetic biology of yeast for efficient production of fuel ethanol.

Genetic modifications can improve the health status and disease resistance of farm animals. In the previous study, genetically modified (GM) sheep overexpressing toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) were produced. The GM sheep had stronger ability to eliminate invasive microbes compared to the wild-type (WT) sheep. Physiological status and immune homeostasis, blood parameters, body composition, and gastrointestinal microbial diversity were evaluated in this study to elucidate the effects of TLR4 overexpression. In a set of 10 GM rams, the TLR4 mRNA and protein expression levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, muscle, kidney, and spleen were higher than those of the WT (n = 10; P < 0.05). No significant differences in the parameters of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and in the composition of circulating T lymphocyte subsets were observed between the GM and WT sheep (P > 0.05). Of the biochemical parameters, only total protein levels differed (were higher) in the GM sheep than in the WT sheep (P < 0.05) while no significant differences were observed for the other indices (P > 0.05). GM and WT sheep showed similar offal weights and muscle fatty acid and amino acid compositions (P > 0.05). Furthermore, TLR4 overexpression did not affect the community structure of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Eleven KEGG pathways associated with the TLR4 gene, physiology and biochemistry, growth and metabolism, fatty acids, and amino acids did not demonstrate significant differences between the GM and WT sheep (P > 0.05). In conclusion, TLR4 overexpression had no principal or adverse effects on the physiological development and health of sheep, except for the general mRNA and protein expression levels.

In this study, a novel hybrid PCM-based active heat sink is proposed for temperature control management of transient high heat flux shock electronic devices. The temperature control features of the novel hybrid PCM-based active heat sink are numerically studied under the periodic heat flux condition. Impacts of parameters, including phase-change temperatures, heat transfer coefficient, heat sink parameters, and porosity of the porous metal structure embedded in PCM, are numerically investigated. Then the thermal control performance ratio is evaluated. Results reveal that the innovative hybrid PCM-based active heat sink achieves an outstanding temperature management performance when compared to a heat sink without PCM. And the temperature is reduced by more than 10 K. Increasing the height and width of the heat sink can make the temperature distribution more consistent, but an excessive increase seems unnecessary. Compared with pure PCM, When the porosity of porous metal structure decreases from 0.96 to 0.76, the initial melting time of PCM is delayed by 38.7%, and the solidification time is accelerated by 30.2%.

Owing to environmental and lifestyle changes in modern society, physical and mental stress is on the rise among the population in attempting to compensate for the changes. Stress, defined as a series of non-specific responses to abnormal internal and external stimuli, has long been recognized to increase susceptibility to various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic herpes virus, establishes latent infections in the trigeminal ganglia for the lifetime of the host. Upon reactivation, the latent HSV-1 enters the lytic cycle, which not only causes a substantial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the neurons, but also induces glial cells to produce inflammatory mediators, eventually resulting in neuronal damage and occurrence of NDs. Remarkably, both physical and psychological stress are common stimuli leading to latent HSV-1 reactivation. Acyclovir is a classic antiviral drug for the treatment of HSV-1 infection and recurrence, but acyclovir cannot reverse neuronal damage caused by HSV-1 reactivation. Recent studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has advantages in the treatment of NDs. In addition, TCM is thought to prevent latent HSV-1 reactivation and NDs, which may involve regulation of the neuro-endocrine-immune network, treatment of emotional disorders, and modulation of oxidative stress. Understanding the mechanism underlying stress-induced reactivation of latent HSV-1 and the potential consequences of NDs is needed. TCM may be a promising alternative therapy for related diseases.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in association with aggregation of α-synuclein. Oxidative damage has been widely implicated in this disease, though the mechanisms involved remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated that preferential accumulation of peroxidized phospholipids and loss of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were responsible for vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and progressive motor dysfunctions in a mouse model of PD. We also established a mechanism wherein iron-induced dopamine oxidation modified GPX4, thereby rendering it amenable to degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In conclusion, this study unraveled what we believe to be a novel pathway for dopaminergic neuron degeneration during PD pathogenesis, driven by dopamine-induced loss of antioxidant GPX4 activity.

In the original version of Figure 6P, the labels for AAV-EGFP and AAV-Cre were inverted. The correct figure part is below. The HTML and PDF files have been updated online. [...]

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury may lead to acute kidney injury, which is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Resveratrol (RSV) can be extracted from Chinese herbs, and multiple animal experiments have demonstrated its potential for renal protection. This systematic review evaluates the protective effect of RSV against renal I/R injury in animal models. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases were searched for animal experiments related to RSV in renal I/R injury from their establishment to June 2022. In total, 19 studies were included with 249 animals (129 treated with RSV and 120 as controls). The pooled analysis revealed that RSV administration significantly decreased serum creatinine (SCr) levels (16 studies, n = 243, WMD = −58.13, 95% CI = −79.26 to −37.00, p < 0.00001) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (12 studies, n = 163, WMD = −34.37, 95% CI = −46.70 to −22.03, p < 0.00001) in the renal I/R injury model. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress index, was alleviated [7 studies, n = 106, standardized mean difference (SMD) = −6.05, 95% CI = −8.90 to −3.21, p < 0.0001] and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH) (7 studies, n = 115, SMD = 9.25, 95% CI = 5.51–13.00, p < 0.00001) and catalase (CAT) (4 studies, n = 59, SMD = 8.69, 95% CI = 4.35–13.03, p < 0.0001) were increased after treatment of RSV. The subgroup analysis suggested that 5–10 mg/kg of RSV optimally protects against renal I/R injury as both the BUN and SCr levels were significantly decreased at this dosage. The protective effects of RSV against renal I/R injury might be attributed to multiple mechanisms, such as inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, fibrillation, and promoting autophagy. For a deeper understanding of the protective effects of RSV, experimental studies on animal models and large randomized controlled trials in humans are needed.