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An attenuator is generally used to decrease the power of an X-ray beam and prevent damage to detector sensors and other optical components. Therefore, attenuators are designed using foil or gas to absorb light source power. In this project, a large aperture and a water-cooling attenuator system are construed for the TPS 31A Projection X-ray Microscope and Transmission X-ray Microscope beamline. The source size of the wiggler is 300 µm × 7 µm on TPS 31A. The X-ray beam size at the sample position is 50 mm × 20 mm, located 49.5 m from the source. The light emission power is 1000 W in white-beam operation mode. The attenuator is needed to absorb energy for the light source and it has 12 foil carriers. The absorption foil size is 56 mm × 46 mm for the beam size across different beamline operation modes, and the cooling capacity is greater than 1000 W. This study applies a magnetic coupling-type attenuator system with foil carrier cooling carried out by the side chamber walls without the feedthrough having water enter the chamber to solve the thermal dissipation issue.

An alternate multilayer plane grating has been designed for the soft X-ray tomography beamline. At this beamline, a grating with 600 line/mm and Au coating has already been set up to serve the energy range from 260 eV to 1200 eV. To fit the original optical design, a varied-line-spacing plane grating optimized at 2473 eV will be used in this beamline. The groove depth is 2.5 nm and its duty cycle is 0.5. The B4C/Mo alternate layers with period 30 are selected to enhance diffraction efficiency in the energy range 1100 eV -- 2600 eV. The varied-line-spacing plane grating paired with a matched multilayer plane mirror constitutes a monochromator to provide energetic photons. Based on the designed multilayer conditions, the calculated diffraction efficiency of alternate multilayer varied-line-spacing plane grating is about 0.24 at 2473 eV; the calculated photon flux is about 2.3 × 1011 photons/s. The resolving power is about 1670; the openings of the entrance and exit slits are 25 and 50 μm respectively.

To achieve an ultrahigh-resolution with soft x-ray beamlines at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), the slope error of a highly precise grating must be at the level of 0.1 μrad (RMS) under thermal loading with various curvatures. Some optics generally operate under a high power density from an undulator magnet on a beamline. The thermal load introduces a thermal bump in the optics profile and degrades the beamline performance, such as the energy resolution and beam size. Hence, active X-ray mirrors are emerging as primary solutions to meet the performance requirements of TPS. First, active X-ray optics were assembled in the laboratory and bent to the desired surface using an in-house long-trace profiler (LTP). When the optics were installed in the beamlines, LTP in situ (ISLTP) was used to fine-tune the mirrors under various operating conditions. This paper introduces the design and construction of ISLTP with a precision of 0.1 μrad (RMS) developed to measure the mirror profile in soft x-ray beamlines. The ISLTP can provide feedback perturbations owing to localised heat loading from the X-ray beam and thermal changes in the ambient environment, and its performance and in situ measurements are presented.

Projection X-ray microscopy (PXM) and transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) have been established at beamline 31 at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). The TPS 31A beamline is sourced by a wiggler with multiple beam modes: white beam, high-flux mono-beam, and high-resolution mono-beam modes. The PXM is based on a collimated beam, and the TXM is full-field microscopy based on a zoneplate. The PXM system and TXM share the same detector platform, which is equipped with different kinds of detector systems for PXM and TXM. The PXM was designed for high-speed 3D tomography with an automatic tray system for loading and unloading samples, including a robotic arm and pre-alignment system. Both the PXM and TXM systems were designed for use in situ, which requires longer working distance for the sample’s environmental cell.

This study is trying to design the thermal load effect on the soft x-ray beamline first mirror from ID (Insertion Device). The beamline first mirror is HFM (Horizontal Focus Mirror), the HFM need to absorb the thermal energy, soft X-ray the footprint size om HFM is 120*5.2 mm, the thermal power is about 270 W. The HFM cooling by the water pipe mounted on the thermal fin, mirror and thermal fin contact by Gallium–Indium alloy. The HFM thermal fin's Gallium–Indium alloy seal by nickel tube avoids leaking in the vacuum chamber. The HFM thermal fin design can cooling mirror backside and part of frontside, and the HFM thermal bump need small than 10u rad.

The small radius x-ray mirror in the interferometer stitching measurement is needed high angle resolution rotation stage to get reliable angle information. The rotation stage rotary range requirement is not wide, because of the X-ray mirror radius generally large than 200M, and the mirror length small than 1.2M. The angle resolution is needed high resolution, therefore, in interferometer stitching measurement, the interferogram is easily affected by the rotation angle difference. Thus, this study is to design a small angle traveling range (rotation angle maximum ± 1.5 degrees), high angle resolution (10 nrad.), and high loading capacity (loading maximum 75 Kg) rotation stage, the rotation mechanism is applied pivot bearing to get high-resolution rotation angle. The rotation stage design is finished, this article discusses system assembly and test.

To achieve an ultrahigh-resolution for soft X-ray beamlines, the slope error of a highly precise grating is required on the level of 0.1 μrad root-mean-square (RMS) under thermal loading. To realize the goal, a specially designed 25-actuator optical surface bender for the gratings and mirrors is developed and operated at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) [1]. In this paper, the construction and operation of the in situ LTP measuring system is described[2]. This LTP consists of a switchable optical reflection system that let the LTP can switch to measure horizontal or vertical mounting mirrors/gratings in the beamline. The other is a low optical distortion and bakeable to 120 ˚C glass viewport which is used for the ultra-high vacuum[3,4] interface for the beamlines optics and LTP. The surface slope error being reduced down to 0.1 and 0.15 μrad (RMS) by the 25-actuator bender without/with the glass viewport as verified by the in situ LTP measurements in the beamline.

To achieve diffraction-limited focal spot size is a goal for next-generation synchrotrons. Mirrors are increasingly important for X-ray focusing optics following recent advances in mirror fabricati...

The goal of an in situ Long Trace Profiler (LTP) is to adjust the mirror to 0.1 μrad Root Mean Square (RMS) under thermal load. Here we introduce the measurement configuration for in situ LTP. To avoid lens aberration, the moving optical head keeps the optical paths constant, and the reference beam is used to the correct of the unavoidable air bearing errors. The window glass in this test has a rather high optical quality, with a flatness of 1/150 (RMS) over 120 × 20 mm. The optical quality of the window was specified to be ± 1 μrad slope distortion in an aperture length of 100 mm. The window glass deformation for the air pressure was calculated by the Finite Element Method (FEM) software (ANSYS). The window glass deformation results can be fitting by the Zernike polynomial, and then bring it into the sequential optical ray tracing software (ZEMAX), and evaluating the window glass effect on the LTP measurement results. By this approach, we found that this has a constant error. Thus, the window glass air pressure error can be effectively removed from the measurement result to reveal the real mirror profile. Using the in situ LTP measuring result and the data iteration process, the bendable mirror can control the optical surface locate profile and thereby minimize the thermal distort effect. The slope error will be reduced to 0.1 μrad at the thermal load.

To achieve an ultrahigh resolution for soft X-ray beamlines at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), the slope error of a highly precise grating is required on level of 0.1 μrad (rms) under thermal loading with various curvatures. On the beamline, some optics are usually operating under high power density from undulator magnet, the thermal load will introduce a thermal bump on the optics profile and degrade the beamline performance, such as energy resolution and beam size. To realize the high resolution goal, a specially designed bender with 25 actuators for the grating is designed and a In situ long trace profiler (LTP) with precision of 0.1 μrad (rms) has been developed to measure the mirror profile in soft X-ray beamlines. This article introduces the design and construction of in situ LTP. It can provide a feedback guideance for the adjustment of actuators of bender mechanism to achieve the optium profile. A suitable adjustment procedure from the input of in-situ LTP , performance of bender and energy spectrums are presented. There are several benders as the active mirrors and active gratings in operation in TPS 41A resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and TPS 45A angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) beamlines. In the meantime, three in situ LTPs have been developed to monitor the grating profile under the thermal load in the beamlines. They are providing a feedback to measure the surface figure and to find the optimal surface profile. They would increase our efficiency to reach the energy resolving power of 35,000 and 28,000 in the RIXS and ARPES beamlines, respectively.

The project of transmission x-ray microscope (TXM) with tender x-ray is undergoing as an extension project of the soft x-ray tomography (SXT) endstation at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). This TXM is aimed for energy from 1.5 keV to 2.4 keV and with phase contrast with the x-ray energy of 2.4 keV. As the extension of current SXT project, the beamline will be equipped with a variable line spacing (VLS) grating with the multi-layer coating which will be optimized for 2.4 keV. This TXM will be zoneplate based with a phase ring and capillary condenser. In order to match the field of view and numerical aperture (NA) of zoneplate with the emittance of the source in vertical direction, some compromise should be made. To match the low emittance of vertical direction, the NA of zoneplate should be lower and vertical of the secondary source should be larger. This will lower spatial resolution and energy resolution. The targeting resolution of this TXM for phase contrast will be 50nm and FOV is 20 μm. For the detector, which is currently design with a scintillator with a CCD detector. For the future, the direct detector for small pixel and high signal to noise ratio can be obtained. The other components of TXM, such as stages, cryo system, which can be shared with current SXT system which works under the energy of the water window region. This endstation for tender X-ray will be commission in 2020. The detailed design and current progress will be discussed in this presentation.

The project “High loading precision rotation stage design for synchrotron radiation mirror measurement” aims to provide an ultra-high-precision heavy-duty rotation stage and X-ray mirror interference optical measurements. Since the shape of an X-ray lens is very different from that of the general visible optical lens, the measurement system is very different from the general visible light optical measurement system. This paper describes a high-load precision rotating platform for obtaining stitching interferometer measurements for a synchrotron radiation mirror. The synchrotron radiation mirror is usually rectangular, and the length is greater than the interferometer measurement size. Therefore, for the mirror measurement, the stitching method is usually used to obtain synchrotron radiation mirror measurements. The interference measurements are obtained at different positions. In order to obtain the measurements, the center line of the interferometer must be perpendicular to the tangent of the mirror surface, so that appropriate interference fringes can be obtained. As the mirror radius becomes smaller, the interferometer rotation angle sensitivity increases. Development of the stitching interferometer high-load precision rotating platform design target requires an angle rotation resolution

The multifunctional hard X-ray nanoprobe at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) exhibits the excellent ability to simultaneously characterize the X-ray absorption, X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) as well as the dynamics of XEOL of materials. Combining the scanning electron microscope (SEM) into the TPS 23A end-station, we can easily and quickly measure the optical properties to map out the morphology of a ZnO microrod. A special phenomenon has been observed that the oscillations in the XEOL associated with the confinement of the optical photons in the single ZnO microrod shows dramatical increase while the X-ray excitation energy is set across the Zn K-edge. Besides having the nano-scale spatial resolution, the synchrotron source also gives a good temporal domain measurement to investigate the luminescence dynamic process. The decay lifetimes of different emission wavelengths and can be simultaneously obtained from the streak image. Besides, SEM can provide the cathodoluminescence (CL) to be a complementary method to analyze the emission properties of materials, we anticipate that the X-ray nanoprobe will open new avenues with great characterization ability for developing nano/microsized optoelectronic devices.

The synchrotron radiation optical system the thermal transfer issue is an important problem. The X-ray light is come from wiggler insert parts, the energy mirror absorption energy on the mirror surface is 40 W. The mirror length is 1000 mm, width is 87 mm, and thickness is 100 mm. This study is apply by X ray optical simulation software SHADOW, and Finite Element Method (FEM) ANSYS® software, to calculate mirror surface thermal deformation. The FEM software is calculate the mirror surface deformation from heat absorption, and the surface deformation can fitting by B-spline curve. The thermal deformation fitting results can feed back to X ray optical software SHADOW and evaluate mirror thermal deformation effect to optical system performance.

Recently, freeform surface widely using to the optical system; because it is have advance of optical image and freedom available to improve the optical performance. For freeform optical fabrication by integrating freeform optical design, precision freeform manufacture, metrology freeform optics and freeform compensate method, to modify the form deviation of surface, due to production process of freeform lens ,compared and provides more flexibilities and better performance. This paper focuses on the fabrication and correction of the free-form surface. In this study, optical freeform surface using multi-axis ultra-precision manufacturing could be upgrading the quality of freeform. It is a machine equipped with a positioning C-axis and has the CXZ machining function which is also called slow tool servo (STS) function. The freeform compensate method of Zernike polynomials results successfully verified; it is correction the form deviation of freeform surface. Finally, the freeform surface are measured experimentally by Ultrahigh Accurate 3D Profilometer (UA3P), compensate the freeform form error with Zernike polynomial fitting to improve the form accuracy of freeform.

Optical system performance is easily affected by variable surrounding conditions, including the precision optical system, as its performance is changed with flow field in the air or surrounding water. The air content of water vapor, carbon dioxide concentration, and dry air has a ratio that will affect the air refractive index. Water is another material of general optical systems, affected by surrounding conditions as well. Lithography and the microscope lens are commonly used for contact with water, with their refractive nature, changed by the pressure and density in the flow field. In addition, temperature and light wavelength are two important parameters of the air and water refractive index. This study calculates fluid field pressure and velocity distribution by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, and then transfers it to air and water refractive index differences in the optical system. We also evaluate Optical Path Difference (OPD) with fluid field changes, which can improve optical design and system alignment progress by avoiding surrounding condition changes.

The refraction lithography lens has many units, which are easily deformed by gravity forces. However, the lens mount flexure design can relieve lens surface gravity deformation. The lithography lens generically has more than 10 lens units, so with each unit, the gravity deformation sum will create large aberrations in the system. The flexure number can generate a relative aberration, such as trefoil, tetrafoil, and high-order aberrations. In addition, the lens flexure orientation can compensate for non-symmetric to symmetric aberrations from effects of gravity deformation. Thus, symmetric aberrations must resist magnitude in one or two lens units through the measurement data. This study attempts to calculate and predict lens gravity deformation; the results can assist with optical design and reoptimize system performance, as well as reduce the rework risk by measurement data.

During the Acquisition and Safe Hold (ASH) mode, FORMOAT-5 (FS5) satellite attitude is not fully controlled. Direct sun exposure on the Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI) satellite telescope sensor may occur. The sun exposure effect on RSI sensor performance is investigated to evaluate the instrument’s survivability in orbit. Both satellite spin speed and sun exposure duration are considered as the key parameters in this study. A simple radiometry technique is used to calculate the total sun radiance exposure to examine the RSI sensor integrity. Total sun irradiance on the sensor is computed by considering the spectral variation effect through the RSI’s five-band filter. Experiments that directly expose the sensor to the sun on the ground were performed with no obvious performance degradation found. Based on both the analysis and experiment results, it is concluded that the FS5 RSI sensor can survive direct sun exposure during the ASH mode.

Corrector lens assembly is used to expand the field of view of a Cassegrain Telescope. There are usually three to five lenses in it. For the assembly of such a kind of high precision optics, decenter and tilt of each optical component and air space between components are key issues to be qualified. In the present study, four lenses were designed. Individual control of centering of the component and air space were achieved by assembling the component into a precision machined subcell. The lens positions were defined by precision spacers according to the designed values. To compensate various thermal expansions of glass and metal, elastomer material was used. Considering the deviation of manufacturing from design data, manufactured data were put into optical software for re-optimization, and air spaces between lenses were obtained. This gives excellent accuracy at low cost. Base on present lens mounting design and lens manufacturing quality, centering error was eliminated by lateral adjustment, which leaded to a good alignment. In this paper, the method for aligning the optics with the barrel assembly is presented and centering error measured by a double autocollimator is listed. In addition, test results of thermal cycling and vibration tests on the corrector lens assembly are discussed.

To achieve an ultrahigh resolution of a beamline for soft X-rays at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), the profile of a highly precise grating is required at various curvatures. The slope error could be decreased to 0.1 µrad (rms) at a thermal load with a specially designed bender having 25 actuators. In the meantime, a long-trace profiler (LTP) was developed in situ to monitor the grating profile under a thermal load; it consists of a moving optical head, an air-bearing slide, an adjustable stand, and a glass viewport on the vacuum chamber. In the design of this system, a test chamber with an interior mirror was designed to simulate the chamber in the beamline. To prevent an error induced from a commercial viewport, a precision glass viewport (150CF, flatness 1/150 λ rms at 632.8 nm) was designed. The error induced from the slope error of the glass surface and the vacuum deformation was also simulated. The performance of the optical head of the LTP in situ (ISLTP) has been tested in the metrology laboratory. The sources of error of this LTP including the linearity and the glass viewport were corrected after the measurement. For the beamline measurement, an optical head was mounted outside the vacuum chamber; the measuring beam passed through the glass viewport to measure the grating profile in vacuum. The measurement of the LTP after correction of the above errors yielded a precision about 0.2 µrad (rms). In a preliminary test, an ISLTP was used to measure the grating profile at soft X-ray beamline TPS45A. The measured profile was for the bending mechanism to optimize the slope profile. From the measured energy spectrum, the slope error of the grating was estimated with software for optical simulation to be about 0.3 µrad (rms), consistent with our estimate of the ISLTP. In the future, it will be used to monitor the thermal bump under a large thermal load. In addition, an ISLTP was used to monitor the properties of optical elements-the twist and radius in the beamline during the installation phase.

The aspherical plastic lens is commonly used in commercial optical products. The injection molding process introduces warpage and stress residue into the aspherical plastic lens. Mold flow software is generally used in injection molding simulation and successfully predicts molding warpage results. This paper attempts to link mold flow and optical design software by opto-mechanical analysis. The lens surface warpage can apply the Zernike polynomial and transform it to the optical aberration. Meanwhile, the injection molding process and the operation parameters also affect the plastic lens warpage value. Thus, according to optical software, the injection molding process parameters will affect lens optical performance. The plastic lens aberration results can evaluate the lens warpage effect and optimize the injection molding process parameters. Further, by reversing lens warpage aberration in the plastic lens model, it can preliminarily compensate for the warpage error in the lens design process.

The telescope primary mirror Isostatic Mount (ISM) design is an important issue for optical performance. The ISM bonding position will affect the telescope performance. The primary mirror reflection surface is parallel with gravity force during telescope alignment process. Thus, the distance between ISM geometry center and primary mirror center of gravity will lead mirror surface deformation. The ISM mounting mainly aberration is astigmatism at mirror surface. This study is applied Finite Element (FEM) simulate mirror surface deformation and using Zernike polynomial fitting the mirror surface aberration. The simulation result show the ISM bonding at mirror neutral plane the aberration will minimum at 1G gravity. The ISM bonding position errors also affect aberration distribution.

Radius of curvature is one of the key parameters of optical components. A variety of methods have been developed for this measurement. This paper describes a novel way, named “CMM spherometry by probe compensation”, to measure the radius of curvature of optical surfaces by coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The measurement combines CMM measurement and iteration calculation scheme is presented. The measurement results of CMM and the trace samples are compared. The effect of temperature compensation is discussed.

The effect of correct lens thermal optical path difference (OPD) on the optical performance of the Cassegrain telescope system is presented. The correct lens assembly includes several components such as a set of correct lenses, lens mount, spacer, mount barrel, and retainer. The heat transfer from the surrounding environment to the correct lens barrel will cause optical system aberration. The temperature distribution of the baffle is from 20.546°C to 21.485°C. Meanwhile, the off-axis ray’s path of the OPD has taken the lens incidence point and emergence point into consideration. The correct lens temperature distribution is calculated by the lens barrel heat transfer analysis; the thermal distortion and stress are solved by the Finite Element Method (FEM) software. The temperature distribution is weighted to each incidence ray path, and the thermal OPD is calculated. The thermal OPD on the Z direction is transferred to optical aberration by fitting OPD into a rigid body motion and the Zernike polynomial. The aberration results can be used to evaluate the thermal effect on the correct lens assembly in the telescope system.

Gluing technology has been widely used in aerospace, optical, electrical and mechanical and other related industries, and already has excellent bonding strength, mechanical properties and airtightness, gluing material selection and process which is a key issue. In this paper, we choice EC2216 glue to assemble a reflective telescope primary mirror. In this study, a lightweight aluminum mirror with a diameter of 566 mm with three stainless parts have been taken as the gluing and assembly benchmark. We control the thickness of the glue between 0.35 ± 0.15 mm by a 0.3 mm shim, and control stainless parts on the Neutral plane effectively at the same time, after the installation of bipod in the future, this assembly can ensure effective verification to avoid stress is transmitted to the mirror distortion caused by the optical system. This paper aims to provide assembly and aligning by coordinate measurement machine (CMM). In order to obtain more accurate optimization results, we trace parts and the measurement results of CMM.

This paper presents the optomechanical analysis of the thermal effect by the finite difference method (FDM) in refraction optical components. The incident rays through the FDM elements, the temperature, or the stress in the ray path are estimated by weighting. The weighting will introduce some error in the calculated optical path difference (OPD) and bring some high-frequency aberration into the optical simulation; therefore, the mesh design process must consider the optical ray path footprint. The incident and emergence rays’ footprints are associated at the lens surface by Patran software; those associated footprints will add into the mesh point at the lens surface. The incident rays separate into several sections; each section can find its nearest grid point in the lens FDM mesh. Thus, moving the nearest grid point to the incident ray section can reduce the weighting or interpolation error in OPD calculations. The calculation results can evaluate the thermal or stress effect in optical transmission components more accurately.

The position of the projection lens in a lens mount needs to be fixed using bolts in the alignment process. The lens mount is need bolts to fix lens in correct position. The bolt joint stress causes the mount and lens to deform. The bolt's number increase can help the bolt joint force effect decline, thus this project is design 8 bolts to fixed mount. The weight of each projection lens is about 2.5 kg, and the total lens assembly weighs about 35 kg. Thus, the effect of the gravity force on the lens surface needs to be considered. The lens bolt joint and gravity force will introduce optical aberration to the wavefront error of the system. The optical aberrations include two parts: lens surface deformation and lens-stress Optical Path Difference (OPD). This study applied the Finite Element Method (FEM) to calculate the lens surface deformation and lens stress distribution by the bolt joint and gravity force. The lens deformation in the optical axis direction can be fitted by a Zernike polynomial. The stress OPD is calculated using incident rays passing through the stress-affected glass parallel to the optical axis. The calculation results can be used to evaluate the effects of the bolt joint and gravity force on the projection lens assembly.

Direct imaging has widely applied in lithography for a long time because of its simplicity and easy-maintenance. Although this method has limitation of lithography resolution, it is still adopted in industries. Uniformity of UV irradiance for a designed area is an important requirement. While mercury lamps were used as the light source in the early stage, LEDs have drawn a lot of attention for consideration from several aspects. Although LED has better and better performance, arrays of LEDs are required to obtain desired irradiance because of limitation of brightness for a single LED. Several effects are considered that affect the uniformity of UV irradiance such as alignment of optics, temperature of each LED, performance of each LED due to production uniformity, and pointing of LED module. Effects of these factors are considered to study the uniformity of LED Light Illumination. Numerical analysis is performed by assuming a serious of control factors to have a better understanding of each factor.

In order to avoid performing too many experiments by a trial-and-error approach, this study used the simulation method to investigate the optimum geometry of a microfluidic chip for sorting droplets. Under the framework of the double T-junction hybrid channel, geometry factors such as (i) the distance between the two junctions, (ii) the size of the second junction, and (iii) the size of the broadened channel were analyzed. How these factors impacted the separation process and device performance were examined and discussed to optimize the double T-junction channel design. Results indicated that the best separation performance occurred when the separation layer thickness was 8~15% of the upstream main channel width. This simulation analysis helped the optimum channel geometry design in the microfluidic chip for droplet sorting to prepare uniform microparticles.

Several mounting configurations could be applied to opto-mechanical design for achieving high precise optical system. The retaining ring mounting is simple and cost effective. However, it would deform the optics due to its unpredictable over-constraint forces. The retaining ring can be modified to three small contact areas becoming a semi-kinematic mounting. The semi-kinematic mounting can give a fully constrained in lens assembly and avoid the unpredictable surface deformation. However, there would be still a deformation due to self-weight in large optics especially in vertical setup applications. The self-weight deformation with a semi-kinematic mounting is a stable, repeatable and predictable combination of power and trefoil aberrations. This predictable deformation can be pre-compensated onto the design surface and be corrected by using CNC polisher. Thus it is a freeform surface before mounting to the lens cell. In this study, the freeform correction polishing is demonstrated in a Φ150 lens with semi-kinematic mounting. The clear aperture of the lens is Φ143 mm. We utilize ANSYS simulation software to analyze the lens deformation due to selfweight deformation with semi-kinematic mounting. The simulation results of the self-weight deformation are compared with the measurement results of the assembled lens cell using QED aspheric stitching interferometer (ASI). Then, a freeform surface of a lens with semi-kinematic mounting due to self-weight deformation is verified. This deformation would be corrected by using QED Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF® ) Q-flex 300 polishing machine. The final surface form error of the assembled lens cell after MRF figuring is 0.042 λ in peak to valley (PV).

Rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses are a common presbyopic correction tool. However, many patients clinically need a long period of adaptation after wearing. This study adopted finite element modeling to analyze the contact stress between RGP contact lens and an elderly person’s cornea. The RGP-lens-produced stress concentration at the corneal edge and maximum pressure on the cornea of elderly subjects aged >64 years was 104.140 kPa, but only 86.889 kPa for the 15–64 group. Therefore, how to decrease the stress concentration on the cornea is important to increasing elderly user comfort while wearing lenses. This study found that when the contact angle is designed on the basis of patient’s actual radian of corneal edge, the contact stress dropped sharply to 60.966 kPa, thus increasing user’s wearing comfort.

When a newborn infant has been pushed from the birth canal due to ventilation failure while using a resuscitation mask, the doctor must implement infant intubation and other emergency steps to keep the baby alive. However, due to the excessively small mouth area of a newborn or premature infant, the doctors are unable to view the glottis entrance, which can lead to either a failed intubation or longer intubation time, thereby resulting in either a drop in oxygen levels or a rise in intrathoracic pressure. Although the normal video laryngoscope with a 12mm metal blade certainly improves this type of difficult intubation, nevertheless, doctors often complain that the depth of field (DOF) is insufficient and the width of the blade is too wide when performing intubation on neonatal patients. Therefore, this study aims to develop two modules of infant’s video laryngoscope, an ultra-thin 7mm metal blade and an optical imaging system, the core technology of which includes an optical design of a 2.5mm lens and verifications of imaging quality. In order to allow physicians to determine the infant’s airway position immediately and to avoid the binocular disparity from a physician while giving intubation, this study has simulated the optical properties of monolithic lenses while designing the imaging system, allowing the doctor to have a clearer and undistorted image within the field of view.

Traditional numerical schemes use the concentration diffusion equation to simulate the solute concentration distribution in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) systems. However, although this equation adequately describes the diffusion of a solute liquid in such systems, it cannot describe the different motions of the differently charged solute ions. Therefore, this study employs a particle model to simulate solute ionic migration. Using the Navier–Stokes equation and the (particle in cell) PIC method, this study examines the absolute mobility of negatively and positively charged ions in non-aqueous solvents in a CZE system. The results show that the zeta potential on the channel wall affects the migration of the positive and negative ions in the electrical double layer (EDL) in different ways. Specifically, the positive ions accumulate at the channel wall, while the negative ions are pushed out of the EDL. Furthermore, it is shown that the positive ions migrate more rapidly than the negative ions in the injection process.

Focal plane assembly (FPA) is an important component for modern remote sensing instruments. Array or linear CCD/CMOS detectors are usually applied. Linear detectors are often used in the space project to have a wider swath. In a remote-sensing project, five spectral ranges are desired. The spectral ranges are designated to be one panchromatic (PAN) band from 450 to 700 nm and four multispectral (MS) bands from 455 to 900 nm. Pixel size of the PAN band is 10 μm, and those for MS are 20 μm. Pixel numbers are 12,000 and 6,000 for PAN and MS bands, respectively. The FPA is consisted of a filter with five stripe band-pass thin films, filter mask and a five-line detector. The arrangement of the detector is B1, B2, Pan, B3 and B4 from the top to the bottom. In order to give the alignment tolerance, an analysis of the parameters of each component in FPA has been performed. Ray tracing method has been applied to have an image projection onto the plane where thin films are located. Spread sheet computation was adopted to simulate the situations when the alignment parameters were changed. According to the analysis, some supplement wideness to the stripe thin films has to be added to have a satisfied alignment tolerance.

The radius of curvature is one of the most important specifications for spherical optics [1]. There are several methods and devices currently on the market that can be used to measure it, including optical level, non-contact laser interferometer (Interferometer), a probe-contact profiler (Profilometer), the centering machine and three-point contact ball diameter meter (Spherometer). The amount that can be measured with a radius of curvature of the lens aperture range depends on the interferometer standard lens f / number and lens of R / number (radius of curvature divided by the clear aperture of the spherical surface ratio between them). Unfortunately, for lens with diameter greater than 300 mm, the device is limited by the size of the holding fixture lenses or space. This paper aims to provide a novel surface contour detection method and machine, named “CMM spherometry by probe compensation,” to measure the radius and thickness of the curvature of the optical surface by a coordinate measurement machine (CMM). In order to obtain more accurate optimization results, we used probe and temperature compensation to discuss the effect. The trace samples and the measurement results of CMM and the centering machine, which has top and bottom autocollimators, are compared.

The lithography system in a high energy light source, the system refractive lens, absorbs the heat from the light source. The light source’s power is uniformly distributed on the reticle side. The incident rays’ power density is calculated by radiometry in each lens’ surface. The lens heat absorption ratio depends on the optical glass species, quality, and wavelength. The optical glass’ higher internal transmittance means less heat absorption; meanwhile, in different conditions, the lens’ refractive index will change with temperature. Other researchers have tried to calculate the lens temperature distribution; this study applies the Finite Element Method (FEM), radiometry, and ray tracing to solve the lens temperature distribution. Each incident ray’s path was separated into many sections, and the heat absorption was calculated for each section. Therefore, the heat generated in incident ray sections were weighted to finite element grids and the temperature distribution was solved. The lens’ non uniform temperature distribution will cause the incident ray’s Optical Path Difference (OPD). Each incident ray’s OPD can be fit by Zernike polynomials; the fitting results can be input into optical software to evaluate the thermal effect on lens heat absorption.

The aspherical plastic lens is widely used in commercial optical products. Warpage and residue stress are two important factors that influence wavefront error. Several investigators have discussed warpage. We propose a methodology to study the effect of residue stress on wavefront error. Mold flow software was adopted to calculate the residue stress in injection processes. Optical software was used to find optical ray paths through the lens. Corresponding Optical Path Different (OPD) in each ray path was simulated by self-developed software. A 50-mm diameter plastic lens was used in this study. The mild- and high-frequency wavefront errors and the stress OPD effect at the injection area were found to be a result of the molding process. The proposed methodology was found to be very suitable for finding the effect of residue stress on wavefront error in plastic lenses.

When under high energy light source conditions, an optical system’s refractive lens will absorb heat from the light source. As such, the lens absorbs heat from light and transfers this to the surroundings by conduction. This heat transfer will result in lens temperature differences and introduce optical aberration into the optical system. This study aimed to calculate the heat absorption ratio and temperature distribution within the lens. The light source energy from each ray can be weighted using the Finite Element Method (FEM) of grids, which allows calculation of the thermal distribution within the lens. The optical system rays passing through the lens position are calculated by ray tracing in different Fields Of View (FOV). The lens temperature distribution is weighted to each incidence ray path, and the thermal Optical Path Difference (OPD) is calculated. The thermal OPD on the optical axis is transferred to optical aberration by fitting OPD and the Zernike polynomial. The aberration results can be used to evaluate the thermal effects upon the lens system.