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Prostate cancer (PCa) is a multifocal disease characterized by genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity within a single gland. In this study, Visium spatial transcriptomics (ST) analysis was applied to PCa tissues with different histological structures to infer the molecular events involved in Gleason score (GS) progression. The spots in tissue sections were classified into various groups using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Louvain clustering analysis based on transcriptome data. Anotation of the spots according to GS revealed notable similarities between transcriptomic profiles and histologically identifiable structures. The accuracy of macroscopic GS determination was bioinformatically verified through malignancy-related feature analysis, specifically inferred copy number variation (inferCNV), as well as developmental trajectory analyses, such as diffusion pseudotime (DPT) and partition-based graph abstraction (PAGA). Genes related to GS progression were identified from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through pairwise comparisons of groups along a GS gradient. The proteins encoded by the representative oncogenes UQCRB and LBH were found to be highly expressed in advanced-stage PCa tissues. Knockdown of their mRNAs significantly suppressed PCa cell proliferation and invasion. These findings were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) dataset, as well as through histological and cytological experiments. The results presented here establish a foundation for ST-based evaluation of GS progression and provide valuable insights into the GS progression-related genes UQCRB and LBH.

BackgroundAccurate preoperative positioning is the key to the success of thoracoscopic surgery for small pulmonary nodules. There are many methods for locating pulmonary nodules in clinical practice, but there are currently few research reports on the value of medical adhesive localization.ObjectiveTo compare the clinical value of two positioning methods, medical adhesive and metal spring coil, in the preoperative application of VATS through retrospective analysis.MethodsA total of 288 patients who underwent thoracoscopic surgery in our hospital from January 2021 to June 2024 due to the discovery of solitary pulmonary nodules during chest CT examination were included in this study. Preoperative patients were randomly divided into two groups, with 205 patients undergoing preoperative medical adhesive positioning (Group A) and 83 patients undergoing metal spring coil positioning (Group B). After the positioning was completed, record the positioning time of each group of patients and the immediate pain score 15 min after the positioning was completed, the complications located in each group of patients, and whether there was positioning failure or not.ResultsThe localization success rate of the medicine adhesive positioning group [99.5% (204/205)] was higher than that of the metal spring coil positioning group [91.6% (76/83)] (P = 0.001). The positioning time of the medical adhesive positioning group was 12.00 (10.00, 14.00) min, which was shorter than the 13.00 (11.00, 16.00) min of the micro coil group (P = 0.001). The immediate pain score (2.32 ± 0.79) of the medical adhesive positioning group 15 min after positioning was significantly lower than that of the metal spring coil positioning group (3.97 ± 0.54) (P < 0.001). The incidence of complications such as pneumothorax [15.7% (13/83) vs 5.4% (11/205), P = 0.004], pulmonary hemorrhage/hemoptysis [20.5% (17/83) vs 4.9 (10/205), P < 0.001] was significantly higher in the metal coil positioning group than in the medical adhesive positioning group.ConclusionPreoperative medical adhesive positioning for pulmonary nodules is safe, reliable, and effective. Compared with metal spring coil positioning, it has shorter positioning time, milder pain after positioning, lower incidence of positioning related complications, and more flexible arrangement of surgical timing after positioning. It has high clinical application value.

Summary: Prostate cancer (PCa) exhibits significant intratumor heterogeneity, frequently manifesting as a multifocal disease. This study utilized Visium spatial transcriptomics (ST) to explore transcriptome patterns in PCa regions with varying Gleason scores (GSs). Principal component analysis (PCA) and Louvain clustering analysis revealed transcriptomic classifications aligned with the histology of different GSs. The increasing degree of tumor malignancy during GS progression was validated using inferred copy number variation (inferCNV) analysis. Diffusion pseudotime (DPT) and partition-based graph abstraction (PAGA) analyses predicted the developmental trajectories among distinct clusters. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis through pairwise comparisons of various GSs identified genes associated with GS progression. Validation with The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) dataset confirmed the differential expression of RBM39, a finding further supported by cytological and histological experiments. These findings enhance our understanding of GS evolution through spatial transcriptomics and highlight RBM39 as a gene associated with GS progression.

Abstract Context In men with prostate cancer, urinary incontinence is one of the most common long-term side effects of radical prostatectomy (RP). The recovery of urinary continence in patients is positively influenced by preserving the integrity of the neurovascular bundles (NVBs). However, it is still unclear if bilateral nerve sparing (BNS) is superior to unilateral nerve sparing (UNS) in terms of post-RP urinary continence. The aim of this study is to systematically compare the differences in post-RP urinary continence outcomes between BNS and UNS. Methods The electronic databases of PubMed and Web of Science were comprehensively searched. The search period was up to May 31, 2023. English language articles comparing urinary continence outcomes of patients undergoing BNS and UNS radical prostatectomy were included. Meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals for urinary continence in BNS and UNS groups at selected follow-up intervals using a random-effects model. Sensitivity analyses were performed in prospective studies and robotic-assisted RP studies. Results A meta-analysis was conducted using data from 26,961 participants in fifty-seven studies. A meta-analysis demonstrated that BNS improved the urinary continence rate compared to UNS at all selected follow-up points. RRs were 1.36 (1.14–1.63; p = 0.0007) at ≤ 1.5 months (mo), 1.28 (1.08–1.51; p = 0.005) at 3–4 mo, 1.12 (1.03–1.22; p = 0.01) at 6 mo, 1.08 (1.05–1.12; p

With the increasing demand for power system stability and resilience, effective real-time tracking plays a crucial role in smart grid synchronization. However, most studies have focused on measurement noise, while they seldom think about the problem of measurement data loss in smart power grid synchronization. To solve this problem, a resilient fault-tolerant extended Kalman filter (RFTEKF) is proposed to track voltage amplitude, voltage phase angle and frequency dynamically. First, a three-phase unbalanced network's positive sequence fast estimation model is established. Then, the loss phenomenon of measurements occurs randomly, and the randomness of data loss's randomness is defined by discrete interval distribution [0], [1]. Subsequently, a resilient fault-tolerant extended Kalman filter based on the real-time estimation framework is designed using the time-stamp technique to acquire partial data loss information. Finally, extensive simulation results manifest the proposed RFTEKF can synchronize the smart grid more effectively than the traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF).

Hyperspectral image (HSI) shows great potential for application in remote sensing due to its rich spectral information and fine spatial resolution. However, the high dimensionality, nonlinearity, and complex relationship between spectral and spatial features of HSI pose challenges to its accurate classification. Traditional convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods suffer from detail loss in feature extraction; Transformer-based methods rely too much on the quantity and quality of HSI; and graph neural network (GNN)-based methods provide a new impetus for HSI classification by virtue of their excellent ability to handle irregular data. To address these challenges and take advantage of GNN, we propose a network of parallel GNNs called PGNN-Net. The network first extracts the key spatial-spectral features of HSI using principal component analysis, followed by preprocessing to obtain two primary features and a normalized adjacency matrix. Then, a parallel architecture is constructed using improved GCN and ChebNet to extract local and global spatial-spectral features, respectively. Finally, the discriminative features obtained through the fusion strategy are input into the classifier to obtain the classification results. In addition, to alleviate the over-fitting problem, the label smoothing technique is embedded in the cross-entropy loss function. The experimental results show that the average overall accuracy obtained by our method on Indian Pines, Kennedy Space Center, Pavia University Scene, and Botswana reaches 97.35%, 99.40%, 99.64%, and 98.46%, respectively, which are better compared to some state-of-the-art methods.

Abstract Objective Bronchial Dieulafoy's disease (BDD) is a rare disease that causes massive hemoptysis. This paper reports a case of BDD treated surgically. At the same time, we summarize the data of BDD patients reported in domestic and foreign literature to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods A case of BDD with hemoptysis during bronchoscopy was reported. In addition, we searched for "bronchial Dieulafoy disease" through Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang databases, covering the literature related to BDD that was definitely diagnosed or highly suspected from January 1995 to December 2021, and summarized the clinical characteristics, chest imaging, bronchoscopic manifestations, angiographic characteristics, pathological characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients. Results The patient was a 68 year old male. Tracheoscopy revealed nodular and mass like changes in the basal segment of the left lower lobe, which appeared massive hemorrhage when touching the surface. The computed tomography angiophy of the bronchial artery confirmed that the branches of the left bronchial artery were tortuous and dilated, and then the left lower lobe of the lung was resected. During the operation, 3 thick tortuous nutrient artery vessels were sent out from the descending aorta, and 1 thick tortuous nutrient artery was sent out from the autonomic arch. All of them were ligated and cut. The pathology after the operation was in accordance with BDD; The patient did not have hemoptysis after discharge and is still under follow-up. The database identified 65 articles from January 1995 to December 2021. After removing repeated reports, meetings, incomplete information and nursing literature, 60 articles were included to report 88 cases of BDD. BDD can occur at all ages, with a male to female ratio of about 1.6:1. It mainly starts with hemoptysis, and can also be seen due to cough, infection, and respiratory failure; Inflammatory changes such as pulmonary patch shadow, exudation shadow and ground glass shadow of pulmonary hemorrhage were more common in chest imaging; The diagnosis of BDD is mainly based on the bronchoscopy, bronchial angiography and pathological findings of surgical or autopsy specimens. Bronchoscopic findings were mostly non pulsating, smooth nodular or mucosal processes. Bronchial angiography mainly showed tortuous dilatation of bronchial artery, and the lesions were mainly located in the right bronchus, more from the bronchial artery; Diagnosis depends on pathology, showing submucosal expansion of bronchus or abnormal artery rupture and bleeding; 54 cases underwent selective bronchial artery embolization, 39 cases underwent pulmonary lobectomy, 66 cases improved, and 10 cases died (all of them were caused by massive hemorrhage during bronchoscopic biopsy). Conclusion BDD is rare, but may cause fatal massive hemoptysis. Bronchial angiography is considered to be an effective method to diagnose BDD. Since pathological biopsy may lead to fatal bleeding, the necessity of pathological diagnosis remains controversial. Interventional and surgical treatment plays an important role in patients with cough accompanied by massive hemoptysis.

Summary: Prostate cancer (PCa) frequently presents as a multifocal disease within a single gland. Herein, the transcriptome-wide profiles of glandular epithelial (GE) cells of four PCa tissues with various Gleason scores (GSs) are analyzed with Visium spatial transcriptomics (ST). The genetic classifications across PCa section sites generally matched the spatial patterns of histological structures with different GSs. Average inferred copy number variation (inferCNV) values gradually increased during GS development. Developing trajectories during GS upgrading were assessed, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during GS progression were analyzed which exhibited heterogeneity among individual patients with PCa. Several crucial genes, such as NANS, PABPC1L, PILRB, PPFIA2, and SESN3, were associated with GS upgrading. Enrichment analysis showed that biological functions, such as cadherin binding, Golgi vesicle transport, protein folding, and cell adhesion molecules were related to GS progression. In conclusion, this study provides insight into ST-based transcriptome-wide expression patterns during GS progression.

Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulation plays a crucial role in testing power–electronic dominated systems with the formation of controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) or power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL). This work describes an efficient implementation of computation time and resource usage in the FPGA-based study of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) with detailed electromagnetic transients. The proposed modeling technique can be used in continuous control mode (CCM) and discontinuous control mode (DCM) for high-switching frequency semiconductor technologies. An FPGA-based designed solver structure is also presented to take advantage of the parallel features of FPGAs to achieve an ultra-fast calculation speed. In addition, two different switch modeling techniques are discussed with a five-level MMC case study. Experimental results on the NI PXIe platform show the feasibility of the proposed implementation, and a time step of 100 nanoseconds is achieved.

Land-use scene classification (LUSC) is a key technique in the field of remote sensing imagery (RSI) interpretation. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is widely used for its ability to autonomously and efficiently extract deep semantic feature maps (DSFMs) from large-scale RSI data. However, CNNs cannot accurately extract the rich spatial structure information of RSI, and the key information of RSI is easily lost due to many pooling layers, so it is difficult to ensure the information integrity of the spatial structure feature maps (SSFMs) and DSFMs of RSI with CNNs only for LUSC, which can easily affect the classification performance. To fully utilize the SSFMs and make up for the insufficiency of CNN in capturing the relationship information between the land-use objects of RSI, while reducing the loss of important information, we propose an effective dual-branch hybrid framework, HFCC-Net, for the LUSC task. The CNN in the upper branch extracts multi-scale DSFMs of the same scene using transfer learning techniques; the graph routing-based CapsNet in the lower branch is used to obtain SSFMs from DSFMs in different scales, and element-by-element summation achieves enhanced representations of SSFMs; a newly designed function is used to fuse the top-level DSFMs with SSFMs to generate discriminant feature maps (DFMs); and, finally, the DFMs are fed into classifier. We conducted sufficient experiments using HFCC-Net on four public datasets. The results show that our method has better classification performance compared to some existing CNN-based state-of-the-art methods.

BackgroundEpigenetic reprogramming through dysregulated histone lysine methylation (HLM) plays a crucial role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate HLM modification patterns in PCa microenvironment infiltration.Materials and methodsNinety-one HLM regulators in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were analyzed using bioinformatics. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and survival analyses were performed using TCGA-PRAD clinicopathologic and follow-up information. Consensus clustering analysis divided patients into subgroups. Gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the DEGs. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration were evaluated in different HLM clusters. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis assessed HLM regulators in clinical PCa tissues.ResultsThe tumor vs. normal (TN), Gleason score (GS) > 7 vs. GS < 7, pathological T stage (pT) = 2 vs. pT = 3, and TP53 mutation vs. wild-type comparisons using TCGA-PRAD dataset revealed 3 intersecting HLM regulators (EZH2, NSD2, and KMT5C) that were consistently upregulated in advanced PCa (GS > 7, pT3, HR > 1, and TP53 mutation) (P < 0.05) and verified in clinical PCa tissues. Consensus clustering analysis revealed three distinct HLM modification patterns (HLMclusters). However, no significant differences in recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were found among the groups (P > 0.05). We screened 189 HLM phenotype-related genes that overlapped in the pairwise comparisons of HLMclusters and P < 0.01 in the Cox regression analysis. Three distinct subgroups (geneClusters) were revealed based on the 189 genes, in which cluster A involved the most advanced PCa (PSA > 10, T3-4, GS8-10, and biochemical recurrence) and the poorest RFS. The HLM score (HLMscore) was calculated by principal component analysis (PCA) of HLM phenotype-related genes that have positive predictive value for RFS (P < 0.001) and immune therapy responses (in the CTLA4-positive and -negative responses accompanied by a PD1-negative response).ConclusionWe comprehensively evaluated HLM regulators in the PCa microenvironment using TCGA-PRAD, revealing a nonnegligible role of HLM patterns in PCa complexity and heterogeneity. Elucidating the effects of HLM regulators in PCa may enhance prognostics, aggressiveness assessments, and immunotherapy strategies.

Objective: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological disease in elderly men. The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of BPH stroma. However, it is not clear yet which important pathways and key genes are the downstream of TGFβ1 acting on prostatic stromal cells.Methods: GSE132714 is currently the newer, available, and best high-throughput sequencing data set for BPH disease and includes the largest number of BPH cases. We examined the TGFβ1 expression level in BPH and normal prostate (NP) by analyzing the GSE132714 data set as well as carrying out immunohistochemistry of 15 BPH and 15 NP samples. Primary prostatic stromal cells (PrSCs) were isolated from five fresh BPH tissues. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to reveal important pathways and hub genes associated with TGFβ1 stimulation on PrSCs.Results: TGFβ1 was upregulated in BPH stroma compared to NP stroma. A total of 497 genes (244 upregulated and 253 downregulated) were differentially expressed in PrSCs with and without TGFβ1 stimulation. The Gene Ontology revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in progesterone secretion, interleukin-7 receptor binding, and CSF1-CSF1R complex. The Wnt signaling pathway, PI3K−Akt signaling pathway, JAK−STAT signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway were screened based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. FN1, SMAD3, CXCL12, VCAM1, and ICAM1 were selected as hub genes according to the degree of connection from the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network.Conclusion: This study sheds some new insights into the role of TGFβ1 in BPH stroma and provides some clues for the identification of potential downstream mechanisms and targets.

Context: Recently, prostatic urethral lift (PUL) is being used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although preliminary clinical studies on PUL are increasing, the long-term efficacy and safety of this procedure are still not well evaluated. Objective: The objective of our study is to synthesize the existing literature evidence, and make a comprehensive and long-term systematic review for the PUL procedure. Evidence acquisition: A systematic search was performed from the electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, and OVID. The search period was up to January 1, 2020. Comprehensive retrospective and prospective studies on PUL were collected in accordance with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pooled prostatic symptom scores, sexual health scores, and functional outcomes were calculated by using a fixed or random-effect model. Evidence synthesis: Nineteen articles meet our determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 11 independent patient series were included in the final analysis. Meta-analysis results indicated improvement after the PUL procedure, including International Prostate Symptom Score improvement of 9.73–12.16 points, BPH Impact Index improvement of 3.74–4.50 points, maximum flow rate improvement of 3.44–4.26 ml/s, and quality of life improvement of 2.20–2.55 points. Postvoid residual volume at most of the intervals was not significantly variable. Data regarding sexual function remained stable or improved slightly during the 24-mo follow-up period. Pooled estimates were largely heterogeneous except for sexual function. Conclusions: PUL can continue to relieve prostatic symptoms for 24 mo without causing serious complications. The extremely important advantage of the PUL procedure is that it can preserve or slightly improve sexual function. Longer-term and more comprehensive clinical trials are still needed to further clarify the functional outcomes and cost effectiveness of PUL. Patient summary: Prostatic urethral lift is an attractive option for selected patients who seek rapid and durable relief of lower urinary tract symptoms with complete preservation of sexual function.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to summarize the existing evidence and develop a comprehensive systematic review of the impact of androgen suppression therapy (AST) on the incidence or clinical outcomes of bladder cancer.MethodsWe systematically searched the PubMed and Embase databases from inception to June 20, 2021 to identify all observational studies examining the incidence or clinical outcomes of bladder cancer in patients who received AST. AST is defined as the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).ResultsA total of 18 observational studies were included. Our results showed that AST was not significantly associated with a reduced risk of BCa incidence (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.68–1.24) compared with the lack of AST. The subgroup analysis revealed that finasteride use was significantly associated with a reduction in the risk of BCa incidence (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64–0.88). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was improved among AST users compared with nonusers (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.95), while no significant difference between AST users versus nonusers was identified for cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS).ConclusionCurrent evidence indicates that therapy with finasteride may represent a potential strategy aimed at reducing BCa incidence. Moreover, AST has a beneficial effect on the recurrence of bladder cancer. Further well-designed randomized trials or cohort studies with better characterized study populations are needed to validate our preliminary findings.Systematic Review RegistrationInternational Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier CRD42021261685.

The backfilling of lime soil in ultra-deep and ultra-narrow foundation trenches is a difficult construction link, and ordinary-cemented soil has drawbacks, including poor strength, impermeability, and frost resistance. To solve these problems, fly ash (FA)–water glass (WG)-composite-cemented soil is developed based on a background project. The three-factor orthogonal tests are conducted on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the composite-cemented soil, and the optimal engineering mix proportion is proposed for the FA-WG-composite-cemented soil. Its UCS is compared with that of cemented soil only doped with FA or WG (FA- and WG-cemented soil). In addition, the cyclic wetting–drying tests, cyclic freeze–thaw tests, and impermeability tests are carried out to study the endurance of the composite-cemented soil in cold regions rich in water. The hydration products of the composite-cemented soil are investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the curing mechanism of the composite-cemented soil is discussed from the microscopic perspective. The research results indicate that the mixing ratio of cement is crucial to the strength development of the cemented soil; the mixing ratio of FA greatly influences the strength development of the cemented soil in the middle and late stages; the mixing ratio of WG only slightly affects the strength. The ratio of cement, FA, and WG of 9%:12%:3% is the optimal engineering mix proportion of the composite-cemented soil. Compared with ordinary-cemented oil and FA- and WG-cemented soil, the composite-cemented soil shows significantly improved compressive load-bearing capacity. The permeability coefficient of the composite-cemented soil is always obviously lower than that of the ordinary-cemented soil after any curing period. Despite the mass loss, the composite-cemented soil is superior to the ordinary one in overall endurance after wetting–drying and freeze–thaw cycles. Through SEM and XRD analysis, the content of hydration products of the composite-cemented soil is found to be obviously higher than that of ordinary-cemented soil after any curing period, and the hydrates exert stronger cementing action on soil particles in the composite-cemented soil. The contents of C-S-H gel and Aft crystals in the composite-cemented soil are apparently larger than those in the ordinary-cemented soil. Under the alkali activation of WG, the FA produces free SiO32− and AlO2−, which undergo the polymerization reaction with Ca2+ to generate C-S-H gel and C-A-H gel, further promoting the hydration of cement.

Abstract Background The prognosis of esophageal cancer is still dismal because of its high probability of metastasis that is likely related to the cellular process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent studies have shown a novel role of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in regulating the migration process of cancer cells and, therefore, linking to progression and poor prognosis of cancer. Methods The expression of XIAP in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry assay. Cell migration was analyzed by wound healing assay and Transwell assay. The expression of EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Vimentin) was revealed by immunofluorescence assay. Quantitative real‑time PCR analysis and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of XIAP and EMT markers as well as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Results We found that the expression of XIAP closely correlated to the probability of lymphatic metastasis in patients and that ESCC patients with the high XIAP expression were associated with worse overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate analysis also revealed XIAP as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in ESCC patients. In both EC9706 and TE13 cell lines, knockdown of XIAP decreased the migration of cancer cells by inhibiting EMT process through regulating the TGF-β signaling pathway, pinpointing a regulatory role of XIAP in migratory process upon TGF-β activation. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest XIAP as a important prognostic and regulative factor in ESCC patients. XIAP may promote migration of esophageal cancer cells through the activation of TGF-β mediated EMT.

BackgroundDiagnosing the well-known concomitant Rathke’s cleft cyst (RCC) and differentiating it from other sellar lesions are difficult because RCC is and other sellar lesions are closely related and represent a continuum from simple RCCs to more complex lesions. The purpose of this study is to better understand the adeno- and neurohypophysis adjacent to the par intermedia remnants and their role in the origin of the coexistence of these two distinct tumor neoplasias; to assess the incidence in different age groups; to categorize the pathohistological subtype, which can be incorporated in predictive/prognostic models; and finally, to evaluate the current evidence on collision tumors of the sellar embryonic remnant tract in terms of their biological behavior and pathology.MethodsUtilizing the PubMed database, data were collected from 1920 to 2019. Information about demographics, clinical characteristics, and age was summarized and analyzed by using univariable and multivariable models. The same cell type was observed regardless of whether the tumor was only one type or mixed types, and their histologic patterns were assessed.ResultsThe incidence rates were similar among patients stratified into three age subgroups: 40–49 years (24.57%), 50–59 years (19.54%), and older than 60 years (22.98%). We found that various types of sellar lesions, namely, squamous metaplasia (SM) + goblet cells (GC) (HR 46.326), foamy macrophages (FM) (HR 39.625), epithelial cells and multinucleated giant cells or cholesterin (EM) (HR 13.195), a cavernous portion of the right internal carotid artery (CP-ICA) (HR 9.427), epithelial cells with ciliated cuboidal (EC-CC) (HR 8.456), were independently associated with RCC pathological status. These divergent AUCs (0.848 for Hypo as RCC, 0.981 for RCC co PA, 0.926 for CD and CP co RCC) and subtypes of PA (HR 4.415, HR 2.286), Hypo (HR 3.310), CD and CP (HR 2.467), EC and DC and PG and SGR (HR 1.068), coexisting with the risk of a comorbid RCC lesion, may reflect the etiologic heterogeneity of coderivation and the different effects of some risk factors on tumor subtypes. Our analyses suggested that the greatest accuracy was observed for the pituitary adenoma subtype, with an AUC of 0.981 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.959–1.005), while the poorest accuracy was observed for aneurysms, with an AUC of 0.531 (95% CI: 0.104–0.958). We separately analyzed and confirmed the above results. Sensitivity analysis revealed no evidence of systematic bias due to missing data.ConclusionThis study showed that the histopathological changes in patients with sellar embryonic remnant-associated collision tumors showed highly consistent epithelial cell replacement (renewal) (ciliated columnar epithelium to ciliated squamous epithelium to squamous epithelium) or accumulation, and the RCC cyst wall was similar in structure to the tracheobronchial airway epithelium, with progenitor cell characteristics. The collision accuracy between RCC and other tumors (PAs, craniopharyngioma, chordoma, etc.) is different; these characteristics constitute the theoretical basis for the postmigration development of the pharyngeal bursa.

To improve the performance of the governing system as well as the stability of the power system, the authors propose grey prediction extension control (GPEC) in the design of generator governing system. Comparing with the conventional control strategy such as conventional proportional–integral–derivative control and simple extension control, GPEC is more suitable for the complex, huge‐dimension and time‐varying modern power systems. Both a simple hydropower system and a typical multi‐machine system are studied, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the proposed GPEC governor controller performs better in reducing overshoot and adjusting time with superiority in leading the system into a stable state.

Rotor position detection is a prerequisite for achieving good control performance of PMSM. For a PMSM control system based on an optical encoder, it is a difficulty to detect rotor position and achieve R-Signal zero-setting. To solve the problem, a hybrid optical encoder is used in the paper by which a scheme for rotor position detection and R-Signal zero-setting is proposed. This encoder can do absolute and incremental rotor position detection simultaneously; here, the former is used for acquiring imprecise rotor position and the latter is for precise rotor position. Firstly, two detection methods of the encoder are analyzed, and a scheme for rotor position detection is proposed: absolute rotor position is used for motor starting before achieving R-Signal zero-setting; once achieving R-Signal zero-setting, incremental rotor position detection that has high precision is adopted. Then a novel scheme for R-Signal zero-setting is emphatically proposed. Finally, the simulation is conducted. Results show that rotor position detection and R-Signal zero-setting can be achieved by the proposed scheme.