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1. First demonstration of the use of crab cavities on hadron beams

Author

R. Calaga, A. Alekou, F. Antoniou, R. B. Appleby, L. Arnaudon, K. Artoos, G. Arduini, V. Baglin, S. Barriere, H. Bartosik, P. Baudrenghien, I. Ben-Zvi, T. Bohl, A. Boucherie, O. S. Brüning, K. Brodzinski, A. Butterworth, G. Burt, O. Capatina, S. Calvo, T. Capelli, M. Carlà, F. Carra, L. R. Carver, A. Castilla-Loeza, E. Daly, L. Dassa, J. Delayen, S. U. De Silva, A. Dexter, M. Garlasche, F. Gerigk, L. Giordanino, D. Glenat, M. Guinchard, A. Harrison, E. Jensen, C. Julie, T. Jones, F. Killing, A. Krawczyk, T. Levens, R. Leuxe, B. Lindstrom, Z. Li, A. MacEwen, A. Macpherson, P. Menendez, T. Mikkola, P. Minginette, J. Mitchell, E. Montesinos, G. Papotti, H. Park, C. Pasquino, S. Pattalwar, E. C. Pleite, T. Powers, B. Prochal, A. Ratti, L. Rossi, V. Rude, M. Therasse, R. Tomás, N. Stapley, I. Santillana, N. Shipman, J. Simonin, M. Sosin, J. Swieszek, N. Templeton, G. Vandoni, S. Verdú-Andrés, M. Wartak, C. Welsch, D. Wollman, Q. Wu, B. Xiao, E. Yamakawa, C. Zanoni, F. Zimmermann, and A. Zwozniak

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Many future particle colliders require beam crabbing to recover geometric luminosity loss from the nonzero crossing angle at the interaction point (IP). A first demonstration experiment of crabbing with hadron beams was successfully carried out with high energy protons. This breakthrough result is fundamental to achieve the physics goals of the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider (FCC). The expected peak luminosity gain (related to collision rate) is 65% for HL-LHC and even greater for the FCC. Novel beam physics experiments with proton beams in CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) were performed to demonstrate several critical aspects for the operation of crab cavities in the future HL-LHC including transparency with a pair of cavities, a full characterization of the cavity impedance with high beam currents, controlled emittance growth from crab cavity induced rf noise.

Published
2021
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2. Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN

Author

R. Schnitzhofer, A. Metzger, M. Breitenlechner, W. Jud, M. Heinritzi, L.-P. De Menezes, J. Duplissy, R. Guida, S. Haider, J. Kirkby, S. Mathot, P. Minginette, A. Onnela, H. Walther, A. Wasem, A. Hansel, and the CLOUD Team

Subjects
Environmental engineering, TA170-171, Earthwork. Foundations, TA715-787
Abstract

The CLOUD experiment (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) investigates the nucleation of new particles and how this process is influenced by galactic cosmic rays in an electropolished, stainless-steel environmental chamber at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Since volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can act as precursor gases for nucleation and growth of particles, great efforts have been made to keep their unwanted background levels as low as possible and to quantify them. In order to be able to measure a great set of VOCs simultaneously in the low parts per trillion (pptv) range, proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used. Initially the total VOC background concentration strongly correlated with ozone in the chamber and ranged from 0.1 to 7 parts per billion (ppbv). Plastic used as sealing material in the ozone generator was found to be a major VOC source. Especially oxygen-containing VOCs were generated together with ozone. These parts were replaced by stainless steel after CLOUD3, which strongly reduced the total VOC background. An additional ozone-induced VOC source is surface-assisted reactions at the electropolished stainless steel walls. The change in relative humidity (RH) from very dry to humid conditions increases background VOCs released from the chamber walls. This effect is especially pronounced when the RH is increased for the first time in a campaign. Also the dead volume of inlet tubes for trace gases that were not continuously flushed was found to be a short but strong VOC contamination source. For lower ozone levels (below 100 ppbv) the total VOC contamination was usually below 1 ppbv and therewith considerably cleaner than a comparable Teflon chamber. On average about 75% of the total VOCs come from only five exact masses (tentatively assigned as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, and acetic acid), which have a rather high vapour pressure and are therefore not important for nucleation and growth of particles.

Published
2014
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4. First demonstration of the use of crab cavities on hadron beams

Author

Calaga, R., primary, Alekou, A., additional, Antoniou, F., additional, Appleby, R. B., additional, Arnaudon, L., additional, Artoos, K., additional, Arduini, G., additional, Baglin, V., additional, Barriere, S., additional, Bartosik, H., additional, Baudrenghien, P., additional, Ben-Zvi, I., additional, Bohl, T., additional, Boucherie, A., additional, Brüning, O. S., additional, Brodzinski, K., additional, Butterworth, A., additional, Burt, G., additional, Capatina, O., additional, Calvo, S., additional, Capelli, T., additional, Carlà, M., additional, Carra, F., additional, Carver, L. R., additional, Castilla-Loeza, A., additional, Daly, E., additional, Dassa, L., additional, Delayen, J., additional, De Silva, S. U., additional, Dexter, A., additional, Garlasche, M., additional, Gerigk, F., additional, Giordanino, L., additional, Glenat, D., additional, Guinchard, M., additional, Harrison, A., additional, Jensen, E., additional, Julie, C., additional, Jones, T., additional, Killing, F., additional, Krawczyk, A., additional, Levens, T., additional, Leuxe, R., additional, Lindstrom, B., additional, Li, Z., additional, MacEwen, A., additional, Macpherson, A., additional, Menendez, P., additional, Mikkola, T., additional, Minginette, P., additional, Mitchell, J., additional, Montesinos, E., additional, Papotti, G., additional, Park, H., additional, Pasquino, C., additional, Pattalwar, S., additional, Pleite, E. C., additional, Powers, T., additional, Prochal, B., additional, Ratti, A., additional, Rossi, L., additional, Rude, V., additional, Therasse, M., additional, Tomás, R., additional, Stapley, N., additional, Santillana, I., additional, Shipman, N., additional, Simonin, J., additional, Sosin, M., additional, Swieszek, J., additional, Templeton, N., additional, Vandoni, G., additional, Verdú-Andrés, S., additional, Wartak, M., additional, Welsch, C., additional, Wollman, D., additional, Wu, Q., additional, Xiao, B., additional, Yamakawa, E., additional, Zanoni, C., additional, Zimmermann, F., additional, and Zwozniak, A., additional

Published
2021
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5. High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical design report

Author

Aberle, O., Béjar Alonso, I, Brüning, O, Fessia, P, Rossi, L, Tavian, L, Zerlauth, M, Adorisio, C., Adraktas, A., Ady, M., Albertone, J., Alberty, L., Alcaide Leon, M., Alekou, A., Alesini, D., Ferreira, B. Almeida, Lopez, P. Alvarez, Ambrosio, G., Andreu Munoz, P., Anerella, M., Angal-Kalinin, D., Antoniou, F., Apollinari, G., Apollonio, A., Appleby, R., Arduini, G., Alonso, B. Arias, Artoos, K., Atieh, S., Auchmann, B., Badin, V., Baer, T., Baffari, D., Baglin, V., Bajko, M., Ball, A., Ballarino, A., Bally, S., Bampton, T., Banfi, D., Barlow, R., Barnes, M., Barranco, J., Barthelemy, L., Bartmann, W., Bartosik, H., Barzi, E., Battistin, M., Baudrenghien, P., Alonso, I. Bejar, Belomestnykh, S., Benoit, A., Ben-Zvi, I., Bertarelli, A., Bertolasi, S., Bertone, C., Bertran, B., Bestmann, P., Biancacci, N., Bignami, A., Bliss, N., Boccard, C., Body, Y., Borburgh, J., Bordini, B., Borralho, F., Bossert, R., Bottura, L., Boucherie, A., Bozzi, R., Bracco, C., Bravin, E., Bregliozzi, G., Brett, D., Broche, A., Brodzinski, K., Broggi, F., Bruce, R., Brugger, M., Brüning, O., Buffat, X., Burkhardt, H., Burnet, J., Burov, A., Burt, G., Cabezas, R., Cai, Y., Calaga, R., Calatroni, S., Capatina, O., Capelli, T., Cardon, P., Carlier, E., Carra, F., Carvalho, A., Carver, L.R., Caspers, F., Cattenoz, G., Cerutti, F., Chancé, A., Rodrigues, M. Chastre, Chemli, S., Cheng, D., Chiggiato, P., Chlachidze, G., Claudet, S., Coello De Portugal, JM., Collazos, C., Corso, J., Costa Machado, S., Costa Pinto, P., Coulinge, E., Crouch, M., Cruikshank, P., Cruz Alaniz, E., Czech, M., Dahlerup-Petersen, K., Dalena, B., Daniluk, G., Danzeca, S., Day, H., De Carvalho Saraiva, J., De Luca, D., De Maria, R., De Rijk, G., De Silva, S., Dehning, B., Delayen, J., Deliege, Q., Delille, B., Delsaux, F., Denz, R., Devred, A., Dexter, A., Di Girolamo, B., Dietderich, D., Dilly, J.W., Doherty, A., Dos Santos, N., Drago, A., D.Drskovic, Ramos, D. Duarte, Ducimetière, L., Efthymiopoulos, I., Einsweiler, K., Esposito, L., Esteban Muller, J., Evrard, S., Fabbricatore, P., Farinon, S., Fartoukh, S., Faus-Golfe, A., Favre, G., Felice, H., Feral, B., Ferlin, G., Ferracin, P., Ferrari, A., Ferreira, L., Fessia, P., Ficcadenti, L., Fiotakis, S., Fiscarelli, L., Fitterer, M., Fleiter, J., Foffano, G., Fol, E., Folch, R., Foraz, K., Foussat, A., Frankl, M., Frasciello, O., Fraser, M., Menendez, P. Freijedo, Fuchs, J-F., Furuseth, S., Gaddi, A., Gallilee, M., Gallo, A., Alia, R. Garcia, Gavela, H. Garcia, Matos, J. Garcia, Garcia Morales, H., Valdivieso, A. Garcia-Tabares, Garino, C., Garion, C., Gascon, J., Gasnier, Ch., Gentini, L., Gentsos, C., Ghosh, A., Giacomel, L., Hernandez, K. Gibran, Gibson, S., Ginburg, C., Giordano, F., Giovannozzi, M., Goddard, B., Gomes, P., Gonzalez De La Aleja Cabana, M., Goudket, P., Gousiou, E., Gradassi, P., Costa, A. Granadeiro, Grand-Clément, L., Grillot, S., Guillaume, JC., Guinchard, M., Hagen, P., Hakulinen, T., Hall, B., Hansen, J., Heredia Garcia, N., Herr, W., Herty, A., Hill, C., Hofer, M., Höfle, W., Holzer, B., Hopkins, S., Hrivnak, J., Iadarola, G., Infantino, A., Bermudez, S. Izquierdo, Jakobsen, S., Jebramcik, M.A., Jenninger, B., Jensen, E., Jones, M., Jones, R., Jones, T., Jowett, J., Juchno, M., Julie, C., Junginger, T., Kain, V., Kaltchev, D., Karastathis, N., Kardasopoulos, P., Karppinen, M., Keintzel, J., Kersevan, R., Killing, F., Kirby, G., Korostelev, M., Kos, N., Kostoglou, S., Kozsar, I., Krasnov, A., Krave, S., Krzempek, L., Kuder, N., Kurtulus, A., Kwee-Hinzmann, R., Lackner, F., Lamont, M., Lamure, A.L., m, L. Lari, Lazzaroni, M., Le Garrec, M., Lechner, A., Lefevre, T., Leuxe, R., Li, K., Li, Z., Lindner, R., Lindstrom, B., Lingwood, C., Löffler, C., Lopez, C., Lopez-Hernandez, LA., Losito, R., Maciariello, F., Macintosh, P., Maclean, E.H., Macpherson, A., Maesen, P., Magnier, C., Durand, H. Mainaud, Malina, L., Manfredi, M., Marcellini, F., Marchevsky, M., Maridor, S., Marinaro, G., Marinov, K., Markiewicz, T., Marsili, A., Martinez Urioz, P., Martino, M., Masi, A., Mastoridis, T., Mattelaer, P., May, A., Mazet, J., Mcilwraith, S., McIntosh, E., Medina Medrano, L., Mejica Rodriguez, A., Mendes, M., Menendez, P., Mensi, M., Mereghetti, A., Mergelkuhl, D., Mertens, T., Mether, L., Métral, E., Migliorati, M., Milanese, A., Minginette, P., Missiaen, D., Mitsuhashi, T., Modena, M., Mokhov, N., Molson, J., Monneret, E., Montesinos, E., Moron-Ballester, R., Morrone, M., Mostacci, A., Mounet, N., Moyret, P., Muffat, P., Muratori, B., Muttoni, Y., Nakamoto, T., Navarro-Tapia, M., Neupert, H., Nevay, L., Nicol, T., Nilsson, E., Ninin, P., Nobrega, A., Noels, C., Nolan, E., Nosochkov, Y., Nuiry, FX., Oberli, L., Ogitsu, T., Ohmi, K., Olave R., Oliveira, J., Orlandi, Ph., Ortega, P., Osborne, J., Otto, T., Palumbo, L., Papadopoulou, S., Papaphilippou, Y., Paraschou, K., Parente, C., Paret, S., Park, H., Parma, V., Pasquino, Ch., Patapenka, A., Patnaik, L., Pattalwar, S., Payet, J., Pechaud, G., Pellegrini, D., Pepinster, P., Perez, J., Espinos, J. Perez, Marcone, A. Perillo, Perin, A., Perini, P., Persson, T.H.B., Peterson, T., Pieloni, T., Pigny, G., Pinheiro de Sousa, J.P., Pirotte, O., Plassard, F., Pojer, M., Pontercorvo, L., Poyet, A., Prelipcean, D., Prin, H., Principe, R., Pugnat, T., Qiang, J., Quaranta, E., Rafique, H., Rakhno, I., Duarte, D. Ramos, Ratti, A., Ravaioli, E., Raymond, M., Redaelli, S., Renaglia, T., Ricci, D., Riddone, G., Rifflet, J., Rigutto, E., Rijoff, T., Rinaldesi, R., Riu Martinez, O., Rivkin, L., Rodriguez Mateos, F., Roesler, S., Romera Ramirez, I., Rossi, A., Rossi, L., Rude, V., Rumolo, G., Rutkovksi, J., Sabate Gilarte, M., Sabbi, G., Sahner, T., Salemme, R., Salvant, B., Galan, F. Sanchez, Santamaria Garcia, A., Santillana, I., Santini, C., Santos, O., Diaz, P. Santos, Sasaki, K., Savary, F., Sbrizzi, A., Schaumann, M., Scheuerlein, C., Schmalzle, J., Schmickler, H., Schmidt, R., Schoerling, D., Segreti, M., Serluca, M., Serrano, J., Sestak, J., Shaposhnikova, E., Shatilov, D., Siemko, A., Sisti, M., Sitko, M., Skarita, J., Skordis, E., Skoufaris, K., Skripka, G., Smekens, D., Sobiech, Z., Sosin, M., Sorbio, M., Soubelet, F., Spataro, B., Spiezia, G., Stancari, G., Staterao, M., Steckert, J., Steele, G., Sterbini, G., Struik, M., Sugano, M., Szeberenyi, A., Taborelli, M., Tambasco, C., Rego, R. Tavares, Tavian, L., Teissandier, B., Templeton, N., Therasse, M., Thiesen, H., Thomas, E., Toader, A., Todesco, E., Tomás, R., Toral, F., Torres-Sanchez, R., Trad, G., Triantafyllou, N., Tropin, I., Tsinganis, A., Tuckamantel, J., Uythoven, J., Valishev, A., Van Der Veken, F., Van Weelderen, R., Vande Craen, A., Vazquez De Prada, B., Velotti, F., Verdu Andres, S., Verweij, A., Shetty, N. Vittal, Vlachoudis, V., Volpini, G., Wagner, U., Wanderer, P., Wang, M., Wang, X., Wanzenberg, R., Wegscheider, A., Weisz, S., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wenninger, J., Weterings, W., White, S., Widuch, K., Will, A., Willering, G., Wollmann, D., Wolski, A., Wozniak, J., Wu, Q., Xiao, B., Xiao, L., Xu, Q., Yakovlev, Y., Yammine, S., Yang, Y., Yu, M., Zacharov, I., Zagorodnova, O., Zannini, C., Zanoni, C., Zerlauth, M., Zimmermann, F., Zlobin, A., Zobov, M., and Zurbano Fernandez, I.

Subjects
Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up anew energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 9000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its instantaneous luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design valueand the integrated luminosity (totalnumber of collisions) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complexand exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require new infrastructures(underground and on surface)and over a decade to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), relies on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11–12Tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 100 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation, all of which required several years of dedicated R&D; effort on a global international level. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the projectand is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of the HL-LHC.

Published
2020

6. The crab cavities cryomodule for SPS test

Author

Zanoni, C, primary, Amorim Carvalho, A, additional, Artoos, K, additional, Atieh, S, additional, Brodzinski, K, additional, Calaga, R, additional, Capatina, O, additional, Capelli, T, additional, Carra, F, additional, Dassa, L, additional, Dijoud, T, additional, Eiler, K, additional, Favre, G, additional, Freijedo Menendez, P, additional, Garlaschè, M, additional, Giordanino, L, additional, Jones, T, additional, Langeslag, S A E, additional, Leuxe, R, additional, Mainaud-Durand, H, additional, Minginette, P, additional, Narduzzi, M, additional, Rude, V, additional, Sosin, M, additional, Swieszek, J S, additional, and Templeton, N, additional

Published
2017
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7. The Mechanical Design of a Collimator and Cryogenic Bypass for Installation in the Dispersion Suppressors of the LHC

Author

Ramos, D, Alberty, L, Bertarelli, A, Cherif, A, Chritin, N, Claret, R, Gentini, L, Lombard, D, Minginette, P, Moyret, P, Redondas, M, Renaglia, T, and Timmins, M

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

A project to install collimators in the dispersion suppressor regions of the LHC was launched early 2010, aiming to reduce the power deposition in superconducting magnets by a factor of 10. To be placed in the continuous arc cryostat, the design of such collimators had to comply with challenging integration, functional and time constraints. A pre-study for a cold collimator solution was launched in parallel with an alternative design consisting of a room temperature collimator and a cryogenic bypass. The second was eventually preferred, as it was based on proven LHC technologies for cryogenic, vacuum, electrical and collimator material solutions, despite the increased difficulty on the mechanical integration and assembly. This paper presents the mechanical design of a cryogenic bypass for the LHC continuous cryostat andrespective collimator unit, both made to comply with the functionality of existing LHC systems. The approach taken to achieve a reliable design within schedule will be explained alongside the measures adopted to validate new solutions, in particular, when dealing with welding distortions, systems routing, thermal loads and precision mechanics.

Published
2012

8. Handling and Transport of Oversized Accelerator Components and Physics Detectors

Author

Prodon, S, Bertone, C, Guinchard, M, and Minginette, P

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

For cost, planning and organisational reasons, it is often decided to install large pre-built accelerators components and physics detectors. As a result surface exceptional transports are required from the construction to the installation sites. Such heavy transports have been numerous during the LHC installation phase. This paper will describe the different types of transport techniques used to fit the particularities of accelerators and detectors components (weight, height, acceleration, planarity) as well as the measurement techniques for monitoring and the logistical aspects (organisation with the police, obstacles on the roads, etc). As far as oversized equipment is concerned, the lowering into the pit is challenging, as well as the transport in tunnel galleries in a very scare space and without handling means attached to the structure like overhead travelling cranes. From the PS accelerator to the LHC, handling systems have been developed at CERN to fit with these particular working conditions. This paper will expose the operating conditions of the main transport equipments used at CERN in PS, SPS and LHC tunnels.

Published
2006

10. CLOUD: an atmospheric research facility at CERN

Author

Fastrup, B., Pedersen, E., Lillestol, E., Bosteels, M., Gonidec, A., Kirkby, Jasper, Mele, S., Minginette, P., Nicquevert, B., Schinzel, D., Seidl, W., Grundsoe, P., Marsh, N., Polny, J., Svensmark, H., Viisanen, Y., Kurvinen, K., Orava, R., Hameri, K., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., O'Dowd, C.D., Afrosimov, V., Basalaev, A., Panov, M., Laaksonen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Ermakov, V., Makhmutov, V., Maksumov, O., Pokrevsky, P., Stozhkov, Y., Svirzhevsky, N., Carslaw, K., Yin, Y., Trautmann, T., Arnold, F., Wohlfrom, K.H., Hagen, D., Schmitt, J., Whitefield, P., Aplin, K.L., Harrison, R.G., Bingham, R., Close, F., Gibbins, C., Irving, A., Kellett, B., Lockwood, M., Makela, J.M., Petersen, D., Szymanski, W.W., Wagner, P.E., and Vrtala, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Other Fields of Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

This report is the second of two addenda to the CLOUD proposal at CERN (physics/0104048), which aims to test experimentally the existence a link between cosmic rays and cloud formation, and to understand the microphysical mechanism. The document places CLOUD in the framework of a CERN facility for atmospheric research, and provides further details on the particle beam requirements. This report is the second of two addenda to the CLOUD proposal at CERN (physics/0104048), which aims to test experimentally the existence a link between cosmic rays and cloud formation, and to understand the microphysical mechanism. The document places CLOUD in the framework of a CERN facility for atmospheric research, and provides further details on the particle beam requirements.

Published
2001

11. Addendum to the CLOUD proposal

Author

Fastrup, B., Pedersen, E., Lillestol, E., Thorn, E., Bosteels, M., Gonidec, A., Kirkby, Jasper, Mele, S., Minginette, P., Nicquevert, B., Schinzel, D., Seidl, W., Grundsoe, P., Marsh, N., Polny, J., Svensmark, H., Viisanen, Y., Kurvinen, K., Orava, R., Hameri, K., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Makela, J.M., O'Dowd, C.D., Afrosimov, V., Basalaev, A., Panov, M., Laaksonen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Ermakov, V., Makhmutov, V., Maksumov, O., Pokrevsky, P., Stozhkov, Yu.I., Svirzhevsky, N., Carslaw, K., Yin, Y., Trautmann, T., Arnold, F., Wohlfrom, K.H., Hagen, D., Schmitt, J., Whitefield, P., Aplin, K., Harrison, R.G., Bingham, R., Close, F., Gibbins, C., Irving, A., Kellett, B., Lockwood, M., Petersen, D., Szymanski, W.W., Wagner, P.E., and Vrtala, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Abstract

This report is the first of two addenda to the CLOUD proposal at CERN (physics/0104048), which aims to test experimentally the existence a link between cosmic rays and cloud formation, and to understand the microphysical mechanism. The document provides further details on the detector design, scientific motivation and experimental programme. This report is the first of two addenda to the CLOUD proposal at CERN (physics/0104048), which aims to test experimentally the existence a link between cosmic rays and cloud formation, and to understand the microphysical mechanism. The document provides further details on the detector design, scientific motivation and experimental programme.

Published
2000

12. A study of the link between cosmic rays and clouds with a cloud chamber at the CERN PS

Author

Fastrup, B., Pedersen, E., Lillestol, E., Thorn, E., Bosteels, M., Gonidec, A., Harigel, G., Kirkby, Jasper, Mele, S., Minginette, P., Nicquevert, B., Schinzel, D., Seidl, W., Grundsoe, P., Marsh, N., Polny, J., Svensmark, H., Viisanen, Y., Kurvinen, K., Orava, R., Hameri, K., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Makela, J.M., O'Dowd, C.D., Afrosimov, V., Basalaev, A., Panov, M., Laaksonen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Ermakov, V., Makhmutov, V., Maksumov, O., Pokrevsky, P., Stozhkov, Y., Svirzhevsky, N., Carslaw, K., Yin, Y., Trautmann, T., Arnold, F., Wohlfrom, K.H., Hagen, D., Schmitt, J., Whitefield, P., Aplin, K., Harrison, R.G., Bingham, R., Close, F., Gibbins, C., Irving, A., Kellett, B., Lockwood, M., Petersen, D., Szymanski, W.W., Wagner, P.E., and Vrtala, A.

Subjects
Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Recent satellite data have revealed a surprising correlation between galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity and the fraction of the Earth covered by clouds. If this correlation were to be established by a causal mechanism, it could provide a crucial step in understanding the long-sought mechanism connecting solar and climate variability. The Earth's climate seems to be remarkably sensitive to solar activity, but variations of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation appear to be too small to account for the observed climate variability. However, since the GCR intensity is strongly modulated by the solar wind, a GCR-cloud link may provide a sufficient amplifying mechanism. Moreover if this connection were to be confirmed, it could have profound consequences for our understanding of the solar contributions to the current global warming. The CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) project proposes to test experimentally the existence a link between cosmic rays and cloud formation, and to understand the microphysical mechanism. CLOUD plans to perform detailed laboratory measurements in a particle beam at CERN, where all the parameters can be precisely controlled and measured. The beam will pass through an expansion cloud chamber and a reactor chamber where the atmosphere is to be duplicated by moist air charged with selected aerosols and trace condensable vapours. An array of external detectors and mass spectrometers is used to analyse the physical and chemical characteristics of the aerosols and trace gases during beam exposure. Where beam effects are found, the experiment will seek to evaluate their significance in the atmosphere by incorporating them into aerosol and cloud models. Recent satellite data have revealed a surprising correlation between galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity and the fraction of the Earth covered by clouds. If this correlation were to be established by a causal mechanism, it could provide a crucial step in understanding the long-sought mechanism connecting solar and climate variability. The Earth's climate seems to be remarkably sensitive to solar activity, but variations of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation appear to be too small to account for the observed climate variability. However, since the GCR intensity is strongly modulated by the solar wind, a GCR-cloud link may provide a sufficient amplifying mechanism. Moreover if this connection were to be confirmed, it could have profound consequences for our understanding of the solar contributions to the current global warming. The CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) project proposes to test experimentally the existence a link between cosmic rays and cloud formation, and to understand the microphysical mechanism. CLOUD plans to perform detailed laboratory measurements in a particle beam at CERN, where all the parameters can be precisely controlled and measured. The beam will pass through an expansion cloud chamber and a reactor chamber where the atmosphere is to be duplicated by moist air charged with selected aerosols and trace condensable vapours. An array of external detectors and mass spectrometers is used to analyse the physical and chemical characteristics of the aerosols and trace gases during beam exposure. Where beam effects are found, the experiment will seek to evaluate their significance in the atmosphere by incorporating them into aerosol and cloud models.

Published
2000

13. An ultra-pure gas system for the CLOUD experiment at CERN

Author

Guida, R., primary, Carrie, P., additional, De Menezes, L., additional, Duplissy, J., additional, Fayet, F., additional, Haider, S., additional, Kirkby, J., additional, Mathot, S., additional, Minginette, P., additional, Onnela, A., additional, Rochez, J., additional, Thomas, G., additional, Wasem, A., additional, and Wilhelmsson, M., additional

Published
2012
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14. New Vertical Cryostat for the High Field Superconducting Magnet Test Station at CERN.

Author

Craen, A. Vande, Atieh, S., Bajko, M., Benda, V., de Rijk, G., Favre, G., Giloux, C., Hanzelka, P., Minginette, P., Parma, V., Perret, P., Pirotte, O., Ramos, D., and Viret, P.

Subjects
CRYOSTATS, HIGH field effects (Electric fields), SUPERCONDUCTING magnets, LARGE Hadron Collider, TEMPERATURE control
Abstract

In the framework of the R&D program for new superconducting magnets for the Large Hadron Collider accelerator upgrades, CERN is building a new vertical test station to test high field superconducting magnets of unprecedented large size. This facility will allow testing of magnets by vertical insertion in a pressurized liquid helium bath, cooled to a controlled temperature between 4.2 K and 1.9 K. The dimensions of the cryostat will allow testing magnets of up to 2.5 m in length with a maximum diameter of 1.5 m and a mass of 15 tons. To allow for a faster insertion and removal of the magnets and reducing the risk of helium leaks, all cryogenics supply lines are foreseen to remain permanently connected to the cryostat. A specifically designed 100 W heat exchanger is integrated in the cryostat helium vessel for a controlled cooling of the magnet from 4.2 K down to 1.9 K in a 3 m3 helium bath. This paper describes the cryostat and its main functions, focusing on features specifically developed for this project. The status of the construction and the plans for assembly and installation at CERN are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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16. Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN.

Author

Schnitzhofer, R., Metzger, A., Breitenlechner, M., Jud, W., Heinritzi, M., De Menezes, L. P., Duplissy, J., Guida, R., Haider, S., Kirkby, J., Mathot, S., Minginette, P., Onnela, A., Walther, H., Wasem, A., and Hansel, A.

Subjects
COSMIC rays, PARTICLE physics, STAINLESS steel, AIR pollutants, ATMOSPHERIC nucleation, OZONE generators
Abstract

The CLOUD experiment (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) investigates the nucleation of new particles and how this process is influenced by galactic cosmic rays in an electropolished, stainless-steel environmental chamber at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Since volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can act as precursor gases for nucleation and growth of particles, great efforts have been made to keep their unwanted background levels as low as possible and to quantify them. In order to be able to measure a great set of VOCs simultaneously in the low parts per trillion (pptv) range, proton-transferreaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used. Initially the total VOC background concentration strongly correlated with ozone in the chamber and ranged from 0.1 to 7 parts per billion (ppbv). Plastic used as sealing material in the ozone generator was found to be a major VOC source. Especially oxygen-containing VOCs were generated together with ozone. These parts were replaced by stainless steel after CLOUD3, which strongly reduced the total VOC background. An additional ozone-induced VOC source is surfaceassisted reactions at the electropolished stainless steel walls. The change in relative humidity (RH) from very dry to humid conditions increases background VOCs released from the chamber walls. This effect is especially pronounced when the RH is increased for the first time in a campaign. Also the dead volume of inlet tubes for trace gases that were not continuously flushed was found to be a short but strong VOC contamination source. For lower ozone levels (below 100 ppbv) the total VOC contamination was usually below 1 ppbv and therewith considerably cleaner than a comparable Teflon chamber. On average about 75% of the total VOCs come from only five exact masses (tentatively assigned as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, and acetic acid), which have a rather high vapour pressure and are therefore not important for nucleation and growth of particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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17. Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN.

Author

Schnitzhofer, R., Metzger, A., Breitenlechner, M., Jud, W., Heinritzi, M., De Menezes, L.-P., Duplissy, J., Guida, R., Haider, S., Kirkby, J., Mathot, S., Minginette, P., Onnela, A., Walther, H., Wasem, A., and Hansel, A.

Subjects
POLLUTANTS, CLOUD chambers, NUCLEATION, GALACTIC cosmic rays, PROTON transfer reactions, MASS spectrometry
Abstract

The CLOUD experiment (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) investigates the nucleation of new particles and how this process is influenced by galactic cosmic rays in an electro-polished, stainless-steel environmental chamber at CERN (European Orga- nization for Nuclear Research). Since volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can act as precursor gases for nucleation and growth of particles, great efforts have been made to keep their unwanted background levels as low as possible and to quantify them. In order to be able to measure a great set of VOCs simultaneously in the low parts per trillion (pptv) range, proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used. Initially the total VOC background concentration strongly correlated with ozone in the chamber and ranged from 0.1 to 7 parts per billion (ppbv). Plastic used as sealing material in the ozone generator was found to be a major VOC source. Especially oxygencontaining VOCs were generated together with ozone. These parts were replaced by stainless steel from CLOUD4 (June 2011) on, which strongly reduced the total VOC background. An additional ozone induced VOC source is surface assisted reactions at the electropolished stainless steel walls. The change in relative humidity (RH) from very dry to humid conditions increases background VOCs released from the chamber walls. This effect is especially pronounced when the RH is increased for the first time in a campaign. Also the dead volume of inlet tubes for trace gases that were not continuously flushed were found to be a short but strong VOC contamination source. For the later CLOUD campaigns lower ozone levels (below 100 ppbv) were used. During these conditions the total VOC contamination was usually below 1 ppbv and therewith considerably cleaner than a comparable Teflon chamber. On average more than 80% of the total VOCs are coming from only 5 exact masses (tentatively assigned as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, and acetic acid), which have a rather high vapour pressure and are therefore not important for nucleation and growth of particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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19. A fibre-optic UV system for H2SO4 production in aerosol chambers causing minimal thermal effects

Author

Kupc, A., Amorim, A., Curtius, J., Danielczok, A., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Walther, H., Ickes, L., Kirkby, J., Kürten, A., Lima, J.M., Mathot, S., Minginette, P., Onnela, A., Rondo, L., and Wagner, P.E.

Subjects
*FIBER optics, *SULFURIC acid, *ATMOSPHERIC aerosols, *ULTRAVIOLET radiation, *ATMOSPHERIC nucleation, *PERFORMANCE evaluation, *THERMAL analysis, *CLIMATE change
Abstract

Abstract: A novel fibre-optic UV illumination system for sulphuric acid (H2SO4) production has been developed. The illumination system described in this paper provides sufficient ultraviolet light (UV) power while causing practically no thermal effect on the aerosol chamber (temperature variation <0.005°C at full UV illumination). A similar thermal stability has not been achieved in other comparable experimental set-ups so far. The spectrum provided by the fibre-optic UV system corresponds to the UVB region, illuminates the chamber in a reasonably uniform way and is comparable to the ground level actinic flux. The UV system has been installed for the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber experiments at CERN. Precise, easily-adjustable and reproducible concentrations of H2SO4 were generated by adjusting the UV light intensity. This paper gives an overview on the design of this new system as well as insights on its performance and application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2011
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20. Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation.

Author

Kirkby J, Curtius J, Almeida J, Dunne E, Duplissy J, Ehrhart S, Franchin A, Gagné S, Ickes L, Kürten A, Kupc A, Metzger A, Riccobono F, Rondo L, Schobesberger S, Tsagkogeorgas G, Wimmer D, Amorim A, Bianchi F, Breitenlechner M, David A, Dommen J, Downard A, Ehn M, Flagan RC, Haider S, Hansel A, Hauser D, Jud W, Junninen H, Kreissl F, Kvashin A, Laaksonen A, Lehtipalo K, Lima J, Lovejoy ER, Makhmutov V, Mathot S, Mikkilä J, Minginette P, Mogo S, Nieminen T, Onnela A, Pereira P, Petäjä T, Schnitzhofer R, Seinfeld JH, Sipilä M, Stozhkov Y, Stratmann F, Tomé A, Vanhanen J, Viisanen Y, Vrtala A, Wagner PE, Walther H, Weingartner E, Wex H, Winkler PM, Carslaw KS, Worsnop DR, Baltensperger U, and Kulmala M

Abstract

Atmospheric aerosols exert an important influence on climate through their effects on stratiform cloud albedo and lifetime and the invigoration of convective storms. Model calculations suggest that almost half of the global cloud condensation nuclei in the atmospheric boundary layer may originate from the nucleation of aerosols from trace condensable vapours, although the sensitivity of the number of cloud condensation nuclei to changes of nucleation rate may be small. Despite extensive research, fundamental questions remain about the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles and the mechanisms responsible, including the roles of galactic cosmic rays and other chemical species such as ammonia. Here we present the first results from the CLOUD experiment at CERN. We find that atmospherically relevant ammonia mixing ratios of 100 parts per trillion by volume, or less, increase the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles more than 100-1,000-fold. Time-resolved molecular measurements reveal that nucleation proceeds by a base-stabilization mechanism involving the stepwise accretion of ammonia molecules. Ions increase the nucleation rate by an additional factor of between two and more than ten at ground-level galactic-cosmic-ray intensities, provided that the nucleation rate lies below the limiting ion-pair production rate. We find that ion-induced binary nucleation of H(2)SO(4)-H(2)O can occur in the mid-troposphere but is negligible in the boundary layer. However, even with the large enhancements in rate due to ammonia and ions, atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and sulphuric acid are insufficient to account for observed boundary-layer nucleation.

Published
2011
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