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Economy, environment and safety are three important components of sustainable transport. This paper proposes a productivity measurement standard that comprehensively considers economic growth, environmental impact and safety issues, namely sustainable total factor productivity (STFP). We measure the growth rate of STFP in transport sector of OECD countries in terms of Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA). It is found that the growth rate of total factor productivity in transport sector can be overestimated if safety is ignored. In addition, we discuss the influence of socio-economic factors on the measurement results, finding that there exists a threshold on the impact of environmental regulation intensity on the growth of STFP in transport. That is, STFP increases with environmental regulation intensity if it is smaller than 0.247, while STFP decreases if it is larger than 0.247.

Multifilament continuous hollow carbon fiber tows with a honeycomb cross-section have been produced using a gel-spun bicomponent islands-in-a-sea precursor with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the sea component and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as the sacrificial island component. The density of the hollow carbon fibers is 1.15 g/cm3, more than 30% lower compared to commercial carbon fibers. The tensile strength of these fibers is in the range of 2.3–3.0 GPa and tensile modulus between 202 and 234 GPa. The tensile strength is over 80% higher than the 1.6 GPa strength value reported earlier for hollow carbon fibers. The specific tensile strength is 30% higher than T300 carbon fibers. The specific tensile modulus is 60% higher than T300 carbon fibers and 20% higher than aerospace grade IM7 carbon fibers. The manufacturing was successfully scaled up from a single filament to 740 filament tow without affecting the carbon fiber structural parameters. The tensile strength is limited by the size of the largest defects present, estimated to be in the range of 40–65 nm for the hollow carbon fibers.

Blends of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with three different sacrificial polymers: poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), were gel spun, oriented through the drawing process, stabilized and carbonized to obtain porous carbon fibers. Carbon fibers with an average pore diameter of 15 nm, 31 nm, 37 nm and 115 nm have been obtained from PAN-PAA (90/10), PAN-PMMA (90/10), PAN-SAN (90/10) and PAN-SAN (80/20) precursor fibers, respectively. The variation in pore size caused by the differences in compatibility between PAN and the sacrificial polymer was evaluated experimentally through blend rheology and theoretically using interaction parameter values. Despite their porosity, carbon fibers from PAN-PAA (90/10) and PAN-PMMA (90/10) exhibited tensile strength (∼1.6 GPa) comparable to that of the non-porous PAN based carbon fibers, processed under similar conditions. Specific tensile modulus of the porous carbon fibers was 15–40% higher than that for the PAN based carbon fibers, and the electrical conductivity was as high as 74 kS/m due to high graphitic ordering. Porous channels presented in this study were obtained by combining phase separation in the nano/micro scale range, with pore orientation and elongation achieved through gel spinning.

Mechanical reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites with pristine single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) beyond 1 wt % loading is challenging because SWNT–SWNT contacts generate filler aggregation and...

Background: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Polyphyllin I(PPI) and Curcumin(Cur) on human liver cancer HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells. Methods: Download the hepatocellular carcinoma specimens and normal control specimens from the TCGA database, take the intersection with ferroptosis-related genes, and screen the differentially expressed ferroptosis genes; again, make the intersection with the selected differential genes related to energy metabolism; conduct survival analysis; construct prognosis Risk scoring model and evaluation of model performance; through molecular docking to verify the binding effect of PPI, Cur and Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2(RRM2), SRC(SRC), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha(ACACA) and other genes. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were cultured in vitro, PPI and Cur intervened, and Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8) was used to detect cell inhibition rate; FeRhoNox-1 fluorescent probe staining to observe the intracellular Fe 2+ status; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release Experiment to detect cell LDH release rate; JC-1 staining to detect mitochondrial membrane potential; reactive oxygen species(ROS) kit to detect ROS level;Western blotting (WB) to detect RRM2 and SRC , ACACA and other genes protein expression levels. Results: Through screening, 25 differential genes related to ferroptosis and energy metabolism in liver cancer were obtained;; through survival analysis, three ferroptosis-related genes, such as RRM2, SRC, and ACACA, were obtained，the results showed that these three genes showed high expression and predicted poor overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival(DFS); molecular docking results showed that PPI, Cur It has good affinity with RRM2, SRC and ACACA. The results of in vitro experiments show that PPI and Cur inhibit cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner ( P Conclusion: The high expression of RRM2, SRC, ACACA and other three genes related to ferroptosis and energy metabolism in liver cancer indicate poor OS and DFS; PPI and Cur can up-regulate the LDH release rate, ROS and Fe 2+ levels of liver cancer cells, and down-regulate the cell mitochondrial membrane potential and other methods to inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells; and down-regulate the expression of RRM2, SRC, ACACA and other proteins to affect the prognosis of liver cancer.

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are promising nanofillers in polymer nanocomposites due to their high strength and high modulus as well as thermal and chemical stability. In BNNTs nanocomposites, t...

The Reduced Activation Martensitic/Ferritic steel (RAFM steel) is known as one of the most important materials for future fusion reactor blanket. Welding process is unavoidable during the blanket manufacturing, so it is necessary to research the welding performance of the RAFM steel. Simulations and experiments regarding fatigue behavior of the RAFM steel welding specimens have been done in this paper. The simulation of fatigue behavior of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding and electron beam (EB) welding of the RAFM steel were carried out by using ANSYS mechanical engineering code. The fatigue behavior for two types RAFM steel specimens of TIG welding and EB welding were also tested by SDS200 electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machine. The fatigue performance of the weld joint both for TIG welding and EB welding was tested by applying the same gradient load. The experimental results were studied to analyze the impact of fatigue resistance for the analyzed welding technologies of RAFM steel, and the results indicate that the EB welding is stable under increasing stress. Outcomes of this study can provide some beneficial indications for the blanket design of China Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) in the future.

As part of the ongoing China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) studies, this work focused on the study of the electromagnetic (EM) loads distribution on inboard (IB) and outboard (OB) blanket vertical segments. In this paper, a major central disruption scenario with a 36-ms linear current quench was performed in the ANSYS finite element software. EM forces and moments, both on the single module and the complete blanket segment, were calculated for the updated helium-cooled ceramic breeder (HCCB) blanket. Furthermore, the effect of EM loads with respect to poloidal segmentations on the back plate (BP) was studied. Results show that the EM forces and moments in the IB blanket barely changed, but in the OB blanket, great changes occurred. With poloidal segmentations increasing, EM forces loads on the BP will be reduced. This paper may provide important data to support subsequent optimization of the BP of CFETR and could also be a technical reference for other fusion organizations.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) composite fibers were spun using gel spinning method and the resulting carbon fibers were processed after the fibers were stabilized in air and subsequently carbonized in nitrogen. PAN fibers containing 1 wt% BNNTs show comparable drawability to the control PAN fiber while the drawability of composite fibers significantly decreases as BNNT concentration increases from 1 to 5 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetry suggests that the presence of BNNTs reduces the activation energy of oxidation and crosslinking reactions but has little effect on the activation energy of cyclization reaction during stabilization. In the PAN/BNNTs based carbon fibers, the graphitic carbon structure that formed in the vicinity of BNNT was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy.

The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a superconducting magnet tokamak, and one mission is to demonstrate a full cycle of self-sustaining tritium. In this study, in order to validate the electromagnetic (EM) load distribution on the helium-cooled ceramic breeder (HCCB) blanket, a three-dimensional model of the CFETR sector was developed in the finite element software ANSYS. The system was analyzed considering a plasma major disruption scenario with an exponent current quench of 36 ms. The EM forces and the moment distribution on the blanket module as well as on the segment were calculated. Then, the EM loads were used as the input for the structural analysis of the HCCB blanket. Moreover, the results were compared to those of linear analyses to underline the effect of the non-linearity of the ferromagnetic materials on the EM load distribution of the HCCB blanket. These results indicated that the maximum equivalent stress and displacement satisfied the requirements of structural safety design. With respect to the design and optimization of CFETR, this investigation will provide technical reference and data support for the future design and optimization of the HCCB blanket.

Endometriosis is a common disease in women, but the signaling pathways and driven genes involved remain unclear. This study integrated four datasets to elucidate potential key candidate genes and pathways in endometriosis. Four expression profile datasets including 29 endometriosis lesions and 37 normal tissues were integrated and analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were sorted, and the gene ontology, pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction network of candidate genes were then analyzed. A total of 94 shared DEGs were identified from the four datasets. The DEGs were clustered based on functions and signaling pathways through the analysis of significant enrichment. Among the DEG protein-protein interaction network complex, 87 nodes/DEGs were identified. Furthermore, 18 central node genes were identified, and most of the corresponding genes were involved in the angiotensin system, smooth muscle contraction, cell junction organization, and lipoxin pathways. Through integrated bioinformatic analysis, we identified candidate genes and pathways in endometriosis, which could improve our understanding of endometriosis.

The Reduced Activation Martensitic/Ferritic steel (RAFM steel) is known as one of the most important materials for future fusion reactor blanket and the welding process is unavoidable for blanket structure, so it is extremely necessary to research his welding performance. Some simulations and experiments about welding processes of RAFM steel have been done in this paper. The multi-welding processes for medium thickness plate of RAFM steel were simulated in three-dimensional finite element models by ANSYS software. The temperature fields and stress fields from simulation were contrasted with that from experiments respectively, and the heat affected zones of welding were calculated and checked. Meanwhile, the metallic texture graphic analysis for welded zones was performed. The results from both are very similar, and the fused metal welding zones are very well without obvious defects by used 316L welding padding. The hardness on welding zone is much higher than the heat-affected zone, also base materials. All of them can provide beneficial reference for blanket design and processing of Chinese Fusion Test Reactor.

Dynamic economic dispatch with optimal transmission switching is proposed for wind integrated power systems to improve wind power consumption and reduce system operating costs. Firstly, an optimal model for wind power systems is introduced based on the DC power flow equation. Furthermore, in order to solve the mixed integer programming problem for large-scale power systems, a pre-screening descending dimension algorithm is proposed, which pre-screens the total transmission lines to establish the candidate breakable line set, in where the selected lines can reduce the generation and wind curtailment cost. Meanwhile, a solution strategy for the dynamic economic dispatch model is proposed. The original integrated model is solved in two stages: line pre-screening and optimal dispatch. And big-M reduction is used to further improve solution efficiency. Consequently, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model and acceleration algorithm are proved in the improved IEEE24 and IEEE118 system, respectively.

Urban clusters are important carriers for cities to participate in international competition and cooperation, and a booster for urban sustainable development. This study measured the degree of urban clusters by utilizing the panel data of 278 cities in China during 2004&ndash, 2016. Then, an extended meta-frontier data envelopment analysis (EM-DEA) model was applied to estimate the total-factor ecological performance (UTEP) and decompose it into two sub-index from the perspective of &ldquo, resource conservation&rdquo, and &ldquo, environmental friendliness&rdquo, On these bases, we employed a dynamic panel data approach to examine and demonstrate the relationship between urban cluster and UTEP in two dimensions, and further explored transmission channels of urban clusters on UTEP by adding the mediating effect. The results show that resource conservation increases first and then decreases with the increasing of urban clustering level, while environmental friendliness showed the opposite trend, making the latter become the main way for urban clusters to improve the UTEP. Industrial structure supererogation and rationalization are transmission channels for environmental friendliness rather than resource conservation in the way of improvement of UTEP. Technology innovation, as well as technology diffusion, also improves UTEP to some extent. In addition, urban clusters in eastern and central China have the greatest improvement in UTEP, while such effects are not the case in western China. Urban clusters in the second half sample period are more conducive to the improvement of the UTEP, with these potentially being the gains from the improvement of the level and quality of urban clusters.

Stabilization is one of the important processes used to convert polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers into carbon fiber and is usually driven by energy-intensive and time-consuming convective heating. A continuous and energy-efficient alternative is desirable. Here, a continuous Joule heating process has been used for the first time to stabilize PAN fibers containing carbon nanotubes (CNT). Single-component PAN/CNT fibers and bi-component fibers with core-sheath geometry were fabricated through the gel spinning method. Joule heating was conducted continuously on a 200 filament bundle for single-component fibers and on bundles with up to 6000 filaments for the bi-component fibers. A model of heat transfer and thermodynamics occurring during Joule heating is developed and utilized to understand the reductions in stabilization time and energy consumed when compared to convective heating. The minimum energy needed for stabilization through Joule heating is estimated to be less than 1% of the energy used through convective heating.

Stabilization is an energy-intensive and time-consuming step for making PAN-based carbon fiber. Here, a new pathway is shown that uses carbon nanotubes (CNT) to accelerate the reaction rate and to reduce the PAN stabilization time. Bi-component core-sheath PAN-PAN/CNT (10 wt% CNT) fibers and single-component PAN/CNT (10 wt% CNT) fibers were made. When comparing to PAN fiber with comparable diameter, the heat of stabilization ( Δ H r e a c t i o n ) of PAN/CNT fibers increased up to 3 times in the air, while it did not change in N2. The addition of CNTs reduced the activation energy ( E a ) of PAN cyclization by up to 12% but increased it for the oxidation reaction by up to 80% compared to PAN fibers. CNTs did not increase the kinetic constant of the cyclization reaction but increased it for the oxidation reaction (koxidation) by up to 5 times, when comparing to PAN fiber at 250°C. At the same temperature, the bi-component PAN/CNT fiber bundle was fully stabilized in less than 2 hours, while the PAN fibers with comparable diameter took 6 hours to stabilize. Porosity was observed in the PAN/CNT precursor as well as in the stabilized PAN/CNT. This porosity was considered, at least partially responsible for increased oxygen diffusion, and hence for the decrease in the PAN stabilization time.

In the current high degree of popularity of power products, power abnormalities on the production of more and more. Therefore, the prediction of power quality is of great significance. The method of prediction is generally to find the fitting function, the least squares fitting is the commonly used method to find the fitting function. In this paper, the least square method is used to fit the data of power grid. The factors influencing power quality were analyzed from four aspects, and the conclusions were obtained by fitting with real data points. In order to further improve the power quality prediction.

This article constructs an environmental logistics performance index (ELPI) for assessing the overall performance in green transportation and logistics practices of 112 countries. The index is measured by logistics performance index (LPI), CO2 emissions and oil consumption from the transport sector, using a range-adjusted measure (RAM) of the data envelopment analysis (DEA). ELPI effectively reflects the tradeoff between logistics efficiency and environmental protection in transportation. This article analyzes the impact of income and region on ELPI scores and discusses those countries&rsquo, reduction potential in oil consumption intensity and carbon intensity. The main finding of the research work is that ELPI is strongly correlated with LPI, and countries with high performance in LPI generally perform well in ELPI. Similar to the characteristics of LPI, ELPI is also closely related to income and region. During our study period, high income countries performed best, while Sub-Saharan Africa countries performed worst. However, some exceptions such as Venezuela, RB and Benin, indicate that the level of development of logistics performance and green transportation can outperform or lag behind their income or region group peers.

Rheological studies play an important role in polymer processing including fiber spinning. In the current work, rheological behavior has been studied for polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions in dimethyl formamide (DMF), where CNT loading is as high as 15 wt% of the total solids (polymer + CNT). The presence of CNTs increased the elastic-like and shear thinning behavior of the dispersions. The terminal slope of the log G′ versus log G″ curve, which was used to characterize the homogeneity of solution or dispersion, is dependent on the CNT concentration but independent of temperature between 0 and 60 °C. PAN/CNT-10 (90 wt% PAN +10 wt% CNT) and PAN/CNT-15 were gel spun at different conditions, with small diameter capillary at high shear rate and large diameter capillary at relatively low shear rate. For PAN/CNT-10, fiber spinning with lower molecular weight polymer showed increased continuous jetting time when compared to spinning with higher molecular weight polymer. In addition, the rheological behavior of PAN/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) dispersion with 20–60 wt% CNC was also compared to that of the PAN/CNT dispersions. PAN/CNC and PAN/CNT share similarities in both rheological behavior and fiber spinning at high filler loading.

For the first time, a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber with up to 15 wt% single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was produced by dry-jet wet-spinning while maintaining good SWNT individualization. These fibers exhibited a tensile modulus of 32.1 GPa, tensile strength of 0.8 GPa, and axial electrical conductivity of 2.2 S/m. This was possible by using SWNTs that were non-covalently wrapped with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-SWNTs). Furthermore, this non-covalent PMMA functionalization significantly reduced the amount of solvent and time needed for processing of the spinning solution, as compared to the methods used in prior studies. Rheology of the spinning dispersions and mechanical properties and structural parameters of the produced fibers were related to the filler individualization, filler content and presence of filler-matrix interaction. Potential applications of this PAN fiber with high SWNT loading are briefly discussed.

Researchers began exploring methods for selecting tolerances at design level to ensure competitive products since the late 1980. Reliability of mechanical product depends greatly on different performance parameters among which tolerance optimization design is one of the most important activities. Application of the tolerance design to mechanical assemblies has benefits for obtaining valuable information regarding manufacturing process. This paper proposes methods for tolerance design of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) vacuum vessel using the CETOL code based on the CATIA platform. Depending on the three-dimensional solid model, the tolerance analysis model of the vacuum vessel is simplified and then subdivided. Tolerances are allocated according to the overall assembly requirements of the vacuum vessel. The theoretical basis for tolerance analysis has been given as well as two proposed analyzing methods. Then the tolerance analysis model was established. The sensitivity and contribution analysis by CETOL were addressed to draw conclusions about the critical dimensions which could affect the target tolerances. Based on the results, the unreasonable tolerances have been redistributed to meet the tolerance requirements, which is very beneficial to ensure the assembly quality of the vacuum vessel.

An approach for assessing the electromagnetic (EM) loads of the main current-carrying components in tokamaks has been proposed recently [1,2]. It is mainly based on the interaction matrix and the method is general. This paper explores on the application of the new technology to EAST magnet system. Firstly, the interaction matrices of EAST magnet composed of bilateral interaction forces between separate components at unit current are calculated, then the EM loads are obtained by a linear transform of given currents using the interaction matrix. The application validated the efficiency and accuracy of the method, which is useful for the systematic assessment of Tokamak EM forces. Results indicate that the approach can be conveniently used for multi-scenario EM assessments and parametric studies of the EM loads for EAST current-carrying components, and a specialized force-calculating module for real-time simulating will be developed in the future.

Molecular precursor processing from homogeneous and stable precursor solutions has become an important thrust in inorganic thin-film research because of its potential to provide low-cost, robust, and high-throughput deposition of various semiconductor films and devices. Here we demonstrate a versatile monoamine–dithiol mixture which possesses the remarkable ability to rapidly dissolve a variety of metal salts and metal chalcogenides under ambient conditions for the fabrication of device quality Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) films. By using soluble precursors, an ultrathin CIGSe film solar cell with an undetectable level of sulfur with an efficiency of 10.3% has been fabricated for a total cell area of 0.457 cm2. We further report an optimization study of the film composition and grain growth for a thicker CIGSe absorber layer, which has led to an increased solar cell efficiency of 12.2%, the highest reported values for solar cells using an amine–thiol solvent system. This study outlines a simple strategy to formulate inorganic semiconductor inks for processing high-quality selenide absorber layers of multinary compounds, which shows promise for increasing the efficiency of solution-processed thin-film solar cells.

During plasma disruptions and vertical displacement events (VDEs), time-varying eddy currents are induced on Vacuum Vessel (VV) and Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) of Tokamak. In this paper, we calculate eddy currents induced forces on VV and inner limiter (one of the PFC) during plasma disruption in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Various plasma transients—VDEs and major disruptions (MDs) are considered. And the study includes assessments of integral values (net vertical, hoop forces), time evolution, peaks of the force distribution. It is shown that the distribution pattern of the eddy currents for different scenarios differ greatly, therefore the resulting EMFs and torques cause different mechanical response.

Tolerance analysis is an important step in the design of a product assembly. It indicates the probable variation in the assembly response for a given set of input parameters, well in advance, right at the design stage. vacuum vessel (VV) is an important component in international thermonuclear experimental reactor to provide a high quality vacuum for plasma experiment. VV is a torus-shaped, double wall structure with shielding and cooling water between two shells (inner shell and outer shell). In-wall shielding (IWS) is used to fill the space between two shells of VV to provide neutron shield. The shield blocks are fixed by bolts to the VV ribs or blanket flexible support housings to withstand the mechanical forces. The gaps between the shield blocks and between the blocks with the ribs are minimized to avoid excessive neutron streaming. Based on the design and fabrication procedure of VV and IWS, the assembly sequence and assembly procedure of them would be studied considering the fabrication tolerance of VV sector and interface with VV sectors. Local IWS assembly tolerance analysis considering the fabrication tolerance also would be performed. This paper presents a design evaluation through tolerance analysis of assembly dimension using 3D model simulation. This approach is applicable to complex assembly function, and is quite useful in predicting the assembly precision, well in advance right at the stage of product design.

The ITER vacuum vessel is a torus-shaped, double wall structure. The space between the double walls of the VV is filled with in-wall shielding (IWS) and cooling water. The main purpose of the in-wall shielding is to provide neutron shielding together with the blanket and VV shells and water during ITER plasma operation and to reduce the ripple of the Toroidal magnetic field. Based on ITER vacuum vessel structure and related requirements, in-wall shielding are designed as about 8900 individual blocks with different sizes and several different materials distributed over nine vessel sectors and nine field joints of vessel sectors. This paper presents the design of the IWS, considering loads, structural stresses and assembly method, and also shows neutron shielding effect and TF ripple reduced by the IWS.

China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a superconducting magnet tokamak and its goal is to achieve the magnetic confinement fusion. The electromagnetic (EM) transients cause mechanical forces, which represent one of the most vital loads for tokamak vacuum vessel (VV). This paper is focused on calculational methods and results for the EM loads on the simplified but practical model of CFETR VV with respect to plasma major disruption scenarios as a reference of the design and analysis. Commercial finite element method software, ANSYS, was employed to evaluate the eddy current on the VV module with the 22.5 ° sector model for major conducting structure of the tokamak including double-walled VV, T-shape rib, and three ports. The plasma current is damping as exponential function 36 ms corresponding to the current simulating in ITER outputs, which are one of major sources of EM loads on VV components. As the results of calculating the eddy currents and EM forces, stress and deformation on CFETR VV can be obtained, which is useful for the structural design of VV.

During plasma disruptions, time-varying eddy currents are induced in the vacuum vessel (VV) and Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) of EAST. Additionally, halo currents flow partly through these structures during the vertical displacement events (VDEs). Under the high magnetic field circumstances, the resulting electromagnetic forces (EMFs) and torques are large. In this paper, eddy currents and EMFs on EAST VV, PFCs and their supports are calculated by analytical and numerical methods. ANSYS software is employed to evaluate eddy currents on VV, PFCs and their structural responses. To learn the electromagnetic and structural response of the whole structure more accurately, a detailed finite element model is established. The two most dangerous scenarios, major disruptions and downward VDEs, are examined. It is found that distribution patterns of eddy currents for various PFCs differ greatly, therefore resulting in different EMFs and torques. It can be seen that for certain PFCs the transient reaction force are severe. Results obtained here may set up a preliminary foundation for the future dynamic response research of EAST VV and PFCs which will provide a theoretical basis for the future engineering design of tokamak devices.

Electron microscopy has a crucial role in the field of materials science and structural biology. Although electron microscopy gives lots of important results and findings, some additional simulations and image processing/reconstruction is required to get more information from the data that are collected from the experiments. For this purpose, researchers are using IMOD and QSTEM for electron microscopy analysis and simulation. IMOD is a set of programs used for tomographic reconstruction and 3D visualization and QSTEM is used for quantitative simulations of TEM and STEM images. However, IMOD and QSTEM are hard to install or use for beginners who are not familiar with computational skills. To overcome this issue, we have developed “Online IMOD and STEM tools” to allow users to perform microscopy analysis and simulation with ease. We applied several ways to launch or combine tools. Based on the original source codes of the software, we used the graphical interface builder Rappture to build a new interface to launch several tools. Also, we used the nanowhim window manager to combine and organize tools. The online version of IMOD and QSTEM will enable researchers from all over the world to use IMOD and QSTEM programs directly and easily on the nanoHUB website. KEYWORDS Electron microscopy, tool development, IMOD, QSTEM REFERENCES 1. J. R. Kremer, D. N. Mastronarde, and J. R. McIntosh. (1996). Computer Visualization of Three-Dimensional Image Data Using IMOD. Journal of Structural Biology, 116 (1996), P. 71-76. 2. Christoph Koch. (2002). Determination of Core Structure Periodicity and Density Along Dislocations. PhD dissertation, Arizona State University (2002)