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Globally, ultramafic outcrops are renowned for hosting floras with high levels of endemism, including plants with specialised adaptations such as nickel or manganese hyperaccumulation.[br/] Soils derived from ultramafic regoliths are generally nutrient-deficient, have major cation imbalances, and have concomitant high concentrations of potentially phytotoxic trace elements, especially nickel. The South and Southeast Asian region has the largest surface occurrences of ultramafic regoliths in the world, but the geoecology of these outcrops is still poorly studied despite severe conservation threats. Due to the paucity of systematic plant collections in many areas and the lack of georeferenced herbarium records and databased information, it is not possible to determine the distribution of species, levels of endemism, and the species most threatened.[br/] However, site-specific studies provide insights to the ultramafic geoecology of several locations in South and Southeast Asia. The geoecology of tropical ultramafic regions differs substantially from those in temperate regions in that the vegetation at lower elevations is generally tall forest with relatively low levels of endemism. On ultramafic mountaintops, where the combined forces of edaphic and climatic factors intersect, obligate ultramafic species and hyperendemics often occur. Forest clearing, agricultural development, mining, and climate change-related stressors have contributed to rapid and unprecedented loss of ultramafic-associated habitats in the region.[br/] The geoecology of the large ultramafic outcrops of Indonesia's Sulawesi, Obi and Halmahera, and many other smaller outcrops in South and Southeast Asia, remains largely unexplored, and should be prioritised for study and conservation.

A brief experiment was conducted during 24-29 April and 9-10 May 2002, using the MST radar at Gadanki, India, to test the dual-beamwidth method of estimating the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). Because the beamwidth can be modified on only one polarization at a time at Gadanki, an elliptical beam was used with a modified dual-beamwidth analysis. Estimates of the TKE from the dual-beamwidth method and the traditional method are very similar in regions of light winds (-1). In regions of stronger wind (>~15ms-1) the traditional method often gives TKE0 on the beam parallel to the prevailing wind; on this beam the estimates depend only on the ratio of the beamwidths, which is presumably well-known, and the observed spectral widths. The values of TKE from the dual-beamwidth method are approximately constant with height at 0.2m2s-2 from about 5 to 7.5km during the afternoon during both April and May (all April observations were made between 9:00 and 17:00 local time), and then decrease rapidly to about 0.02m2s-2 by about 9km. The data from May extend over one full diurnal period and the diurnal range of TKE during this period is found to be about 5dB below about 12km and from about 15 to 19km, near the tropopause, with maximum values during local afternoon.

10 pages; International audience; The polarity and structure of the phases of a liquid crystal constituted by thiophene-based bent-core molecules is investigated by means of optical second-harmonic generation (SHG), and resonant and conventional X-ray diffraction. The material studied is representative of a wide family of mesogens that contain silyl groups at the ends of the chains. These bulky terminal groups have been reported to give rise to smectic phases showing ferroelectric switching. However, the analysis of the SHG signal before and after application of electric fields has allowed us to establish unambiguously that the reported ferroelectricity is not intrinsic to the material but stabilized by the cell substrates once an electric field has been applied. In addition, the results obtained from resonant X-ray diffraction indicate that virgin samples have antiferroelectric undulated synclinic smectic structures.

The recent discovery of the new smectic-C{sub d6}* (SmC{sub d6}*) phase [S. Wang et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 027801 (2010)] also revealed the existence of a noisy region in the temperature window between the SmC{sub d6}* phase and the smectic-C{sub d4}* (SmC{sub d4}*) phase. Characterized by multiple resonant peaks spanning a wide region in Q{sub Z}, the corresponding structure of this temperature window has been a mystery. In this Letter, through a careful resonant x-ray diffraction study and simulations of the diffraction spectra, we show that this region is in fact an unusually large coexistence region of the SmC{sub d6}* phase and the SmC{sub d4}* phase. The structure of the noisy region is found to be a heterogeneous mixture of local SmC{sub d6}* and SmC{sub d4}* orders on the sub-{micro}m scale.

International audience; Widely used in biomedical research, zebrafish (Danio rerio) are steadily gaining popularity as a model organism for studying neurobehavioral phenomena. Here, we focus on to the growing spectrum of zebrafish behavioral phenotypes and the 'bigger' biological problems these models help to address. Emphasizing the developing potential of zebrafish as a model organism in biological psychiatry, we discuss several questions related to this field: Do zebrafish have 'emotional'-like behaviors? What are their neural circuits, biomarkers, and ontogenetic origins? And, finally, how can we use this knowledge to build translational bridges to understand human emotions, motivation and personality? Representing a joint effort of several established neurobehavioral laboratories, this article outlines the mounting evidence to support emotionality in zebrafish and other fishes. This conclusion is important to justify the validity of zebrafish 'affective' paradigms and their utility for basic/translational research of normal and pathological behaviors.

The planarity of the direct product of two graphs has been widely studied in the past. Surprisingly, the missing part is the product with K2, which seems to be less predictible. In this piece of work, we characterize which subdivisions of multipartite complete graphs, have their direct product with K2 planar. This can be seen as a step towards the characterization of all such graphs.

International audience

Earthworms are important ecosystem engineers, and assessment of the risk of plant protection products toward them is part of the European environmental risk assessment (ERA). In the current ERA scheme, exposure and effects are represented simplistically and are not well integrated, resulting in uncertainty when the results are applied to ecosystems. Modeling offers a powerful tool to integrate the effects observed in lower tier laboratory studies with the environmental conditions under which exposure is expected in the field. This paper provides a summary of the (In)Field Organism Risk modEling by coupling Soil Exposure and Effect (FORESEE) Workshop held 28-30 January 2020 in Düsseldorf, Germany. This workshop focused on toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) and population modeling of earthworms in the context of ERA. The goal was to bring together scientists from different stakeholder groups to discuss the current state of soil invertebrate modeling and to explore how earthworm modeling could be applied to risk assessments, in particular how the different model outputs can be used in the tiered ERA approach. In support of these goals, the workshop aimed at addressing the requirements and concerns of the different stakeholder groups to support further model development. The modeling approach included 4 submodules to cover the most relevant processes for earthworm risk assessment: environment, behavior (feeding, vertical movement), TKTD, and population. Four workgroups examined different aspects of the model with relevance for risk assessment, earthworm ecology, uptake routes, and cross-species extrapolation and model testing. Here, we present the perspectives of each workgroup and highlight how the collaborative effort of participants from multidisciplinary backgrounds helped to establish common ground. In addition, we provide a list of recommendations for how earthworm TKTD modeling could address some of the uncertainties in current risk assessments for plant protection products. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:352-363. © 2020 SETAC.

International audience; We present a comparative study of the relative abundances of CO, CH3OH, H2CO, HCN, HNC, CS, H2S, CH3CN, SO and HNCO in comets C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley), C/2001 A2 (LINEAR), C/2000 WM1(LINEAR) and 153P/Ikeya-Zhang, four of the brightest comets seen in 2001–2002. This investigation is based on millimetre/submillimetre observations made with the IRAM 30-m, SEST, CSO and Kitt Peak 12-m telescopes. Although these four comets are expected to originate from the Oort cloud, they present significant differences in molecular abundances, especially as regards to the most volatile species: CO and H2S. In particular comet C/2000 WM1 looks quite depleted in these volatiles, suggesting it may have a different origin that the others. Heliocentric variations of molecular relative abundance in the coma are also investigated. Significant increases in the CS/HCN and HNC/HCN production rate ratios with decreasing heliocentric distances are observed.

International audience; Die Funktionelle Leistung von Evolutionären Neuheiten: Erkenntnisse durch Kinematische- und Leistungsstudien von Wasserfallklettern an jugendlichen Gobiid-Fischen Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung neuartiger funktioneller Merkmale kann wesentlich zur Diversifizierung von Abstammungslinien beitragen. Ältere funktionelle Merkmale können aufgrund der im Laufe der Zeit auftretenden evolutionären Veränderungen größere Unterschiede aufweisen als neuere Merkmale. Die funktionale Komplexität und die Eins-zu-Eins-Zuordnung von Struktur-zu-Funktion können solche Erwartungen jedoch erschweren. In diesem Zusammenhang haben wir die Kinematik und Leistung von Jungtieren verschiedener Spezien von Gobiid-Fischen für zwei Arten des Wasserfallkletterns verglichen: das ältere „Powerburst “-Klettern und das in jüngster Zeit entwickelte „Inching“, das nur in einer Gattung von Gobiid- Fischen vorkommt, die in der Gruppe der Powerburst-Kletterer eingeschlossen ist. Ähnliche Netto-Klettergeschwindigkeiten bei “Inching”-Spezien scheinen zunächst darauf hinzudeuten, dass diese neuere Art des Kletterns wenig funktionelle Vielfalt aufweist. Allerdings ist die ähnliche Nettogeschwindigkeit das Resultat von verschiedenen Faktoren: Sicyopterus stimpsoni aus Hawaii bewegt sich langsamer als S. lagocephalus aus La Réunion aber bewegt sich mehr kontinuierlich. Das Ergebnis einer ähnlichen Leistung durch zweierlei Funktionspfade ähnelt dem Phänomen der Eins-zu-Eins Zuordnung von Struktur-zu-Funktion. Eine solche Ähnlichkeit kann die angemessene Interpretation der relativen funktionalen Vielfalt zwischen den Linien erschweren, sofern nicht die der Leistung zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen untersucht werden. Insbesondere zeigt die Ähnlichkeit in der Nettoleistung zwischen “Powerburst” - und “Inching” -Kletterstilen, dass die Entwicklung des neuen Kletterstils wahrscheinlich wenig mit verbesserter Kletterleistung zu tun hat. In diesem Zusammenhang könnten andere Prozesse (z. B. Exaptation) an der Entstehung dieser funktionellen Neuheit beteiligt sein. Translated to German by Heiko Schoenfuss (hschoenfuss@stcloudstate.edu); The evolution of novel functional traits can contribute substantially to the diversification of lineages. Older functional traits might show greater variation than more recently evolved novelties, due to the accrual of evolutionary changes through time. However, functional complexity and many-to-one mapping of structure to function could complicate such expectations. In this context, we compared kinematics and performance across juveniles from multiple species for two styles of waterfall-climbing that are novel to gobiid fishes: ancestral “powerburst” climbing, and more recently evolved “inching”, which has been confirmed only among species of a single genus that is nested within the clade of powerburst climbers. Similar net climbing speeds across inching species seem, at first, to indicate that this more recently evolved mode of climbing exhibits less functional diversity. However, these similar net speeds arise through different pathways: Sicyopterus stimpsoni from Hawai’i move more slowly than S. lagocephalus from La Réunion, but may also spend more time moving. The production of similar performance between multiple functional pathways reflects a situation that resembles the phenomenon of many-to-one mapping of structure to function. Such similarity has the potential to mask appropriate interpretations of relative functional diversity between lineages, unless the mechanisms underlying performance are explored. More specifically, similarity in net performance between “powerburst” and “inching” styles indicates that selection on climbing performance was likely a limited factor in promoting the evolution of inching as a new mode of climbing. In this context, other processes (e.g., exaptation) might be implicated in the origin of this functional novelty.; Diversité fonctionnelle des innovations évolutives: l’exemple de la cinématique et des performances de grimpe des chutes d’eau des juvéniles de gobies Résumé L’évolution de nouveaux traits fonctionnels peut contribuer significativement à la diversification des lignées. Les traits fonctionnels les plus anciens peuvent montrer plus de variabilité que les plus récents du fait de l’accumulation de changements évolutif au cours du temps. Cependant, ces prédictions peuvent être complexifiées par la diversité des fonctions et par l’implication de plusieurs structures dans une même fonction. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié la cinématique et les performances de grimpe des chutes d’eau de plusieurs espèces de gobies utilisant deux styles de grimpe originaux au sein de cette famille: le mode « powerburst » plus ancestral et le mode « inching » qui a évolué plus récemment. Le mode inching n’a été confirmé que pour deux espèces du même genre incluses au sein du clade des powerburst. Des vitesses de grimpe similaires entre les espèces utilisant le mode inching paraissent indiquer que ce mode de grimpe, qui a évolué plus récemment, présente une diversité fonctionnelle moins élevée. Toutefois, la similarité des vitesses de grimpe entre les deux espèces s’explique par des processus différents: le Sicyopterus stimpsoni d’Haiwaï se déplace plus lentement que le S. lagocephalus de La Réunion mais passe plus de temps en mouvement. La production de performances similaires, résultant de processus différents, reflète un phénomène semblable à celui de l’implication de plusieurs structures dans une même fonction. Si les mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas explorés, ces similarités peuvent perturber l’interprétation des différences relatives de diversité fonctionnelle entre les lignées. Par ailleurs, les performances de grimpe similaires entre certaines espèces utilisant le mode inching et d’autres le mode powerburst paraissent indiquer que la force de sélection sur les performances de grimpe est sans doute un facteur réduisant l’avantage évolutif du mode de grimpe inching. Dans ce contexte, d’autres mécanismes (e.g., exaptation) pourraient être à l’origine de cette innovation fonctionnelle. Translated to French by Raphael Lagarde (raph.lagarde@gmail.com); 進化的ノベルティの機能的多様性：滝登りハゼの稚魚による岩登り時の運動学とパフォーマンスからの洞察 （Abstract: 梗概） 進化的に新しい機能特性は系統の多様化に大きく貢献することが可能である。より古い機能特性は、時間の経過に伴う進化的変化の蓄積により、より新しく発現した特性よりも大きな偏差を示すと考えられるのであるが、機能の複雑さと、構造と機能における多対一の関連性により、この様な予測はより複雑になる可能性がある。これを踏まえて、我々は祖先的岩登りスタイルの“パワーバースト”タイプとその系統群の中から進化的に新しく発現した単一の属が獲得したとされる“インチング”タイプを示す複数種の滝登りハゼの稚魚による岩登り時の運動学とパフォーマンス比較分析した。“インチング”タイプの実質的なクライミング速度はどれも種間の差異が認められなかった、そのためこのもっとも最近進化的に発現した岩登りのスタイルは、機能的多様性をあまり示さないことを示唆しているよう考えられる。しかし、ハワイ島のSicyopterus stimpsoniは、レユニオン島のS. lagocephalusよりも遅いが、クライミング移動により多くの時間を費やす傾向にあることが分かった。したがって、この種間に差異のない実質的速度は異なる経路を介して発生していると考えられ、複数の機能経路間で同様のパフォーマンスが得られたことは、多対一の関連性があると言える。そしてこれはパフォーマンスの基礎となるメカニズムが明確にされない限り、系統間の相対的な機能的多様性の適切な解釈を複雑にするであろう。より具体的に言うなれば、“パワーバースト”タイプと“インチング”タイプの実質的パフォーマンスの類似性は、クライミングパフォーマンスのへ淘汰が進化的に新しい岩登りスタイルとしての“インチング”タイプを確立する上で制限要因になり得る可能性が高いことを示している。さらには、他のプロセス（例えば、外適応）がこの機能的ノベルティの起源に関係している可能性があると考えられる。Translated to Japanese by Takashi Maie (maie.t@lynchburg.edu); Diversidade funcional de novidades evolucionárias: percepções da cinemática da escalada em cascatas e desempenho de peixes juvenis gobiídeos ResumoA evolução de novos traços funcionais pode contribuir substancialmente para a diversificação de linhagens. Os traços funcionais mais antigos podem mostrar maior variação do que as novidades desenvolvidas mais recentemente, devido ao acúmulo de mudanças evolutivas ao longo do tempo. No entanto, a complexidade funcional e os inúmeros mapeamentos de uma estrutura para uma única função podem complicar essas expectativas. Nesse contexto, comparamos a cinemática e a performance em juvenis de várias espécies para dois estilos de escalada em cascata que são novidades em peixes gobiídeos: a ancestral escalada por “explosão” e o evolutivamente mais recente chamado de “avançamento”, que foi confirmado apenas entre espécies de um único gênero que dentro do clado de escaladores por explosão. Velocidades finais de escalada semelhantes entre espécies usando “avançamento” parecem, inicialmente, indicar que esse modo de escalada evolutivamente mais recente exibe menor diversidade funcional. No entanto, essas velocidades finais similares ocorrem por diferentes formas: Sicyopterus stimpsoni do Havaí se move mais devagar que S. lagocephalus das Ilhas Reunião, mas pode gastar mais tempo se movendo. Desempenhos semelhantes entre várias vias funcionais refletem uma situação que se assemelha ao fenômeno de mapeamento de uma estrutura para um única função. Essa semelhança tem o potencial de ocultar interpretações apropriadas sobre relativa diversidade funcional entre linhagens, a menos que os mecanismos que afetam o desempenho sejam explorados. Mais especificamente, a semelhança no desempenho final entre os estilos “explosão” e “avançamento”indica que a seleção na performance em escalada provavelmente foi um fator limitante na promoção da evolução por “avançamento” como um novo modo de escalada. Nesse contexto, outros processos (e.g., exaptação) podem estar relacionados com a origem dessa novidade funcional.Translated to Portuguese by Diego Vaz (dbistonvaz@vims.edu)

Caulimoviridae is a family of non-enveloped reverse-transcribing plant viruses with non-covalently closed circular dsDNA genomes of 7.1–9.8 kbp in the order Ortervirales. They infect a wide range of monocots and dicots. Some viruses cause economically important diseases of tropical and subtropical crops. Transmission occurs through insect vectors (aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers, lace bugs) and grafting. Activation of infectious endogenous viral elements occurs in Musa balbisiana, Petunia hybrida and Nicotiana edwardsonii. However, most endogenous caulimovirids are not infectious. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Caulimoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/caulimoviridae.

International audience; The continuously increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 has considerably altered ecosystem functioning. However, few studies have examined the long-term (i.e. over a decade) effect of elevated CO2 on soil microbial communities. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicons and a GeoChip microarray, we investigated soil microbial communities from a Californian annual grassland after 14 years of experimentally elevated CO2 (275 ppm higher than ambient). Both taxonomic and functional gene compositions of the soil microbial community were modified by elevated CO2. There was decrease in relative abundance for taxa with higher ribosomal RNA operon (rrn) copy number under elevated CO2, which is a functional trait that responds positively to resource availability in culture. In contrast, taxa with lower rrn copy number were increased by elevated CO2. As a consequence, the abundance-weighted average rrn copy number of significantly changed OTUs declined from 2.27 at ambient CO2 to 2.01 at elevated CO2. The nitrogen (N) fixation gene nifH and the ammonium-oxidizing gene amoA significantly decreased under elevated CO2 by 12.6% and 6.1%, respectively. Concomitantly, nitrifying enzyme activity decreased by 48.3% under elevated CO2, albeit this change was not significant. There was also a substantial but insignificant decrease in available soil N, with both nitrate (NO3) (-27.4%) and ammonium (NH4+) (-15.4%) declining. Further, a large number of microbial genes related to carbon (C) degradation were also affected by elevated CO2, whereas those related to C fixation remained largely unchanged. The overall changes in microbial communities and soil N pools induced by long-term elevated CO2 suggest constrained microbial N decomposition, thereby slowing the potential maximum growth rate of the microbial community.

International audience; Downsizing is: a) motivated by incentive compensation of executives, and b) negatively related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions. Yet, the link between executive compensation and CSR perceptions in downsizing contexts has not been examined. We examine this issue in four countries, i.e. France, India, Turkey and Vietnam. We use a 2x2x2x2 (performance-linked bonuses, internal vs. institutional pressure, loss of human capital-yes/no, and role-victim/ survivor) between-subjects, experimental design to examine factors influencing CEOs’ downsizing decisions. We find that a) CEO compensation is unrelated to CSR and b) downsizing resulting in loss of human capital is negatively related to CSR perceptions. Downsizing motivated by deferred compensation and decline in performance-linked bonuses is negatively related to survivor commitment but not victims’ fairness perceptions. We find support for convergence across four countries, with some divergence because of power distance orientation. We provide a discussion of results, limitations and directions for future research.

The high thermal conductivity of graphene and few-layer graphene undergoes severe degradations through contact with the substrate. Here we show experimentally that the thermal management of a micro heater is substantially improved by introducing alternative heat-escaping channels into a graphene-based film bonded to functionalized graphene oxide through amino-silane molecules. Using a resistance temperature probe for in situ monitoring we demonstrate that the hotspot temperature was lowered by ∼28 °C for a chip operating at 1,300 W cm−2. Thermal resistance probed by pulsed photothermal reflectance measurements demonstrated an improved thermal coupling due to functionalization on the graphene–graphene oxide interface. Three functionalization molecules manifest distinct interfacial thermal transport behaviour, corroborating our atomistic calculations in unveiling the role of molecular chain length and functional groups. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the functionalization constrains the cross-plane phonon scattering, which in turn enhances in-plane heat conduction of the bonded graphene film by recovering the long flexural phonon lifetime., The high thermal conductivity of graphene is considerably reduced when the two-dimensional material is in contact with a substrate. Here, the authors show that thermal management of a micro heater is improved using graphene-based films covalently bonded by amino-silane molecules to graphene oxide.

Urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity., We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest’s edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75% and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.

International audience

International audience; A chant is a simplistic repetitive song in which syllables may be assigned to a single tone. Additionally chants may be rhythmic and include simple melody. Chants can be considered speech or music that can convey emotion. Additionally, a chant can be monotonous, droning, and tedious. Fundamental to a chant is the notion of timing and note patterns. We present here a framework for the synthesis of chants of music notes. These are chants without syllables from spoken language. We introduced Mnemonic capabilities in [1] and utilize these to systematically generate chants. We illustrate our ideas using examples using the notes set{C, D, E, G, A, φ (or silence)}-a Pentatonic Scale (perfect fifths). First, we define, and structure, the use of timing and notes to develop the chant strings. Then we propose the use of mnemonics to develop different styles of musical chants. Finally we suggest the adoption of intonations and syllables for controlled generation of musical chants.