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Resumo Este estudo transversal investigou a prevalência e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado entre 18.890 mulheres assistidas em hospital especializado da capital do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre os anos 1999 e 2016. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Apresentaram maiores prevalências de diagnóstico nessa condição mulheres com idade entre 20-39 e 40-49 anos, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, que viviam sem companheiro(a), procedentes de outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tiveram o Sistema Único de Saúde como origem do encaminhamento e que foram diagnosticadas nos sexênios 1999-2004 e 2005-2010. Em contrapartida, mulheres com idade entre 60-69 e 70-99 anos, que cursaram algum nível de escolaridade, com histórico familiar de câncer e que chegaram ao hospital com diagnóstico e sem tratamento apresentaram menores prevalências de diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Esses resultados podem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de prevenção secundária, a fim de antecipar o diagnóstico de câncer de mama dos grupos mais vulneráveis e assim colaborar para a redução da prevalência do diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Abstract This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis among 18,890 women assisted in a specialized hospital in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1999 to 2016. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. The highest prevalence of diagnosis in this condition was in women aged 20-39 and 40-49 years, black and brown, living without a partner, from other cities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, who were referred by the Unified Health System and diagnosed in the 1999-2004 and 2005-2010 six-year periods. On the other hand, women aged 60-69 and 70-99 years, with some schooling level, with a family history of cancer and who arrived at the hospital with diagnosis and without treatment had lower prevalence of advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis. These results can be considered when planning secondary prevention actions to anticipate and, thus, collaborate to reduce the prevalence the breast cancer diagnosis in the most vulnerable groups.

Estimates suggest that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is related to 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide. Synergy between various anti-smoking legislative and educational measures is essential to stimulate cessation and prevent initiation. This article aimed to explore how legislative protection from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in enclosed workplaces in Brazil, whose strengthening occurred in a phased manner between 1996 and 2014, possibly contributed to the protection from passive smoking at home. We evaluated, via generalized linear models, the absolute and relative differences in the proportion of individuals living in smoke-free homes between those exposed and not exposed to passive smoking in enclosed workplaces, both crude and adjusted by sociodemographic and smoking behavior variables, and stratified by non-smokers and smokers. Data from three national surveys conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019 were used. Regardless of smoking status and year when the data were analyzed, individuals who were employed in smoke-free workplaces were more likely to live in smoke-free homes than smokers who were employed in workplaces that allowed smoking. Adjusted absolute difference increased from +5.5% in 2008 to +10.5% in 2013 among non-smokers, and from +7.1% in 2013 to 15.6% in 2019 among smokers (p-values for additive interaction ≤ 0.05). Strengthening the Brazilian smoke-free legislation was likely associated with a reduction in passive smoking at home, which, therefore, may also reduce the burden of mortality, morbidity, and costs for society related to smoking.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil. Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.

Apresentar um diagnóstico e constituir uma memória sobre a evolução da pandemia no Brasil, a partir de registros e análises de dados, sistemas de monitoramento e vigilância em saúde. É com esse intuito que o Observatório Covid-19 Fiocruz e a Editora Fiocruz publicam, em coedição, mais um e-book gratuito. Em três partes, que englobam um total de 25 capítulos, o título agrega os muitos desafios da comunidade científica brasileira - especialmente das equipes técnicas da Fiocruz - para a avaliação de cenários epidemiológicos diante da chegada do vírus Sars-CoV-2 ao país. Em um contexto que inclui dados reportados nos sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica, uso de modelos matemáticos e estatísticos, painéis de acompanhamento dos dados e sistemas de informação em saúde, o volume detalha os esforços e contribuições para a formulação de estratégias de mitigação e supressão da transmissão da doença. Este é o terceiro livro da série "Informação para Ação na Covid-19", que tem como objetivo reunir o conjunto de respostas, pesquisas e ações técnicas produzidas pela Fiocruz durante a pandemia. Com apoio da rede SciELO Livros, a iniciativa disponibiliza as obras exclusivamente em formato digital e acesso aberto.

This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil.

Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a standard treatment for stage II and III breast cancer. The identification of biomarkers that may help in the prediction of response to neoadjuvant therapies is necessary for a more precise definition of the best drug or drug combination to induce a better response. Material and Methods We assessed the role of Ki67, hormone receptors expression, HER2 , MYC genes and their protein status, and KRAS codon 12 mutations as predictor factors of pathologic response to anthracycline-cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by taxane docetaxel (T) neoadjuvant chemotherapy (AC+T regimen) in 51 patients with invasive ductal breast cancer. Results After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 82.4% of patients showed pathologic partial response, with only 9.8% showing pathologic complete response. In multivariate analysis, MYC immunoreactivity and high MYC gain defined as MYC /nucleus ≥ 5 were significant predictor factors for pathologic partial response. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the ratio of 2.5 MYC /CEP8 (sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 89.1%) or 7 MYC /nuclei copies (sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 73.9%) as the best cutoff in predicting a pathologic complete response was identified. Thus, MYC may have a role in chemosensitivity to AC and/or docetaxel drugs. Additionally, MYC amplification may be a predictor factor of pathologic response to the AC+T regimen in patients with breast cancer. Moreover, patients with an increased number of MYC copies showed pathologic complete response to this neoadjuvant treatment more frequently. Conclusion The analysis of MYC amplification may help in the identification of patients that may have a better response to AC+T treatment.

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis among 18,890 women assisted in a specialized hospital in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1999 to 2016. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. The highest prevalence of diagnosis in this condition was in women aged 20-39 and 40-49 years, black and brown, living without a partner, from other cities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, who were referred by the Unified Health System and diagnosed in the 1999-2004 and 2005-2010 six-year periods. On the other hand, women aged 60-69 and 70-99 years, with some schooling level, with a family history of cancer and who arrived at the hospital with diagnosis and without treatment had lower prevalence of advanced stage breast cancer diagnosis. These results can be considered when planning secondary prevention actions to anticipate and, thus, collaborate to reduce the prevalence the breast cancer diagnosis in the most vulnerable groups.Este estudo transversal investigou a prevalência e os fatores associados ao diagnóstico de câncer de mama em estágio avançado entre 18.890 mulheres assistidas em hospital especializado da capital do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre os anos 1999 e 2016. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Apresentaram maiores prevalências de diagnóstico nessa condição mulheres com idade entre 20-39 e 40-49 anos, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, que viviam sem companheiro(a), procedentes de outros municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tiveram o Sistema Único de Saúde como origem do encaminhamento e que foram diagnosticadas nos sexênios 1999-2004 e 2005-2010. Em contrapartida, mulheres com idade entre 60-69 e 70-99 anos, que cursaram algum nível de escolaridade, com histórico familiar de câncer e que chegaram ao hospital com diagnóstico e sem tratamento apresentaram menores prevalências de diagnóstico em estágio avançado. Esses resultados podem ser considerados no planejamento de ações de prevenção secundária, a fim de antecipar o diagnóstico de câncer de mama dos grupos mais vulneráveis e assim colaborar para a redução da prevalência do diagnóstico em estágio avançado.

Background Brazil experienced a robust decline in smoking prevalence rates as a consequence of public policies. Since lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking, trends in lung cancer mortality rates may be used as a delayed effectiveness indicator of smoking prevention interventions. Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate lung cancer mortality trends from 1980 through 2017 and to predict temporal trends in lung cancer mortality rates, in Brazil from 2016 through 2040. Methods Time trends in lung cancer mortality rates were evaluated using data from available public databases. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates were calculated for each year sex-specific mortality predictions were made for each five-year period from 2016 to 2020 through 2036–2040 using an age-period-cohort (APC) model. Sex ratios were estimated using age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates. Results A decline in age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates has been observed for males since 2005 and for all predicted periods. It is expected that females aged 55 or younger will experience a reduction in lung cancer mortality from 2021 to 2026 onwards, but for those aged 75 or over rates are predicted to continue increasing through 2036–2040. Conclusion Smoking prevention and cessation policies are essential, and it is important to commit to an ethical framework whereby equity in tobacco control activities between genders is achieved. This will avert many premature and preventable smoking-related deaths in the next decades.

There have been arguments about the role of breast cancer screening at the population level, and some points of controversy have arisen, such the establishment of organized screening policies and the age at which to begin screening. The real benefit of screening has been questioned because the results of this practice may increase the diagnosis of indolent lesions without decreasing mortality due to breast cancer. The authors have proposed a study of incidence and mortality trends for breast cancer in a developing setting in Brazil to monitor the effectiveness of the official recommendations that prioritize the age group from 50 to 69 years. The database of the Cancer Registry and the Mortality Information System was used to calculate age-standardized and age-specific rates, which were then used to calculate incidence and mortality trends using the Joinpoint Regression Program. The results showed stability in trends across all ages and age-specific groups in both incidence and mortality. In conclusion, we found that incidence and mortality rates are compatible with those in regions with similar human development indexes, and trends have demonstrated stabilization. Thus, we do not endorse changes in the official recommendations to conduct screening for ages other than 50 to 69 years, nor should policy makers implement organized screening strategies.

ObjectiveTo examine the associations of partial and comprehensive smoke-free legislation with neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil using a quasi-experimental study design.DesignMonthly longitudinal (panel) ecological study from January 2000 to December 2016.SettingAll Brazilian municipalities (n=5565).ParticipantsInfant populations.InterventionSmoke-free legislation in effect in each municipality and month. Legislation was encoded as basic (allowing smoking areas), partial (segregated smoking rooms) or comprehensive (no smoking in public buildings). Associations were quantified by immediate step and longer term slope/trend changes in outcomes.Statistical analysesMunicipal-level linear fixed-effects regression models.Main outcomes measuresInfant and neonatal mortality.ResultsImplementation of partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a −3.3 % (95% CI −6.2% to −0.4%) step reduction in the municipal infant mortality rate, but no step change in neonatal mortality. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation implementation was associated with −5.2 % (95% CI −8.3% to −2.1%) and −3.4 % (95% CI −6.7% to −0.1%) step reductions in infant and neonatal mortality, respectively, and a −0.36 (95% CI −0.66 to−0.06) annual decline in the infant mortality rate. We estimated that had all smoke-free legislation introduced since 2004 been comprehensive, an additional 10 091 infant deaths (95% CI 1196 to 21 761) could have been averted.ConclusionsStrengthening smoke-free legislation in Brazil is associated with improvements in infant health outcomes—particularly under comprehensive legislation. Governments should accelerate implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation to protect infant health and achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal three.

Brazil has experienced a large decline in cigarette consumption in the last 25 years. However, the most recent annual reports from the tobacco industry market leader in Brazil did not show a decrease in its gross profits. This is particularly important because tobacco industry donations/sponsorships come directly from the industry's reported gross-profits and are used to subvert health policies. The aim of the present study was to estimate (i) tobacco industry's gross-profit from legal cigarettes sales, and (ii) all-cause smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) among current Brazilian smokers who consumed legal cigarettes in 2013. We collected information on prevalence of legal cigarette use, cigarette consumption, price per cigarette pack among individuals aged ≥ 35 years from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, legal cigarettes sales (e.g., average costs and total volume of sales) provided by the Federal Secretariat of Revenues, and population mortality from the available vital statistics. With a gross-profit of US$1.378 billion (1.307–1.434) from sales of 54.6 billion sticks of cigarettes (53.4–55.5) to 8,424,510 smokers aged 35 years and older in Brazil in 2013, cumulative SADs were estimated at 96,012 (85,647–107,654) (around 34% of cumulative SADs also including current smoking of illegal cigarettes and past smoking), i.e., one SAD was equivalent to a gross-profit of US$14,352 (12,140–16,743). Our results revealed the association between sales of cigarettes, gross-profits, and deaths in Brazil. As tobacco industry donations/sponsorships originate from industry's gross profits, which, in turn, depend on cigarette sales, our findings may be useful for increasing “moral pressure” on individuals and institutions and help countries in stopping tobacco industry interference in health policies.

Background Cervical cancer (CC) is a common preventable and curable disease that may lead to death. Our aim was to describe the patterns of time trends in CC mortality rates among women in Brazil from 1980 to 2017, and identify the influence of age, period and birth cohort (APC) stratified by region (North NR, Northeast NER, Southeast SER, South SR, Center-Western region CWR). Methods We performed a time-series analysis using secondary data bases. Crude (MR) and WHO age-standardized CC mortality rates (aMR) were estimated per 100,000 women. We evaluated time trends using permutation joinpoint regression models (JP) and APC models to estimate the effect of APC on MR. Results The JP analysis showed a temporal decrease in all regions, except the NR, which had an annual percentage increase of 0.44 (95%CI 0.2 - 0.7). MR in the NR was 2 to 4 times higher than in the other regions. We observed steady increases in MR with age in the NR and NER. A plateau after age 40 was observed in SER, SR, and CWR. The NR and NER MR ratio stabilized around the year 2000. Birth cohort effect showed decreasing MR ratio from 1900 to 1970 for all regions, except the NR, which showed increasing MR rate from older to more recent cohorts. Conclusion We showed relevant differences in cervical MR by region, which may reflect inequality in access to primary and secondary prevention as well as treatment, particularly in the NR.

Background Female breast cancer is the most common cancer in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries and is the leading cause of cancer deaths. The high mortality-to-incidence ratio in the regions is associated with mainly the high proportion of advanced stage diagnosis, and also to inadequate access to health care. In this study we aimed to systematically review the proportion of advanced stage (III-IV) at diagnosis (pas) and the five-year stage-specific survival estimates of breast cancer in LAC countries. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature) to identify studies, in any language, indexed before Nov 5, 2018. We also conducted manual search by reviewing citations of papers found. pas was summarized by random effects model meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis to identify sources of variation. Stage-specific survival probabilities were described as provided by study authors, as it was not possible to conduct meta-analysis. PROSPERO CRD42017052493. Results For pas we included 63 studies, 13 of which population-based, from 22 countries comprising 221,255 women diagnosed from 1966 to 2017. The distribution of patients by stage varied greatly in LAC (pas 40.8%, 95%CI 37.0% to 44.6%; I2 = 99%; p

to estimate the incremental budget impact of target therapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-surgical and metastatic melanoma compared to dacarbazine treatment.budget impact analysis, from the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) perspective; based on demographic data and incidence estimates, the population over a three-year time horizon (2018-2020) was delimited and the direct medical costs were estimated; the reference scenario was treatment with dacarbazine, and the alternative scenarios were target therapy with vemurafenib, dabrafenib, vemurafenib + cobimetinib and dabrafenib + trametinib; uncertainty assessment was conducted through scenario analysis.the incremental budget impact ranged from R$ 451,867,881.00 to R$ 768,860,968.00, representing 0.70 to 1.53% of total SUS annual outpatient drugs expenditure; in best and worst scenario, results ranged from R$ 289,160,835.00 to R$ 1,107,081,926.00.the use of target therapy compared to dacarbazine implies an excessive impact on the budget, this bring unfovorable to its possible incorporation.estimar o impacto orçamentário incremental da terapia-alvo para tratamento de primeira linha do melanoma avançado não cirúrgico e metastático, em comparação à dacarbazina.análise de impacto orçamentário na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil; a partir de dados demográficos e estimativas da incidência, foi delimitada a população no horizonte temporal de três anos (2018-2020) e estimados os custos diretos médicos; foi considerado cenário de referência o tratamento com dacarbazina, e como cenários alternativos a terapia-alvo com vemurafenibe, dabrafenibe, vemurafenibe + cobimetinibe e dabrafenibe + trametinibe; a avaliação das incertezas foi conduzida mediante análise por cenários.o impacto orçamentário incremental variou de R$ 451.867.881,00 a R$ 768.860.968,00, representando 0,70 a 1,53% dos gastos anuais totais com medicamentos ambulatoriais no SUS; no melhor e no pior cenário, os resultados variaram de R$ 289.160.835,00 a R$ 1.107.081.926,00.a terapia-alvo, comparada à dacarbazina, implica impacto excessivo no orçamento, desfavorecendo eventual incorporação.estimar el impacto presupuestario incremental de la terapia dirigida para tratamiento de primera línea del melanoma avanzado no quirúrgico y metastásico comparado con la dacarbazina.análisis de impacto presupuestario, en la perspectiva del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) de Brasil; a partir de datos demográficos y estimaciones de incidencia se delimitó la población en un horizonte temporal de tres años (2018-2020) y se estimaron los costos directos médicos. El escenario de referencia fue el tratamiento con dacarbazina y los escenarios alternativos la terapia dirigida con vemurafenib, dabrafenib, vemurafenib + cobimetinib y dabrafenib + trametinib; la evaluación de incertidumbre se llevó a cabo mediante análisis por escenarios.el impacto presupuestario incremental varió de R$ 451.867.881,00 a R$ 768.860.968,00, representando 0,70 a 1,53% de gastos anuales totales con medicamentos de ambulatorios en el SUS; en el mejor y el peor escenario los resultados variaron de R$ 289.160.835,00 a R$ 1.107.081.926,00.el uso de terapia dirigida comparado a la dacarbazina implica en impacto excesivo en el presupuesto, desfavoreciendo una eventual incorporación.

Background Brazil experienced a large decline in smoking prevalence between 2008 and 2013. Tax rate increases since 2007 and a new tobacco tax structure in 2012 may have played an important role in this decline. However, continuous tax rate increases pushed up cigarette prices over personal income growth and, therefore, some consumers, especially lower income individuals, may have migrated to cheaper illicit cigarettes. Objective To use tobacco surveillance data to estimate the size of illicit tobacco consumption before and after excise tax increases. Methods We defined a threshold price and compared it with purchasing prices obtained from two representative surveys conducted in 2008 and 2013 to estimate the proportion of illicit cigarette use among daily smokers. Generalised linear model was specified to understand whether the absolute difference in proportions over time differed by sociodemographic groups and consumption levels. Our findings were validated using an alternative method. Results Total proportion of illicit daily consumption increased from 16.6% to 31.1% between 2008 and 2013. We observed a pattern of unadjusted absolute decreases in cigarette smoking prevalence and increases in the proportion of illicit consumption, irrespective of gender, age, educational level, area of residence and amount of cigarettes consumed. Conclusions The strategy of raising taxes has increased government revenues, reduced smoking prevalence and resulted in an increased illicit trade. Surveillance data can be used to provide information on illicit tobacco trade to help in the implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) article 15 and the FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.

Background The strategy of raising taxes has reduced smoking prevalence in Brazil in the last few years. However, given the presence of illicit cigarette products in Brazil, smokers may have migrated to cheaper illicit cigarettes in order to save money, thus undermining efforts to further reduce smoking prevalence, mostly among underprivileged smokers. The aim of the present study was to estimate the proportions of illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil from 2012 to 2016. Methods We used an approach based on legal sales provided by the Secretariat of Federal Revenues and self-reported consumption data from a phone survey conducted annually (VIGITEL) to estimate the changes over time in illegal cigarette use in Brazil, overall and by educational level. For that purpose, we also used available information on the proportion of illegal cigarette consumption from a nationwide household survey conducted in 2013 to calculate a constant proportion of under-reporting from VIGITEL in relation to total sales in Brazil. Results There was an increase in the estimated proportion of illicit cigarette use from 2012 to 2013 (+12.9%), then a decrease from 2013 to 2014 (-10.8%), and then a sustained trend of increase from 2014 to 2016 (+26.7%, from 2014 to 2015; +17.3%, from 2015 to 2016).The same pattern was observed for both high and low educational level smokers. For each year, the latter had higher baseline proportions of illegal cigarette use. Conclusions Novel and feasible approaches to estimate the changes over time in illegal market are important to help in the effective implementation of tobacco excise tax policy.

Background In Brazil the National Program for Tobacco Control is working for more than 30 years, and as consequence we can observe the reduction of smokers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the temporal trends in lung cancer mortality rates in Brazil observed from 1980 to 2015, and predicted estimates by 2040, by gender. Methods A time series study was carried out, using data from the Mortality Information System and information on the resident population obtained from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics. Crude, specific and age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 men (and women) were calculated for each year between 1980 and 2015. Mortality predictions were made for the period 2016-2040 utilizing Nordpred program based on the period of 1980-2015, using the APC (age-period-cohort) model. Results While the decline in age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates has been most clearly observed for men since 2006, for women we will still experience a period of growth of these rates (2016-2025) followed by a period of stagnation (2026-2040) (Figure 1). Projections indicate that women aged 55-59 or younger will begin to experience a reduction in especific lung cancer mortality rates from 2021 onwards, but for women aged 75 or over these rates will continue to increase until 2040. [Figure 1] Conclusions The decline in lung cancer mortality among men since 2006, but not among women, reflects not only the different stages in the tobacco epidemic by gender, i.e., women started smoking after men, but also the successful implementation of a set of tobacco control actions in Brazil in the last 30 years. The last contributed to a strong reduction in the prevalence of smokers and, as a consequence, to a decline in current (and future) smoking-related morbidity and mortality.

Objectives. To estimate the proportions of illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil from 2012 to 2016, a period of sharp increases in cigarette taxes. Methods. We used an approach based on legal sales provided by the Secretariat of Federal Revenues and self-reported consumption data from an annually conducted telephone survey (VIGITEL) to estimate the changes over time in illegal cigarette use in Brazil. For that purpose, we also used available information on the proportion of illegal cigarette consumption from a nationwide household survey conducted in 2013 to calculate a constant proportion of underreporting from VIGITEL in relation to total consumption and sales in Brazil. Results. There was an increase in the estimated proportion of illicit cigarette use from 2012 to 2013 (from 28.6% to 32.3%), then a decrease from 2013 to 2014 (32.3% to 28.8%), and then a sustained trend of increase from 2014 to 2016 (28.8% to 42.8%). Conclusions. Novel and feasible approaches to estimate changes over time in the illegal market are important for helping the effective implementation of tobacco excise tax policy.

Background In the 1980s, an increase in mortality rates for prostate cancer was observed in North America and developed European countries. In the 1990s, however, mortality rates decreased for these countries, an outcome related to early detection of the disease. Conversely, an upward trend in mortality rates was observed in Brazil. This study describe the trends in mortality for prostate cancer in Brazil and geographic regions (North, Northeast, South, Southeast, and Central-West) between 1980 until 2014 and analyze the influence of age, period, and cohort effects on mortality rates. Methods This time-series study used data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and population data from Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The effects on mortality rates were examined using age-period-cohort (APC) models. Results Crude and standardized mortality rates showed an upward trend for Brazil and its regions more than 2-fold the last 30 years. Age effects showed an increased risk of death in all regions. Period effects showed a higher risk of death in the finals periods for the North and Northeast. Cohort effects showed risk of death was higher for younger than older generations in Brazil and regions, mainly Northeast (RR Adjusted = 3.12, 95% CI 1.29–1.41; RR Adjusted = 0.28, 95% CI 0.26–0.30, respectively). Conclusion The increase in prostate cancer mortality rates in Brazil and its regions was mainly due to population aging. The differences in mortality rates and APC effects between regions are related to demographic differences and access of health services across the country.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use is directly related to the future incidence of lung cancer. In Brazil, a growing tendency in age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates was observed in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of patients with lung cancer diagnosed and treated at the National Cancer Institute (INCA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2000 and 2007 according to their smoking status. METHODS: An observational study was conducted using INCA's database of cancer cases. To assess whether the observed differences among the categories of sociodemographic variables, characterization of the tumor, and assistance - pertaining to smokers and non-smokers - were statistically significant, a chi-square test was applied. A multiple correspondence analysis was carried out to identify the main characteristics of smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS: There was a prevalence of smokers (90.5% of 1131 patients included in the study). The first two dimensions of the multivariate analysis explained 72.8% of data variability. Four groups of patients were identified, namely smokers, non-smokers, small-cell tumors, and tumors in early stages. CONCLUSION: Smoking cessation must be stimulated in a disseminated manner in the population in order to avoid new cases of lung cancer. The Tumors in Initial Stages Group stood out with greater chances of cure. INTRODUÇÃO: O consumo de tabaco está diretamente relacionado à incidência futura de câncer de pulmão. No Brasil foi observada uma tendência de crescimento da taxa de mortalidade ajustada por idade, para esta enfermidade nos últimos anos. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes com câncer de pulmão diagnosticados e atendidos no Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre 2000 e 2007 segundo condição tabagística. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, utilizando dados do Registro Hospitalar de Câncer do INCA. Para avaliar se as diferenças observadas entre as categorias das variáveis sociodemográficas, de caracterização do tumor e da assistência - para fumantes e não fumantes - são estatisticamente significativas, foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado. A análise de correspondência múltipla foi utilizada para identificar as características predominantes dos fumantes e não fumantes. RESULTADOS: Foi observado um predomínio de pacientes fumantes (90,5% dos 1131 incluídos no estudo). As duas primeiras dimensões da análise de correspondência múltipla explicaram 72,8% da variabilidade dos dados. Quatro grupos de pacientes foram identificados: fumantes, não fumantes, tumores de pequenas células e tumores em estádios iniciais. CONCLUSÕES: O estímulo à cessação do tabagismo deve ser realizado de forma disseminada na população para que novos casos de câncer de pulmão sejam evitados. Destaca-se o Grupo Tumores em Estádios Iniciais, que tem maiores chances de cura.

These findings suggest that there are no "fixed" racial patterns of tobacco use around the globe. Cross-country differences in tobacco use among races could be modified by cultural influences, domestic tobacco control, or socioeconomic factors. There is need for enhanced efforts to monitor tobacco use by race/ethnicity to identify existing and emerging patterns in tobacco use by race, as well as identify opportunities for interventions. Tailored interventions to reduce tobacco use within different settings and countries may help reduce tobacco use among racial/ethnic minorities. Implementation of comprehensive tobacco control measures could be facilitated by community-based efforts, ensuring that disadvantaged populations are engaged as partners to adapt tobacco control policies and interventions to local contexts and health equity issues.

Background Brazil has experienced a large decline in smoking prevalence due to several tobacco control policies that were implemented in the past 25 years. Previous population-wide studies found a consistent reduction over time in daily cigarette consumption among all socioeconomic groups. Objective To examine changes between 2008 and 2013 in tobacco behaviours and health-related conditions of smokers. Methods We used data obtained from two nationally-representative surveys conducted in 2008 and 2013 to estimate the prevalence of self-reported psychological and physical morbidity, and nicotine dependence markers, stratified by gender and sociodemographic groups. Generalised linear models were used to understand whether absolute differences in prevalence rates over time differed by categories of selected variables. Results For both genders, as smoking prevalence declined in Brazil, there has been an increase in the proportion of ever smokers who have quit. In addition, remaining smokers seem to be making more quitting attempts. Among men with low educational level or younger than 25 years-old, as compared to their counterparts, cessation rate showed an even greater increase over time. Moreover, the proportion of light smokers, which represent the vast majority of smokers, did not decrease. The percentage of poor health-conditions among remaining smokers nevertheless increased, particularly among women, which can make future cessation more challenging. Conclusions In Brazil, quitting rate is increasing, thus suggesting that tobacco control interventions implemented in Brazil in the past years seem to be effectively reaching the smoking population. This is strong evidence against the ‘hardening hypothesis’, which posits that remaining smokers decrease their willingness and ability to quit.

Introdução: A abordagem da ocupação em pacientes com câncer, especialmente de pulmão, de bexiga, leucemias e mesoteliomas, entre outros, pelos profissionais de saúde, e insuficiente e repercute negativamente na busca do nexo causal. Objetivo: Quantificar o percentual de ausência de informação sobre ocupação nos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer do Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico do tipo ecológico. Foi avaliada a completude da informação “ocupação” nos Registros Hospitalares de Cancer no Brasil, estratificados por macrorregião, entre os anos de 2000 e 2008. Foram analisados, para cada sexo, os casos com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos e os seguintes tumores: pulmão, bexiga, cavidade oral, faringe, laringe e leucemias. Resultados: O percentual medio de ausência de informação sobre ocupação foi superior a 45% para todas as topografias selecionadas; mas, em mulheres, esse percentual foi ainda maior. Ao longo dos anos estudados, observou-se pouca melhora na qualidade da informação, com a maioria das regiões apresentando proporções superiores a 30% desse indicador, independente da neoplasia investigada. Conclusão: Os resultados apresentados são preocupantes do ponto de vista da saúde pública, especialmente da saúde dos trabalhadores. A falta dessa informação nos registros dificulta a identificação da ocupação como fator de risco importante para o desenvolvimento do câncer, o estabelecimento do nexo causal entre exposição e doença, e a elaboração e implementação de estratégias de vigilância do cancer relacionado ao trabalho no país.

PURPOSE: To identify constitutional alterations of the retinoblastoma 1 gene (RB1) in two cohorts of Brazilian patients with retinoblastoma and to analyze genotype-phenotype associations. METHODS: Molecular screening was carried out by direct sequencing of the 27 RB1 exons and flanking regions in blood DNA of 71 patients with retinoblastoma and 4 relatives with retinoma, and with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in 21 patients. The presumed impact of nucleotide substitutions on the structure of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was predicted by Polymorphism Phenotyping-2 (PolyPhen-2). Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test were used for estimating 60-month survival rates. RESULTS: One hundred two nucleotide substitutions were detected, 92 substitutions in 59 patients with retinoblastoma and 10 substitutions in 4 individuals with retinoma. Eight substitutions were novel. The majority of substitutions were intronic (86.2%). More than one substitution was present in 37.3% of patients. Twenty-one duplications and 11 deletions were found in 12 patients; some of which with both types of alterations. Duplications/deletions were found in four patients lacking constitutional alterations when analyzed by sequencing, and in eight patients carrying one or more polymorphic intronic substitutions. The global 60-month survival rate in patients was 91.8% (Confidence Interval95% = 85.0 - 99.1). Significant, lower survival rates were found in extraocular presentation (81.0%) versus intraocular tumors (P = 0.014), first enucleation after 1 month following diagnosis (80.9%) versus earlier first enucleation (P = 0.020), and relapse (100.0%) versus absence of relapse (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen substitutions (4 intronic and 11 exonic) were identified as probably or likely pathogenic. Four of these 11 exonic substitutions were novel. Survival rates, however, were not affected by presence of these probably or likely pathogenic alterations, most of which not found in patients with retinoblastoma from other Latin American countries. These differences might be related to the different ethnic composition of the Latin American cohorts. Portuguese Abstract.

The assessment of temporal differences in cigarette consumption may help in understanding whether a smoking population is becoming more resistant to quitting over time. We calculated absolute differences in average cigarette consumption, stratified by birth cohort and age group. Data were obtained from random samples from two Brazilian national household surveys (1989, N = 12,782; 2008, N = 6,675). A linear regression model was used to adjust estimates by gender, educational level, and place of residence. Birth cohort analysis found that average daily cigarette consumption increased for individuals born after 1964 and decreased for those born before 1955 (adjusted p-values < 0.001). Age-specific analysis found that the remaining smoking population aged 64 years-old or less decreased cigarette consumption between 1989 and 2008 (adjusted p-values < 0.001). Brazil's anti-tobacco policy changes and rapid economic growth may be principally related to temporal changes in cigarette consumption for most age groups, rather than to a change in the relationship between age and cigarette consumption. A avaliação temporal das mudanças no consumo de cigarros pode ajudar a entender se os fumantes estão se tornando mais resistentes à cessação. Calcularam-se as diferenças absolutas no consumo médio de cigarros, estratificadas por coorte de nascimento e faixa etária. Utilizaram-se dados provenientes de dois inquéritos domiciliares nacionais brasileiros (1989, N = 12.782; 2008, N = 6.675). Um modelo de regressão linear foi usado para ajustar as diferenças por sexo, escolaridade e residência. A análise por coorte de nascimento mostrou que o uso de cigarros diários aumentou entre os indivíduos nascidos após 1964 e diminuiu entre aqueles nascidos antes de 1955 (valores de p ajustados < 0,001). A análise por faixa etária mostrou que a população remanescente de fumantes com menos de 65 anos reduziu o uso de cigarros entre 1989 e 2008 (valores de p ajustados < 0,001). Mudanças nas políticas antitabaco e o rápido crescimento econômico do Brasil podem estar preferencialmente relacionados a mudanças temporais no consumo de cigarros na maioria dos grupos etários, ao invés de uma mudança na associação entre idade e consumo de cigarro.

The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) was conducted in Brazil to provide data on tobacco use in order to monitor the WHO FCTC implementation in the country. It was carried out in 2008 using an international standardized methodology. The instrument included questions about tobacco use prevalence, cessation, secondhand smoke, knowledge, attitudes, media and advertising. Weighted analysis was used to obtain estimates. A total of 39,425 interviews were conducted. The prevalence of current tobacco use was 17.5%, (22.0%, men; 13.3%, women). The majority of users were smokers (17.2%) and their percentage was higher in rural areas (20.4%) than in urban areas (16.6%). About 20% of individuals reported having been exposed to tobacco smoke in public places. Over 70% of respondents said they had noticed anti-smoking information in several media and around 65% of smokers said they had considered quitting because of warning labels. About 30% of respondents had noticed cigarette advertising at selling points and 96% recognized tobacco use as a risk factor for serious diseases. Data in this report can be used as baseline for evaluation of new tobacco control approaches in Brazil, vis-à-vis WHO FCTC demand reduction measures.

The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of trends in lung cancer mortality in Brazil and identify the effects of the factors age, period and cohort (APC) on mortality rates. A time series study was conducted using secondary population-based data. Lung cancer mortality rates by sex were calculated for the period 1980 to 2007. APC models were adjusted to identify the influence of age, period and cohort effects on rates. Lung cancer mortality rates are significantly higher among men. Specific rates for men over the age of 64 and for women of all ages are increasing. There was a greater increase of adjusted rates among women. With respect to the age effect, mortality risk increases with age starting with the earliest age groups. With regard to the cohort effect, there is a lesser risk of mortality among men born after 1950 and an increasing risk across all cohorts among women. The results regarding younger generations indicate that present trends are likely to continue. The cohort effect among women suggests an increasing trend in mortality rates, whereas a decrease in rates among men under the age of 65 suggests that this trend will continue. These trends reflect tobacco control measures adopted since 1986. Os objetivos deste artigo foram descrever os padrões da tendência de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no Brasil e identificar os efeitos dos fatores idade, período e coorte (APC) sobre as taxas. Foi realizado um estudo de série temporal utilizando dados secundários de base populacional. Taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas, por sexo, de 1980 a 2007. Modelos APC foram ajustados para identificar como idade, período e coorte influenciam as taxas. As taxas de mortalidade são mais elevadas entre os homens. As taxas específicas estão aumentando para homens maiores de 64 anos e mulheres de todas as idades. As taxas ajustadas cresceram mais entre as mulheres. O efeito idade revela um aumento do risco desde as idades mais precoces. O efeito coorte indica um menor risco para os homens nascidos desde 1950, e risco crescente para mulheres de todas as coortes. Os resultados para gerações jovens indicam que as tendências atuais devem continuar. O efeito coorte entre mulheres sugere um aumento do risco. Estas tendências refletem as medidas de controle do tabaco adotadas desde 1986.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a autopercepção de saúde e a presença de limitações físicas devido a problemas de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado entre 2002 e 2005, em 18 capitais de estados do Brasil. Entrevistaram-se 26.424 moradores de 15 anos ou mais de idade em domicílios selecionados por amostra probabilística em dois estágios. Calcularam-se percentuais e intervalos de confiança considerando-se os efeitos do desenho do estudo. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que as piores condições de saúde são referidas por mulheres, indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais e com menor grau de escolaridade. Os percentuais relacionados à percepção de saúde regular ou ruim foram maiores nas cidades das regiões Norte e Nordeste quando comparados aos das cidades das regiões Sul e Sudeste. CONCLUSÕES: As piores condições de saúde das regiões Norte/Nordeste comparadas as das regiões Sul/Sudeste revelam um conjunto de fatores relacionados às desigualdades sociais, entre os quais o menor grau de escolaridade. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate self-rated health and physical disabilities due to health problems. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional study carried out in 18 Brazilian cities between 2002 and 2005. There were interviewed 26,424 residents (aged 15 years or more) of households selected by a two-stage probabilistic sampling. Percentages and confidence intervals were calculated considering the study design effects. RESULTS: Poorer self-rated health status and physical disabilities were found among women, those aged 50 years old or more and those with lower education. In addition, higher percentages of fair or poor self-rated health were found in cities in Northern and Northeastern Brazil compared to those in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer health conditions in the North/Northeast compared to the South/Southeast regions reflect factors related to social inequalities, mainly lower education.

To evaluate self-rated health and physical disabilities due to health problems.Population-based cross-sectional study carried out in 18 Brazilian cities between 2002 and 2005. There were interviewed 26,424 residents (aged 15 years or more) of households selected by a two-stage probabilistic sampling. Percentages and confidence intervals were calculated considering the study design effects.Poorer self-rated health status and physical disabilities were found among women, those aged 50 years old or more and those with lower education. In addition, higher percentages of fair or poor self-rated health were found in cities in Northern and Northeastern Brazil compared to those in Southern and Southeastern Brazil.Poorer health conditions in the North/Northeast compared to the South/Southeast regions reflect factors related to social inequalities, mainly lower education.

Background Although case studies indicate that indigenous peoples in Brazil often suffer from higher morbidity and mortality rates than the national population, they were not included systematically in any previous national health survey. Reported here for the first time, the First National Survey of Indigenous People’s Health and Nutrition in Brazil was conducted in 2008–2009 to obtain baseline information based on a nationwide representative sample. This paper presents the study’s rationale, design and methods, and selected results. Methods The survey sought to characterize nutritional status and other health measures in indigenous children less than 5 years of age and indigenous women from 14 to 49 years of age on the basis of a survey employing a representative probabilistic sample of the indigenous population residing in villages in Brazil, according to four major regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, and South/Southeast). Interviews, clinical measurements, and secondary data collection in the field addressed the major topics: nutritional status, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in women, child hospitalization, prevalence of tuberculosis and malaria in women, access to health services and programs, and characteristics of the domestic economy and diet. Results The study obtained data for 113 villages (91.9% of the planned sample), 5,305 households (93.5%), 6,692 women (101.3%), and 6,128 children (93.1%). Multiple household variables followed a pattern of greater economic autonomy and lower socioeconomic status in the North as compared to other regions. For non-pregnant women, elevated prevalence rates were encountered for overweight (30.3%), obesity (15.8%), anemia (32.7%), and hypertension (13.2%). Among children, elevated prevalence rates were observed for height-for-age deficit (25.7%), anemia (51.2%), hospitalizations during the prior 12 months (19.3%), and diarrhea during the prior week (23.6%). Conclusions The clinical-epidemiological parameters evaluated for indigenous women point to the accentuated occurrence of nutrition transition in all regions of Brazil. Many outcomes also reflected a pattern whereby indigenous women’s and children’s health indicators were worse than those documented for the national Brazilian population, with important regional variations. Observed disparities in health indicators underscore that basic healthcare and sanitation services are not yet as widely available in Brazil’s indigenous communities as they are in the rest of the country.

Introduction Although actions for cervical cancer reduction in primary care were implemented in Rio de Janeiro in the 980s, the incidence and associated mortality are still among the highest in the country. For effective prevention it is essential women complete follow-up after their Pap smear. More information about the reasons preventing follow-up is needed. Objective To investigate the factors that influence women not to return to receive their Pap smear result in the Brazilian Public Health System in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. All participants signed a consent form and 1278 women completed the protocol. The questionnaire included: socio-demographic status, self-evaluation about health status, knowledge about prevention, last Pap smear and reproductive history. Results The percentage of women who did not return to receive the result of Pap smear was 23.1% (18.3–27.9). Schooling, marital status, race, religion and per capita income, self-evaluation about health status, knowledge about prevention, reason to perform exam, satisfaction level in medical attendance were not associated with the return for getting the results. Women who were not informed of a date to return for heir result were less likely to return than those who had been informed, 47.0% (35.9–58.4). Discussion The results showed that the behaviour of the health professional and the infrastructure of the healthcare system can influence the return of women to receive the Pap smear result and their follow-up treatment.

Objective To describe the prevalence of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and waterpipe in Brazil, by population subgroups, and to evaluate the trend between 2013 and 2019. Methods We used data from the 2019 National Health Survey to estimate the prevalence of lifetime and current use of ENDS and current use of waterpipes by socio-behavioral characteristics. Differences in prevalence over time were calculated using data from the III Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use-2015 and the National Health Survey-2013. Results For 2019, the prevalence of current use of ENDS was estimated at 0.64% (∼1 million people), of which ∼70% were in the age group of 15–24 years old. The highest prevalence was observed in the Midwest region, but the Southeast region concentrates half of these users. Almost 90% are non-smokers, with high prevalence among those who also use waterpipe and abuse alcohol. There was an increase in ENDS use between 2015 and 2019, particularly among younger people. The prevalence of current waterpipe use in 2019 was estimated at 0.47% (∼800,000 individuals), of which ∼80% were 15–24 years old. There was an increase in the prevalence of current waterpipe use between 2013 and 2019, and among young people the increase was ∼300%. Conclusions In Brazil, ENDS have been used mostly by young people, and by never smokers of manufactured cigarettes. The use of ENDS and waterpipe has been increasing even with the country’s regulatory restrictions, which may compromise the successful history of the tobacco control policy. RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever as prevalências de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de narguilé no Brasil, por subgrupos populacionais, e avaliar tendências entre 2013 e 2019. Métodos: Os dados principais analisados são da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. Estimaram-se prevalências de uso na vida e atual de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de uso atual de narguilé segundo características sociocomportamentais. Os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde-2019 sobre dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar foram comparados aos do III Levantamento Nacional sobre Uso de Drogas pela População Brasileira e os dados sobre narguilé comparados aos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Resultados: Para 2019, estimou-se a prevalência de uso atual de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar em 0,64% (∼1 milhão de pessoas), dos quais ∼70% tinham 15–24 anos. A maior prevalência está na região Centro-Oeste, mas o Sudeste concentra metade absoluta desses usuários. Quase 90% são não fumantes, e maiores prevalências foram encontradas entre quem usa também narguilé e álcool abusivo. Observou-se aumento nas estimativas de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar entre 2015 e 2019, especialmente entre os mais jovens. A prevalência de uso atual de narguilé em 2019 foi estimada em 0,47% (∼800 mil indivíduos), dos quais ∼80% tinham 15–24 anos. Houve aumento na prevalência de uso atual de narguilé entre 2013 e 2019, e entre jovens o aumento foi de ∼300%. Conclusões: No Brasil os dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar têm sido utilizados majoritariamente por jovens e por nunca fumantes de cigarros industrializados. O uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar e de narguilé vem aumentando, mesmo com as restrições regulatórias do país, podendo comprometer o exitoso histórico da política de controle do tabagismo.