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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions as well as their combination and activation modes on root canal dentin microhardness. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO and PRISMA guidelines were followed. The structured question was as follows: "Which type of irrigating solution used in endodontic treatment causes more change in dentin microhardness?" The literature was screened via PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. The last search was carried out in February 2023 with English language restriction. Two reviewers independently performed screening and evaluation of articles. A total of 470 articles were retrieved from all the databases, whereas only 114 articles were selected for full-text analysis. After applying eligibility criteria, 44 studies were evaluated and included in this review. The results showed that with increased contact time with irrigants, dentin microhardness decreases. Increased contact time with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was associated with more reduction in dentin microhardness compared with other irrigants. Other irrigants, with the exception of distilled water, including EDTA, citric acid, herbal irrigants, glycolic acid, phytic acid, etc., in this study significantly decreased dentin microhardness. The maximum reduction in dentin microhardness was seen with 2.5% NaOCl after 15 min of contact time. The use of irrigating solutions alters the chemical composition of dentin, thereby decreasing its microhardness, which affects the clinical performance of endodontically treated teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental clinics can play a crucial role in spreading the SARS-CoV-2 infections because of the nature of close contact with the patient's oral cavity and aerosol generating essential dental procedures. Dental practices in regions affected with SARS-CoV-2 are needed to take utmost precautions and follow strict effective infection control protocols even when the movement control/lockdown is gradually lifted post pandemic. Thus, we aim to summarise the current research findings on SARS-CoV-2 in dental settings and relevant international guidelines and recommended management protocols for the dental clinica. The knowledge on the viral properties of SARS-CoV-2 and epidemiologic characteristics are essential to implement proper mitigation strategies against transmission of Covid-19 infections via dental clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental treatment procedures are mostly governed by factors such as biocompatibility of restorative materials, patients demand for esthetics and conservative approach for the minimal loss of tooth structure. GV Black followed 'EXTENTION FOR PREVENTION' for restorative treatment which follows classical cavity forms and principles which almost remained unchanged and unchallenged for 50years using amalgam. Though it required uniform depth, ease of manipulation and excessive tooth structure damage for proper retention of it. The support from clinical observation of success and failures of different restorations has presented with the concept of new designs. This article reviews the literature on assessing and evaluation of amalgam restoration. Information on the characteristic material, its rate of progress with time and its nature of the association. Mainly focusing on the relationship between the deterioration of amalgam restoration and risk of secondary caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral cavity is a complex area to handle with about thirty-two teeth, highly vascular tongue, oral mucosa, and gingival. It becomes challenging for the clinician to handle a single tooth in focus with patients movement of vascular tongue and especially in very apprehensive subjects. Hence rubber dam has proved to be a boon not only protecting the tongue, mucosa, and gingiva but also increasing the point of focus for the clinician. Secondly, it reduces infected aerosol procedures thus protecting the clinician and the attendee. Sometimes rarely patients do have allergies to latex or rubber dam and they are not aware. Hence the clinician must ask for leading questions to rule out latex allergy. If the subject does have a latex allergy modifications are required before the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance has turned from prediction to reality in a few decades and exerts a significant burden globally with a loss of approximately seventy thousand lives each year. Dentistry accounts for approximately three to eleven percent of all antibiotic prescriptions worldwide. The human oral cavity is a huge reservoir of more than 750 microbial species. Oral microbial biofilm formation such as dental plaque that initiates periodontal diseases and dental caries is the major reason for the antimicrobial therapy failure and rise in resistance against the action of antimicrobials. Biofilm bacteria embedded with a matrix of extracellular polysaccharides are more than 10,000 times less sensitive to antimicrobials than free-floating planktonic bacteria. A thorough understanding of the mechanism will provide an effective solution to combat the current problem such as developing novel antimicrobials, method that enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics by modifying the antibiotic structure or disrupting biofilm, or altering the outer membrane structure of bacterial cell walls to neutralize the resistant enzymes. Use of novel strategies e.g. nano-drug delivery system to facilitate drug entry into the cell; liposome for efficient local delivery of drug of choice in the treatment of caries, periodontitis and also for anesthetic purposes. This paper provides a review of the literature based on the studies on oral biofilm, its formation, and importance in drug resistance, mechanism of drug action and development of its drug resistance and various measures to combat it and the scope of dentists in limiting the progression of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current strategy of dental treatment is based on 3 elements-restore, retain and revitalize. Replacing the lost or diseased tissue with the same natural tissue is a challenge in the field of dentistry. Keeping this in mind, the use of stem cells has emerged as a potential way for its ideal replacement. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells, which can differentiate or multiply into particular types of cells and tissues. Besides stem cells, scaffolds and growth factor abandoned their role in the field of regeneration. Stem cells can be easily isolated from the orofacial region and have the property to differentiate into osteogenic, odontogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic components. This review article will discuss both embryonic and adult stem cells, sources, and their role in the process of regeneration along with tissue engineering strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare and evaluate the quality of three different method of intracanal placement of calcium hydroxide paste through CBCT. Methodology: Thirty single-rooted mandibular premolars were deco ronated and cleaning and shaping was done using Protaper Rotary Files(till F4). The canals were divided into the following three groups which were filled with a radiopaque calcium hydroxide paste based on three insertion method (n = 10, each): using a Master Gutta-percha cone (MGP), Pastinject (PIT), and a technique combining conventional hand files with ultrasonic activation(UST). The quality of fillings was assessed using CBCT by examining the number of canal walls coated dividing the root into thirds. Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test of independence. Results: The canals filled with combined technique (hand files with ultrasonic activation) had a better coating of canal walls followed by Master GP cone and Pastinject, with significant differences between them. Conclusion: From the images obtained through CBCT analysis, calcium hydroxide placed utilizing hand files with ultrasonic activation (UST) produced better coating of canal walls over Master GP and Pastinject techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important cause of pulpal necrosis was trauma during an eruption of the tooth, trauma cause delayed root formation, which leads to fracture of root. In recent advancements in the field of dentistry we can convert non-vital teeth into vital once again by regenerative endodontic procedure. There are many procedures we can included in the regenerative are root canal revascularization, pulp implant, stem cell therapy, gene therapy and injectable scaffolds. In this case report we discuss the successful regenerative endodontic treatment of necrotic permanent maxillary left central incisor. On clinical and radiographic examination the large periapical defect in respected tooth end. After local anesthesia administration, rubber dam placed, access cavity preparation will be done with sterilization protocol, irrigation with the irrigation material for the choice was 1.25% of sodium hypochlorite with saline after proper irrigation no filing will be done at this point of time after this calcium hydroxide will be placed in the dry canal after 3 months follow, intraoral periapical radiograph shows less radiolucent area as compare to baseline radiograph and no visible inflammatory sign seen in the surrounding tissue then filing will be done in the canal to induce bleeding after visible bleeding visible in the canal after canal dry MTA will be placed. During the following period the patient as asymptomatic and after a 1-year x-ray the lesion was subsided and followed by root canal treatment completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodentin is a bioactive cement with dentin-like mechanical properties, which can be used as a dentine substitute for both crown and root. It also helps in the remineralization of dentine along with maintenance of pulp vitality. This advocated to be used in various clinical applications, such as root perforations, apexification, resorptions, retrograde fillings, pulp capping procedures, and dentine replacement. Indirect laboratory-processed composite systems present an esthetic alternative for intracoronal posterior restorations and provide esthetic results that may also reinforce tooth structure. Additional clinical benefits include exact marginal integrity, wear resistance similar to enamel, wear compatibility with opposing natural dentition, optimal esthetics, ideal proximal contacts, and excellent anatomic morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an established fact that dental plaque as a biofilm is responsible for various types of gingival and periodontal diseases. It is a multifactorial disease in which one of the important components is the host defense mechanism. Through many years of research, it has now been established that the bacteria alone are not sufficient to cause the disease, it's only when they evade the host defense, and in the course of protecting the host, its immune system acts against the tissues resulting in native periodontal tissue damage. This review tries to gain insight into the complex immune mechanisms which take place during the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite resin restoration on posterior teeth through the incremental technique is, generally, a time-consuming procedure with the risk of contamination between the layers. Therefore, there is a need to facilitate the work of dental professionals and achieve aesthetic and functional results such as the occlusal stamp technique. "Stamp technique" is a technique used for restoring class I and class II restorations with accurate occlusal topography. It was introduced mainly to restore Class I cavities and erosively damaged teeth. A stamping technique is an easy-to-follow procedure to recreate accurate occlusal topography for a direct composite resin restoration effectively and efficiently with less time needed for finishing and polishing of the restoration. This technique consists of fabricating an occlusal matrix that mimics the natural occlusal anatomy of posterior teeth, before cavity preparation takes place. This matrix is then pressed against the final composite increment before curing takes place and is suitable in cases where caries is evident during the clinical examination or radiographically within tact marginal ridges and ideal occlusal anatomy. For overcoming the main disadvantage of polymerization shrinkage seen in composite restorations, it has [to be done using incremental layer technique. Stamp is used in the final layer to replicate the natural anatomy of the occlusal surface. A precise tooth-like restoration having an accurate functional occlusion is obtained when the stamp technique is performed. This technique also can be utilized for class II cavity restorations where the marginal ridge is intact. This case report describes simple class I composite restoration using stamp technique. The main objective is to replicate occlusal anatomy by making a copy of the original unprepared tooth structure to get a perfect anatomy in a few minutes. This review walks through many techniques utilized for simulating posterior occlusal anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic gingival overgrowth is an unusual condition that leads to a gigantic overgrowth of the gums without any specific etiology. The enlargement leads to multiple issues and makes chewing difficult for the patient along with the unsightly appearance. Here we present a case of idiopathic gingival enlargement without any syndromic association in a 45- year old female patient. It was managed by surgical treatment including gingivectomy followed by gingivoplasty and was monitored regularly due to its high rate of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma cell gingivitis is a rareform of atypical gingival inflammation which is characterized by erythematous marginal gingival hypertrophy which may involve the adjacent attached gingiva. Plasma cell gingivitis (PCG) is an atypical form of gingivitis and is characterized by massive infiltration of plasma cells into the subepithelial connective tissue. It is a rare condition; the cause of which is still not fully understood. It is often attributed to an allergic reaction to the components of chewing gums, dentifrices or various diet components. A case of PCG is presented here in a 52 -year old male who switched to an anti-tartar toothpaste on the advice of a dentist which manifested in a generalized form. This report is the first, as far as we know, that relates PCG to the use of Glister toothpaste manufactured by Amway. The histological examination revealed the infiltration of polyclonal plasma cells. The PCG disappeared within two weeks of stopping the use of the dentifrice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorosis staining is commonly considered an esthetic problem because of the psychological impact of unesthetic maxillary anterior teeth. Numerous treatment approaches have been proposed, ranging from bleaching to enamel reduction to restorative techniques. The aim of this study was to report the clinical case of a female patient of 18 years with moderate fluorosis with midline diastema, whose smile was reestablished by the application of 5% sodium hypochlorite bleaching agent after cleaning and enamel etching with 37% phosphoric acid followed by direct composite veneering. This technique showed excellent results and the patient was satisfied. This technique is simple, low cost, painless, fast and easy to perform, in addition to preserving the dental structure. Treatment showed immediate and permanent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]