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Studies have shown that cognitive styles do not remain static, but they change over a period of time. Both boys and girls become more field independent with increase in their age. The present study examines the development of field dependent-field independent cognitive style and related cognitive functioning of school children. A sample of 220 school children (111 boys and 109 girls) of 7-12 years was selected randomly from four schools of Varanasi city and divided into three groups, i e., 7-8 (group-1), 9-10 (group-2), and 11-12 (group-3) years. Each child was given Story-Pictorial Embedded Figures Test (SPEFT), Figure Identification Task and Face Identification Task. Results revealed that the elder children were more Field Independent than younger children. More specifically, children of the second age group (9-10 years) scored significantly higher on SPEFT than the first age group (7-8 years). Similarly children of the third age group (11-12 years) scored higher on SPEFT than the first and second groups. However, the difference was significant only between the first and the third groups. Similar developmental trend has also been observed with regard to children's performance on Figure Identification and Face Identification tasks. Further, FI children scored higher on both Face and Figure Identification tasks as compared to their FD counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this rare case report of giant unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SOVA), a 17-year-old male presented with sudden onset syncope due to complete heart block (CHB). An emergency evaluation was done with the help of transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization with support of temporary pacemaker. The obvious distorting effects of a giant SOVA dissecting into interventricular septum were CHB, significant regurgitation of tricuspid and mitral valve, mild regurgitation aortic valve and biventricular dysfunction. The case was treated by repair of SOVA and posterior mitral ring annuloplasty. CHB improved to sinus rhythm on 11th day after surgery. On follow-up, tricuspid valve regurgitation improved to mild regurgitation and he continued to have mild aortic regurgitation. < Learning objective: Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SOVA) may present with cardiac emergency without rupture. A giant unruptured SOVA competes for space with neighboring intra cardiac structures. The distorting effects are erosion into interventricular septum, complete heart block (CHB), valvular and ventricular dysfunction. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography provide enough information for emergency surgery. Sometimes, evaluation may need cardiac catheterization and computed tomography. Immediate surgery saves life. CHB may improve on follow-up.>.