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1. Using in-situ strain measurements to evaluate the accuracy of stress estimation procedures from fracture injection/shut-in tests

Author

Guglielmi, Yves, McClure, Mark, Burghardt, Jeffrey, Morris, Joseph P, Doe, Thomas, Fu, Pengcheng, Knox, Hunter, Vermeul, Vince, Kneafsey, Tim, Team, The EGS Collab, Ajo-Franklin, J, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Blankenship, D, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, S, Burghardt, JA, Chai, C, Chakravarty, A, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Chi, B, Condon, K, Cook, PJ, Crandall, D, Dobson, PF, Doe, T, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Feng, Z, Foris, A, Frash, LP, Frone, Z, Fu, P, Gao, K, Ghassemi, A, Guglielmi, Y, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Hopp, C, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Huang, L, Im, KJ, Ingraham, M, Jafarov, E, Jayne, RS, Johnson, TC, Johnson, SE, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Kneafsey, T, Knox, H, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, D, Li, J, Li, K, Li, Z, Maceira, M, Mackey, P, Makedonska, N, Marone, CJ, Mattson, E, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Medler, C, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Moore, J, Morency, CE, Morris, JP, Myers, T, Nakagawa, S, Neupane, G, Newman, G, Nieto, A, Paronish, T, Pawar, R, Petrov, P, Pietzyk, B, Podgorney, R, Polsky, Y, Pope, J, Porse, S, Primo, JC, Pyatina, T, and Reimers, C

Subjects
Engineering, Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy, Bioengineering, DFIT, Minifrac, SIMFIP, Collab, Civil Engineering, Mining & Metallurgy, Civil engineering, Resources engineering and extractive metallurgy
Abstract

Fracture injection/shut-in tests are commonly used to measure the state of stress in the subsurface. Injection creates a hydraulic fracture (or in some cases, opens a preexisting fracture), and then the pressure after shut-in is monitored to identify fracture closure. Different interpretation procedures have been proposed for estimating closure, and the procedures sometimes yield significantly different results. In this study, direct, in-situ strain measurements are used to observe fracture reopening and closure. The tests were performed as part of the EGS Collab project, a mesoscale project performed at 1.25 and 1.5 km depth at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. The tests were instrumented with the SIMFIP tool, a double-packer probe with a high-resolution three-dimensional borehole displacement sensor. The measurements provide a direct observation of the fracture closure signature, enabling a high-fidelity estimate of the fracture closure stress (ie, the normal stress on the fracture). In two of the four tests, injection created an opening mode fracture, and so the closure stress can be interpreted as the minimum principal stress. In the other two tests, injection probably opened preexisting natural fractures, and so the closure stress can be interpreted as the normal stress on the fractures. The strain measurements are compared against different proposed methods for estimating closure stress from pressure transients. The shut-in transients are analyzed with two techniques that are widely used in the field of petroleum engineering – the ‘tangent’ method and the ‘compliance’ method. In three of the four tests, the tangent method significantly underestimates the closure stress. The compliance method is reasonably accurate in all four tests. Closure stress is also interpreted using two other commonly-used methods – ‘first deviation from linearity’ and the method of (Hayashi and Haimson, 1991). In comparison with the SIMFIP data, these methods tend to overestimate the closure stress, evidently because they identify closure from early-time transient effects, such as near-wellbore tortuosity. In two of the tests, microseismic imaging provides an independent estimate of the size of the fracture created by injection. When combined with a simple mass balance calculation, the SIMFIP stress measurements yield predictions of fracture size that are reasonably consistent with the estimates from microseismic. The calculations imply an apparent fracture toughness 2-3x higher than typical laboratory-derived values.

Published
2023

2. The EGS Collab Project-Stimulations at Two Depths

Author

Kneafsey, TJ, Dobson, PF, Ulrich, C, Hopp, C, Rodríguez-Tribaldos, V, Guglielmi, Y, Blankenship, D, Schwering, PC, Ingraham, M, Burghardt, JA, White, MD, Johnson, TC, Strickland, C, Vermuel, V, Knox, HA, Morris, JP, Fu, P, Smith, M, Wu, H, Ajo-Franklin, JB, Huang, L, Neupane, G, Horne, R, Roggenthen, W, Weers, J, Doe, TW, Pyatina, T, Ajo-Franklin, J, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, S, Chai, C, Chakravarty, A, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Chi, B, Condon, K, Cook, PJ, Crandall, D, Doe, T, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Feng, Z, Foris, A, Frash, LP, Frone, Z, Gao, K, Ghassemi, A, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Im, KJ, Jafarov, E, Jayne, RS, Johnson, SE, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Kneafsey, T, Knox, H, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, D, Li, J, Li, K, Li, Z, Maceira, M, Mackey, P, Makedonska, N, Marone, CJ, Mattson, E, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Medler, C, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Moore, J, and Morency, CE

Abstract

The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is performing intensively monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory to address challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Data and observations from the field tests are compared to simulations to understand processes and build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. We have completed Experiment 1 (of 3), which examined hydraulic fracturing in a well-characterized underground fractured phyllite test bed at a depth of approximately 1.5 km at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota. Testbed characterization included fracture mapping, borehole acoustic and optical televiewers, full waveform sonic, conductivity, resistivity, temperature, campaign p- and s-wave investigations and electrical resistance tomography. Borehole geophysical techniques including passive seismic, continuous active source seismic monitoring, electrical resistance tomography, fiber-based distributed strain, distributed temperature, and distributed acoustic monitoring, were used to carefully monitor stimulation events and flow tests. More than a dozen stimulations and nearly one year of flow tests were performed. Quality data and detailed observations were collected and analyzed during stimulation and water flow tests using ambient temperature and chilled water. We achieved adaptive control of the tests using real-time monitoring and rapid dissemination of data and near-real-time simulation. More detailed numerical simulation was performed to answer key experimental design questions, forecast fracture propagation trajectories and extents, and analyze and evaluate results. Data are freely available from the Geothermal Data Repository. Experiment 2 examines the potential for hydraulic shearing in amphibolite at a depth of about 1.25 km at SURF. This site has a different set of stress and fracture conditions than Experiment 1. The Experiment 2 testbed consists of nine subhorizontal boreholes configured in two fans of two boreholes which surround the testbed and contain grouted-in electrical resistance tomography, seismic sensors, active seismic sources and distributed fiber sensors. A “five-spot” set of test wells that extends from a custom mined alcove includes an injection well and four production/monitoring wells. The testbed was characterized geophysically and hydrologically, and three stimulations have been performed using the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties (SIMFIP) tool to measure strains, and a new strain quantifying tool (downhole robotic strain analysis tool -DORSA) was deployed in a monitoring hole during stimulation. Real-time data were broadcast during stimulations to allow real-time response to arising issues.

Published
2022

3. The EGS Collab -Experiment 2 Stimulations at 1.25 km Depth

Author

Kneafsey, T, Blankenship, D, Burghardt, J, Johnson, T, Dobson, P, Schwering, PC, Strickland, C, Vermuel, V, White, M, Morris, JP, Fu, P, Ingraham, M, Roggenthen, W, Hopp, C, Tribaldos, VR, Guglielmi, Y, Knox, H, Cook, P, Soom, F, Doe, T, Ulrich, C, Ajo-Franklin, JB, Huang, L, Neupane, G, Pyatina, T, Weers, J, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, S, Chai, C, Chakravarty, A, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Chi, B, Condon, K, Crandall, D, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Feng, Z, Foris, A, Frash, LP, Frone, Z, Gao, K, Ghassemi, A, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Im, KJ, Jafarov, E, Jayne, RS, Johnson, SE, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, D, Li, J, Li, K, Li, Z, Maceira, M, Mackey, P, Makedonska, N, Marone, CJ, Mattson, E, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Medler, C, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Moore, J, Morency, CE, Myers, T, Nakagawa, S, Newman, G, Nieto, A, Paronish, T, Pawar, R, Petrov, P, Pietzyk, B, Podgorney, R, Polsky, Y, Pope, J, Porse, S, Primo, JC, Reimers, C, and Roberts, BQ

Subjects
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Abstract

The EGS Collab project is performing well-monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory to inform challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). This project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is gathering data and observations from the field tests and comparing these to simulation results to understand processes and to build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. Experiment 1 (now complete) examined hydraulic fracturing in an underground test bed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, at a depth of approximately 1.5 km in a well-characterized phyllite. Geophysical monitoring instrumentation in six of eight sub-horizontal boreholes monitored stimulation events and flow tests. The other two boreholes were used to perform and carefully measure water injection and production. More than a dozen stimulations and nearly one year of flow tests in the testbed were performed. Detailed observations of processes occurring during stimulation and dynamic flow tests were collected and analyzed. Flow tests using ambient-temperature and chilled water were performed with intermittent tracer tests to examine system behavior. We achieved adaptive control of the tests using close monitoring of rapidly disseminated data and near-real-time simulation. Numerical simulation was critical in answering key experimental design questions, forecasting fracture behavior, and analyzing results. We were successful in performing many simulations in near-real-time in conjunction with the field experiments, with more detailed simulations performed later. The primary objective of Experiment 2 is to examine hydraulic shearing of natural fractures at a depth of 1.25 km in amphibolite at SURF. The stresses, rock type, and fracture conditions are different than in Experiment 1. The testbed consists of 9 boreholes, in addition to two earlier-drilled characterization boreholes. One borehole is used for injection, two fans of 2 monitoring wells have several geophysical measurement tools grouted in, and four open boreholes surrounding the injection hole are adaptively used for production and monitoring. We have encountered approximately five fracture set orientations in the testbed, and designed our testbed accordingly to maximize the potential for shear stimulation. Three stimulations have been performed to date from the injection borehole, each intersecting at least one production borehole. Different methods have been used for each stimulation, including a ramped flow, a high flow rate, and oscillating pressure.

Published
2022

4. Using in-situ strain measurements to evaluate the accuracy of stress estimation procedures from fracture injection/shut-in tests

Author

Ajo-Franklin, J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S., Burghardt, J.A., Chai, C., Chakravarty, A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Chi, B., Condon, K., Cook, P.J., Crandall, D., Dobson, P.F., Doe, T., Doughty, C.A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Feng, Z., Foris, A., Frash, L.P., Frone, Z., Fu, P., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Guglielmi, Y., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Hopp, C., Horn, M., Horne, R.N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K.J., Ingraham, M., Jafarov, E., Jayne, R.S., Johnson, T.C., Johnson, S.E., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D.K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, D., Li, J., Li, K., Li, Z., Maceira, M., Mackey, P., Makedonska, N., Marone, C.J., Mattson, E., McClure, M.W., McLennan, J., McLing, T., Medler, C., Mellors, R.J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Moore, J., Morency, C.E., Morris, J.P., Myers, T., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Paronish, T., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Pope, J., Porse, S., Primo, J.C., Pyatina, T., Reimers, C., Roberts, B.Q., Robertson, M., Rodríguez-Tribaldos, V., Roggenthen, W., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Schoenball, M., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Sherman, C.S., Singh, A., Smith, M.M., Sone, H., Sonnenthal, E.L., Soom, F.A., Sprinkle, D.P., Sprinkle, S., Strickland, C.E., Su, J., Templeton, D., Thomle, J.N., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C.A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V.R., Wagoner, J.L., Wang, H.F., Weers, J., Welch, N., White, J., White, M.D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Workman, S., Wu, H., Wu, Y.S., Yildirim, E.C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y.Q., Zhou, Q., Zoback, M.D., Guglielmi, Yves, McClure, Mark, Burghardt, Jeffrey, Morris, Joseph P., Doe, Thomas, Fu, Pengcheng, Knox, Hunter, Vermeul, Vince, and Kneafsey, Tim

Published
2023
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5. The EGS Collab project: Status and Accomplishments

Author

Kneafsey, T, Blankenship, D, Dobson, P, White, M, Morris, JP, Fu, P, Schwering, PC, Ajo-Franklin, JB, Huang, L, Knox, HA, Strickland, C, Burghardt, J, Johnson, T, Neupane, G, Weers, J, Horne, R, Roggenthen, W, Doe, T, Mattson, E, Ajo-Franklin, J, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, S, Burghardt, JA, Chai, C, Chakravarty, A, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Chi, B, Condon, K, Cook, PJ, Crandall, D, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Feng, Z, Foris, A, Frash, LP, Frone, Z, Gao, K, Ghassemi, A, Guglielmi, Y, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Hopp, C, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Im, KJ, Ingraham, M, Jafarov, E, Jayne, RS, Johnson, TC, Johnson, SE, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Knox, H, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, D, Li, J, Li, K, Li, Z, MacEira, M, MacKey, P, Makedonska, N, Marone, CJ, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Medler, C, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Moore, J, Morency, CE, Myers, T, Nakagawa, S, Newman, G, Nieto, A, Paronish, T, and Pawar, R

Subjects
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Abstract

The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is addressing challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). This includes improving understanding of the stimulation of crystalline rock to create appropriate flow pathways, and the ability to effectively simulate both the stimulation and the flow and transport processes in the resulting fracture network. The project is performing intensively monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory. Data and observations from the field test are compared to simulations to understand processes and to build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. In Experiment 1, we examined hydraulic fracturing an underground test bed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, at a depth of approximately 1.5 km. We drilled eight sub-horizontal boreholes in a well-characterized phyllite. Six of the boreholes were instrumented with many sensor types to allow careful monitoring of stimulation events and flow tests, and the other two boreholes were used for water injection and production. We performed a number of stimulations and flow tests in the testbed. Our monitoring systems allowed detailed observations and collection of numerous data sets of processes occurring during stimulation and during dynamic flow tests. Long-term ambient temperature and chilled water flow tests were performed in addition to many tracer tests to examine system behavior. Data were rapidly analyzed, allowing adaptive control of the tests. Numerical simulation was used to answer key experimental design questions, to forecast fracture propagation trajectories and extents, and to analyze and evaluate results. Many simulations were performed in near-real-time in conjunction with the field experiments, with more detailed process study simulations performed on a longer timeframe. Experiment 2 will examine hydraulic shearing in a test bed being built at the SURF at a depth of about 1.25 km in amphibolite under a different set of stress and fracture conditions than Experiment 1. Five sets of fracture orientations were considered in design, and three orientations seem to be consistently observed.

Published
2021

6. Creation of a Mixed-Mode Fracture Network at Mesoscale Through Hydraulic Fracturing and Shear Stimulation

Author

Schoenball, M, Ajo-Franklin, JB, Blankenship, D, Chai, C, Chakravarty, A, Dobson, P, Hopp, C, Kneafsey, T, Knox, HA, Maceira, M, Robertson, MC, Sprinkle, P, Strickland, C, Templeton, D, Schwering, PC, Ulrich, C, Wood, T, Ajo-Franklin, J, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, S, Burghardt, JA, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Chi, B, Condon, K, Cook, PJ, Crandall, D, Dobson, PF, Doe, T, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Feng, Z, Foris, A, Frash, LP, Frone, Z, Fu, P, Gao, K, Ghassemi, A, Guglielmi, Y, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Huang, L, Im, KJ, Ingraham, M, Jafarov, E, Jayne, RS, Johnson, TC, Johnson, SE, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Knox, H, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, K, Li, Z, Mackey, P, Makedonska, N, Marone, CJ, Mattson, E, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Medler, C, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Moore, J, Morency, CE, Morris, JP, Myers, T, Nakagawa, S, Neupane, G, Newman, G, Nieto, A, Paronish, T, Pawar, R, Petrov, P, Pietzyk, B, Podgorney, R, and Polsky, Y

Subjects
induced seismicity, enhanced geothermal systems, mesoscale, Geochemistry, Geology, Geophysics
Abstract

Enhanced Geothermal Systems could provide a substantial contribution to the global energy demand if their implementation could overcome inherent challenges. Examples are insufficient created permeability, early thermal breakthrough, and unacceptable induced seismicity. Here we report on the seismic response of a mesoscale hydraulic fracturing experiment performed at 1.5-km depth at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. We have measured the seismic activity by utilizing a 100-kHz, continuous seismic monitoring system deployed in six 60-m length monitoring boreholes surrounding the experimental domain in 3-D. The achieved location uncertainty was on the order of 1 m and limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of detected events. These uncertainties were corroborated by detections of fracture intersections at the monitoring boreholes. Three intervals of the dedicated injection borehole were hydraulically stimulated by water injection at pressures up to 33 MPa and flow rates up to 5 L/min. We located 1,933 seismic events during several injection periods. The recorded seismicity delineates a complex fracture network comprised of multistrand hydraulic fractures and shear-reactivated, preexisting planes of weakness that grew unilaterally from the point of initiation. We find that heterogeneity of stress dictates the seismic outcome of hydraulic stimulations, even when relying on theoretically well-behaved hydraulic fractures. Once hydraulic fractures intersected boreholes, the boreholes acted as a pressure relief and fracture propagation ceased. In order to create an efficient subsurface heat exchanger, production boreholes should not be drilled before the end of hydraulic stimulations.

Published
2020

7. Optimal design of 3D borehole seismic arrays for microearthquake monitoring in anisotropic media during stimulations in the EGS collab project

Author

Chen, Yu, Huang, Lianjie, Ajo-Franklin, J, Bauer, SJ, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Blankenship, D, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, ST, Burghardt, JA, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Condon, K, Cook, PJ, Dobson, PF, Doe, T, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Foris, A, Frash, LP, Frone, Z, Fu, P, Gao, K, Ghassemi, A, Gudmundsdottir, H, Guglielmi, Y, Guthrie, G, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Herrick, CG, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Huang, L, Im, K, Ingraham, M, Johnson, TC, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Kneafsey, T, Knox, H, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, K, Lopez, R, Maceira, M, Makedonska, N, Marone, C, Mattson, E, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Morris, JP, Nakagawa, S, Neupane, G, Newman, G, Nieto, A, Oldenburg, CM, Pan, W, Pawar, R, Petrov, P, Pietzyk, B, Podgorney, R, Polsky, Y, Porse, S, Richard, S, Roberts, BQ, Robertson, M, Roggenthen, W, Rutqvist, J, Rynders, D, Santos-Villalobos, H, Schoenball, M, Schwering, P, Sesetty, V, Singh, A, Smith, MM, Sone, H, Strickland, CE, Su, J, Ulrich, C, Uzunlar, N, Vachaparampil, A, Valladao, CA, Vandermeer, W, Vandine, G, Vardiman, D, and Vermeul, VR

Subjects
Anisotropic media, Borehole monitoring, Enhanced geothermal systems, Focal mechanism, Hypocenter location, Microearthquake, Optimal design, Geochemistry & Geophysics, Geology, Geophysics, Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy
Published
2019

8. EGS Collab project: Status, tests, and data

Author

Kneafsey, TJ, Dobson, PF, Ajo-Franklin, JB, Guglielmi, Y, Valladao, CA, Blankenship, DA, Schwering, PC, Knox, HA, White, MD, Johnson, TC, Strickland, CE, Vermuel, VR, Morris, JP, Fu, P, Mattson, E, Neupane, GH, Podgorney, RK, Doe, TW, Huang, L, Frash, LP, Ghassemi, A, Roggenthen, W, Bauer, SJ, Baumgartner, T, Beckers, K, Blankenship, D, Bonneville, A, Boyd, L, Brown, S, Brown, ST, Burghardt, JA, Chen, T, Chen, Y, Condon, K, Cook, PJ, Crandall, D, Doe, T, Doughty, CA, Elsworth, D, Feldman, J, Foris, A, Frone, Z, Gao, K, Gudmundsdottir, H, Guthrie, G, Haimson, B, Hawkins, A, Heise, J, Horn, M, Horne, RN, Horner, J, Hu, M, Huang, H, Im, KJ, Ingraham, M, Jayne, RS, Johnston, B, Karra, S, Kim, K, King, DK, Knox, H, Knox, J, Kumar, D, Kutun, K, Lee, M, Li, K, Lopez, R, Maceira, M, Mackey, P, Makedonska, N, Marone, CJ, McClure, MW, McLennan, J, McLing, T, Medler, C, Mellors, RJ, Metcalfe, E, Miskimins, J, Moore, J, Nakagawa, S, Neupane, G, Newman, G, Nieto, A, Oldenburg, CM, Pan, W, Paronish, T, Pawar, R, Petrov, P, and Pietzyk, B

Abstract

Copyright 2019 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association. The EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems) Collab project is performing stimulation and flow experiments in highly-monitored and well-characterized intermediate-scale (approximately10 to 20 meter) field test beds at a depth of approximately 1,500 meters in the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Our fracture stimulation and interwell flow tests are performed to better understand processes that control formation of effective subsurface heat exchangers that are critical to the development and success of EGS. Different EGS Collab stimulations will be performed under dissimilar stress conditions to produce data for model comparisons that better differentiate stimulation mechanisms and the evolution of permeability enhancement in crystalline rock. EGS Collab experiments provide a means of testing tools, concepts, and strategies that could later be employed under geothermal reservoir conditions at DOE’s Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) and other enhanced geothermal systems. Key to the project is using numerical simulations in the experiment design and interpretation of

Published
2019

9. Development of Multi-Stage Fracturing System and Wellbore Tractor to Enable Zonal Isolation During Stimulation and Enhanced Geothermal System Operations in Horizontal Wellbores - First Year Progress

Author

Fleckenstein, W. W., additional, Kazemi, H., additional, Miskimins, J. L., additional, Eustes, A. W., additional, Abdimaulen, D., additional, Mindygaliyeva, B., additional, Uzun, O., additional, Amini, K., additional, Hill, T., additional, Mailand, J., additional, Henschel, R., additional, King, G., additional, Ortiz, S., additional, and Keyes, C., additional

Published
2023
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10. Using in-situ strain measurements to evaluate the accuracy of stress estimation procedures from fracture injection/shut-in tests

Author

Guglielmi, Yves, primary, McClure, Mark, additional, Burghardt, Jeffrey, additional, Morris, Joseph P., additional, Doe, Thomas, additional, Fu, Pengcheng, additional, Knox, Hunter, additional, Vermeul, Vince, additional, Kneafsey, Tim, additional, Ajo-Franklin, J., additional, Baumgartner, T., additional, Beckers, K., additional, Blankenship, D., additional, Bonneville, A., additional, Boyd, L., additional, Brown, S., additional, Burghardt, J.A., additional, Chai, C., additional, Chakravarty, A., additional, Chen, T., additional, Chen, Y., additional, Chi, B., additional, Condon, K., additional, Cook, P.J., additional, Crandall, D., additional, Dobson, P.F., additional, Doe, T., additional, Doughty, C.A., additional, Elsworth, D., additional, Feldman, J., additional, Feng, Z., additional, Foris, A., additional, Frash, L.P., additional, Frone, Z., additional, Fu, P., additional, Gao, K., additional, Ghassemi, A., additional, Guglielmi, Y., additional, Haimson, B., additional, Hawkins, A., additional, Heise, J., additional, Hopp, C., additional, Horn, M., additional, Horne, R.N., additional, Horner, J., additional, Hu, M., additional, Huang, H., additional, Huang, L., additional, Im, K.J., additional, Ingraham, M., additional, Jafarov, E., additional, Jayne, R.S., additional, Johnson, T.C., additional, Johnson, S.E., additional, Johnston, B., additional, Karra, S., additional, Kim, K., additional, King, D.K., additional, Kneafsey, T., additional, Knox, H., additional, Knox, J., additional, Kumar, D., additional, Kutun, K., additional, Lee, M., additional, Li, D., additional, Li, J., additional, Li, K., additional, Li, Z., additional, Maceira, M., additional, Mackey, P., additional, Makedonska, N., additional, Marone, C.J., additional, Mattson, E., additional, McClure, M.W., additional, McLennan, J., additional, McLing, T., additional, Medler, C., additional, Mellors, R.J., additional, Metcalfe, E., additional, Miskimins, J., additional, Moore, J., additional, Morency, C.E., additional, Morris, J.P., additional, Myers, T., additional, Nakagawa, S., additional, Neupane, G., additional, Newman, G., additional, Nieto, A., additional, Paronish, T., additional, Pawar, R., additional, Petrov, P., additional, Pietzyk, B., additional, Podgorney, R., additional, Polsky, Y., additional, Pope, J., additional, Porse, S., additional, Primo, J.C., additional, Pyatina, T., additional, Reimers, C., additional, Roberts, B.Q., additional, Robertson, M., additional, Rodríguez-Tribaldos, V., additional, Roggenthen, W., additional, Rutqvist, J., additional, Rynders, D., additional, Schoenball, M., additional, Schwering, P., additional, Sesetty, V., additional, Sherman, C.S., additional, Singh, A., additional, Smith, M.M., additional, Sone, H., additional, Sonnenthal, E.L., additional, Soom, F.A., additional, Sprinkle, D.P., additional, Sprinkle, S., additional, Strickland, C.E., additional, Su, J., additional, Templeton, D., additional, Thomle, J.N., additional, Ulrich, C., additional, Uzunlar, N., additional, Vachaparampil, A., additional, Valladao, C.A., additional, Vandermeer, W., additional, Vandine, G., additional, Vardiman, D., additional, Vermeul, V.R., additional, Wagoner, J.L., additional, Wang, H.F., additional, Weers, J., additional, Welch, N., additional, White, J., additional, White, M.D., additional, Winterfeld, P., additional, Wood, T., additional, Workman, S., additional, Wu, H., additional, Wu, Y.S., additional, Yildirim, E.C., additional, Zhang, Y., additional, Zhang, Y.Q., additional, Zhou, Q., additional, and Zoback, M.D., additional

Published
2023
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34. Economic Optimization of Horizontal-Well Completions in Unconventional Reservoirs.

Author

Barree, R. D., Cox, S. A., Miskimins, J. L., Gilbert, J. V., and Conway, M. W.

Subjects
HORIZONTAL wells, HYDRAULIC fracturing, OIL wells, PETROLEUM reservoirs, ENHANCED oil recovery
Abstract

Extrapolation of conventional paradigms to unconventional reservoirs can lead to disappointment and poor performance. Careful analysis of the reservoir and application of the correct stimulation design are critical when dealing with marginally economic developments. This approach includes adequate characterization of the reservoir and an understanding of the factors that control flow capacity and deliverability. One of the biggest practical problems with unconventional-stimulation-design optimization is estimating post-fracture rate, production decline, and ultimate recovery. Without a realistic prediction of the decline resulting from a given completion, it is impossible to assign value to one design over another and equally impossible to optimize the treatment for whichever goal is sought, either acceleration of recovery or increase in reserves. It is often the first--inadequate reservoir characterization--that leads to the second--unrealistic post-treatment predictions. For instance, assuming that core-derived permeability fully represents the reservoir's total flow capacity or that stimulated reservoir volumes represent the effective producing volumes can lead to incorrect diagnosis of the reservoir capability and, consequently, can lead to an inefficient treatment design. This paper presents methods for production forecasting that give reasonable post-treatment predictions that have been found useful for economic planning. The proposed methodology, backed by field observations and laboratory work, provides an economically viable plan for optimizing lateral length, fracture spacing, and treatment design. The methodology focuses on the post-stimulation effective reservoir volume. Results show that increasing apparent fracture length rarely impacts long-term recovery. Likewise, adding more fractures within the same reservoir volume may increase early-time production rate (initial production) and decline rate, without contacting more reservoir volume or adding to long-term recovery. Such practices lead to acceleration of reserves recovery, which has economic value and should be considered in the design process, but does not increase the ultimate recovery of the well once a sufficient number of contributing fractures are in place. The economically preferred completion designs may be more driven by the net present value derived in the first 5 years of production rather than the ultimate recovery of the well. This early 5-year period represents most of the useful economic life of the well, can be estimated more accurately from early performance, and is a good benchmark for completion optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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35. Diagnostic Fracture Injection Tests: Common Mistakes, Misfires, and Misdiagnoses.

Author

Barree, R. D., Miskimins, J. L., and Gilbert, J. V.

Subjects
HYDRAULIC fracturing, HYDRAULIC engineering, PETROLEUM reservoirs, PETROLEUM geology, GAS reservoirs
Abstract

Over the last 20 years, diagnostic fracture injection tests (DFITs) have evolved into commonly used techniques that can provide valuable information about the reservoir, as well as hydraulic-fracture-treatment parameters. Thousands of tests are pumped every year in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Unfortunately, many tests that are pumped provide poor or no results because of either problematic data acquisition or incorrect analysis of the acquired data. This paper discusses common issues and mistakes made while acquiring DFIT data. Guidelines on how to avoid these errors and secure the best possible data are provided, including data resolution, pump rates, test duration, and fluid selection. Strategies are provided to estimate the time required to reach fracture closure and establish stable reservoir transients for analysis. The last part of the paper addresses potential (and commonly observed) problems in the analysis of the DFIT. These issues can be magnified in tight-gas and shale reservoirs because of the long data-acquisition times and the subtle pressure transients that can occur. Specific issues that are discussed include poor instantaneous- shut-in-pressure data from perforation restriction, loss of hydrostatic head, gas entry and the resulting phase segregation, the use of gelled fluids, and errors in after-closure analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
Full Text
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39. Economic Optimization of Horizontal-Well Completions in Unconventional Reservoirs.

Author

Barree, R. D., Cox, S. A., Miskimins, J. L., Gilbert, J. V., and Conway, M. W.

Subjects
HORIZONTAL oil well drilling, OIL well drilling, HORIZONTAL wells, PETROLEUM reservoirs, PETROLEUM production, ECONOMICS
Abstract

This paper presents methods for production forecasting that give reasonable post-treatment predictions that have been found to be useful for economic planning. The proposed methodology provides an economically viable plan for optimizing lateral length, fracture spacing, and treatment design. The methodology focuses on the post-simulation effective reservoir volume. Results show that increasing apparent fracture length rarely affects long-term recovery. Likewise, adding more fractures within the same reservoir volume may increase early-time production rate and decline rate without contacting more reservoir volume or adding to longterm recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

40. Design of a long term hydraulic fracture and flow system

Author

Ingraham, M. D., King, D. K., Knox, H. A., Strickland, C. E., Vermeul, V. R., Guglielmi, Y., Cook, P., Doe, T., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Dobson, P. F., Doughty, C. A., Derek Elsworth, Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Fu, P., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Morris, J. P., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Roggenthen, W., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Su, J., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

41. Geomechanical evaluation of natural shear fractures in the EGS Collab experiment 1 test bed

Author

Frash, L. P., Welch, N. J., Carey, J. W., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frone, Z., Fu, P., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K., Ingraham, M., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Satish Karra, Kim, K., King, D. K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Morris, J. P., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Roggenthen, W., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

42. Numerical modeling of seismic and displacement-based monitoring for the EGS Collab project

Author

Huang, L., Chen, Y., Gao, K., Fu, P., Morris, J., Ajo-Franklin, J., Nakagawa, S., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Carroll, S. A., Chen, T., Condon, C., Cook, P. J., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Hu, M., Huang, H., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Satish Karra, Kim, K., King, D. K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H., Kumar, D., Lee, M., Li, K., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Morris, J. P., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Roggenthen, B., Rutqvist, J., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Snyder, N., Sone, H., Sonnenthal, E. L., Spycher, N., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Suzuki, A., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

43. Efforts and innovations to promote data sharing and data accessibility in the EGS collab experiments

Author

Fu, P., Weers, J., White, M., Knox, H., Schwering, P., Morris, J., Blankenship, D., Kneafsey, T., Egs Collab Teama, Ajo-Franklin, J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S., Burghardt, J. A., Chai, C., Chakravarty, A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Chi, B., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Crandall, D., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Feng, Z., Foris, A., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Guglielmi, Y., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Hopp, C., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K. J., Ingraham, M., Jafarov, E., Jayne, R. S., Johnson, T. C., Johnson, S. E., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, D., Li, J., Li, K., Li, Z., Maceira, M., Mackey, P., Makedonska, N., Marone, C. J., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., John McLennan, Mcling, T., Medler, C., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Moore, J., Morency, C. E., Morris, J. P., Myers, T., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Paronish, T., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Pope, J., Porse, S., Primo, J. C., Reimers, C., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Rodriguez-Tribaldos, V., Roggenthen, W., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Schoenball, M., Sesetty, V., Sherman, C. S., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Sonnenthal, E. L., Soom, F. A., Sprinkle, D. P., Sprinkle, S., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Templeton, D., Thomle, J. N., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Welch, N., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Workman, S., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Yildirim, E. C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

44. The distribution, orientation, and characteristics of natural fractures for experiment 1 of the EGS collab project, Sanford underground research facility

Author

Ulrich, C., Dobson, P. F., Kneafsey, T. J., Roggenthen, W. M., Uzunlar, N., Doe, T. W., Neupane, G., Podgorney, R., Schwering, P., Frash, L., Singh, A., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frone, Z., Fu, P., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K., Ingraham, M., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Knox, H., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Joseph Morris, Nakagawa, S., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Sesetty, V., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

45. Co-evolution of fracture permeability and friction in rocks from the egs collab experiment 1 site

Author

Yildirim, E. C., Im, K., Derek Elsworth, Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Fu, P., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Ingraham, M., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Morris, J. P., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Roggenthen, W., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

46. EGS Collab project: Status, tests, and data

Author

Kneafsey, T. J., Dobson, P. F., Ajo-Franklin, J. B., Guglielmi, Y., Valladao, C. A., Blankenship, D. A., Schwering, P. C., Knox, H. A., White, M. D., Johnson, T. C., Strickland, C. E., Vermuel, V. R., Morris, J. P., Fu, P., Mattson, E., Neupane, G. H., Podgorney, R. K., Doe, T. W., Huang, L., Frash, L. P., Ghassemi, A., Roggenthen, W., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Crandall, D., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frone, Z., Gao, K., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Im, K. J., Ingraham, M., Jayne, R. S., Johnston, B., Satish Karra, Kim, K., King, D. K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Mackey, P., Makedonska, N., Marone, C. J., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Medler, C., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Moore, J., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Paronish, T., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Popejoy, J., Porse, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Sherman, C. S., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Soom, F. A., Su, J., Templeton, D., Thomle, J. N., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Workman, S., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Yildirim, E. C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

47. The EGS collab project: Stimulation and simulation

Author

Kneafsey, T. J., Dobson, P. F., Ajo-Franklin, J. B., Valladao, C., Blankenship, D. A., Knox, H. A., Schwering, P., Morris, J. P., Smith, M., White, M. D., Johnson, T., Podgorney, R., Mattson, E., Neupane, G., Roggenthen, W., Doe, T., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Pengcheng Fu, Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K., Ingraham, M., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Nakagawa, S., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Sone, H., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Thomle, J., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Yildirim, E., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

48. The role of numerical simulation in the design of stimulation and circulation experiments for the EGS Collab project

Author

White, M., Fu, P., Huang, H., Ghassemi, A., Kneafsey, T., Blankenship, D., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Carroll, S. A., Chen, T., Condon, C., Cook, P. J., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Hu, M., Huang, L., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Knox, H., Kumar, D., Lee, M., Li, K., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., John McLennan, Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Morris, J. P., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Roggenthen, B., Rutqvist, J., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Snyder, N., Sone, H., Sonnenthal, E. L., Spycher, N., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Suzuki, A., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

49. Laboratory validation of fracture caging for hydraulic fracture control

Author

Frash, L. P., Arora, K., Gan, Y., Lu, M., Gutierrez, M., Fu, P., Morris, J., Hampton, J., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T., Doughty, C. A., Derek Elsworth, Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frone, Z., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Herrick, C. G., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K., Ingraham, M., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H., Knox, J., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Morris, J. P., Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R., Polsky, Y., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Roggenthen, W., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Schwering, P., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M. D.

50. The EGS collab hydrofracture experiment at the Sanford underground research facility - Campaign cross-borehole seismic characterization

Author

Schwering, P. C., Knox, H. A., Hoots, C. R., Linneman, D., Ajo-Franklin, J., Bauer, S. J., Baumgartner, T., Beckers, K., Blankenship, D. A., Bonneville, A., Boyd, L., Brown, S. T., Burghardt, J. A., Chen, T., Chen, Y., Condon, K., Cook, P. J., Dobson, P. F., Doe, T. W., Doughty, C. A., Elsworth, D., Feldman, J., Foris, A., Frash, L. P., Frone, Z., Fu, P., Gao, K., Ghassemi, A., Gudmundsdottir, H., Guglielmi, Y., Guthrie, G., Haimson, B., Hawkins, A., Heise, J., Horn, M., Horne, R. N., Horner, J., Hu, M., Huang, H., Huang, L., Im, K., Ingraham, M., Johnson, T. C., Johnston, B., Karra, S., Kim, K., King, D. K., Kneafsey, T. J., Knox, J. M., Kumar, D., Kutun, K., Lee, M., Li, K., Lopez, R., Maceira, M., Makedonska, N., Marone, C., Mattson, E. D., Mcclure, M. W., Mclennan, J., Mcling, T., Mellors, R. J., Metcalfe, E., Miskimins, J., Joseph Morris, Nakagawa, S., Neupane, G., Newman, G., Nieto, A., Oldenburg, C. M., Pan, W., Pawar, R., Petrov, P., Pietzyk, B., Podgorney, R. K., Polsky, Y., Popejoy, J., Porse, S., Richard, S., Roberts, B. Q., Robertson, M., Roggenthen, W. M., Rutqvist, J., Rynders, D., Santos-Villalobos, H., Schoenball, M., Sesetty, V., Singh, A., Smith, M. M., Sone, H., Soom, F. A., Strickland, C. E., Su, J., Thomle, J. N., Ulrich, C., Uzunlar, N., Vachaparampil, A., Valladao, C. A., Vandermeer, W., Vandine, G., Vardiman, D., Vermeul, V. R., Wagoner, J. L., Wang, H. F., Weers, J., White, J. A., White, M. D., Winterfeld, P., Wood, T., Wu, H., Wu, Y. S., Wu, Y., Yildirim, E. C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhou, J., Zhou, Q., and Zoback, M.

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