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Fruits and vegetables are the most important commodities of trade value among horticultural produce. They are utilized as raw or processed, owing to the presence of health-promoting components. Significant quantities of waste are produced during fruits and vegetables processing that are majorly accounted by waste peels (∼90-92%). These wastes, however, are usually exceptionally abundant in bioactive molecules. Retrieving these valuable compounds is a core objective for the valorization of waste peel, besides making them a prevailing source of beneficial additives in food and pharmaceutical industry. The current review is focused on extraction of bioactive compounds derived from fruit and vegetable waste peels and highlights the supreme attractive conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted, ultrasound assisted, pulsed electric fields, pulsed ohmic heating, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized hot water, high hydrostatic pressure, dielectric barrier discharge plasma extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction and the application of "green" solvents say as well as their synergistic effects that have been applied to recover bioactive from waste peels. Superior yields achieved with non-conventional technologies were identified to be of chief interest, considering direct positive economic consequences. This review also emphasizes leveraging efficient, modern extraction technologies for valorizing abundantly available low-cost waste peel, to achieve economical substitutes, whilst safeguarding the environment and building a circular economy. It is supposed that the findings discussed though this review might be a valuable tool for fruit and vegetable processing industry to imply an economical and effectual sustainable extraction methods, converting waste peel by-product to a high added value functional product.

Pesticide and agrochemical residues in food and water are among hazardous chemicals that are associated with adverse health effects. Consequently, technologies for pesticide abatement in food and water remain in focus. Cold plasma is an emerging decontamination technology, that is being increasingly explored for the abatement of agrochemical and pesticide residue in food and water. In some cases, rapid and complete degradation of pesticide residues has come to light. Such promising results encourage exploring scale-up and commercialization. To achieve this, unraveling mechanisms involved in plasma decontamination and the nature of degradation products is needed. The present review identifies the mechanisms involved in plasma- assisted removal of pesticide residues from food and water, draws parallels with mechanism of ozone and ultraviolet technologies, investigates the chemistry of the intermediates and degradates, and identifies some future research needs. The review recognizes that mechanisms involved in plasma processes have overlapping similarities to those identified for ozone and ultraviolet light, involving oxidation by hydroxyl radical and photo-oxidation. The toxicity of intermediates and degradates in plasma processing have not received much attention. The safety aspects of end products form plasma led degradation of pesticides should be considered for practical exploitation. Identification of intermediates and degradation products, recognition of most potent plasma species, understanding the influence of co-existing entities, the energy efficiency of plasma reactors, and the process economics deserve research focus., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is an emerging technology in the food industry with a huge antimicrobial potential to improve safety and extend the shelf life of food products. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is a popular approach for generating ACP. Thanks to the numerous advantages of DBD ACP, it is proving to be successful in a number of applications, including microbial decontamination of foods. The antimicrobial efficacy of DBD ACP is influenced by multiple factors. This review presents an overview of ACP sources, with an emphasis on DBD, and an analysis of their antimicrobial efficacy in foods in open atmosphere and in-package modes. Specifically, the influence of process, product, and microbiological factors influencing the antimicrobial efficacy of DBD ACP are critically reviewed. DBD ACP is a promising technology that can improve food safety with minimal impact on food quality under optimal conditions. Once the issues pertinent to scale-up of plasma sources are appropriately addressed, the DBD ACP technology will find wider adaptation in food industry.

Listeria monocytogenes is often responsible for postprocessing contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) products including cooked ham. As an emerging technology, atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) has the potential to inactivate L. monocytogenes in packaged RTE meats. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of treatment time, modified atmosphere gas compositions (MAP), ham formulation, and post-treatment storage (1 and 7 days at 4 °C) on the reduction of a five-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes and quality changes in ham subjected to in-package ACP treatment. Initial average cells population on ham surfaces were 8 log CFU/cm 2 . The ACP treatment time and gas composition significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the inactivation of L. monocytogenes, irrespective of ham formulations. When MAP1 (20% O 2 + 40% CO 2 + 40% N 2 ) was used, there was a significantly higher log reduction (>2 log reduction) in L. monocytogenes on ham in comparison to MAP2 (50% CO 2 + 50% N 2 ) and MAP3 (100% CO 2 ), irrespective of ham formulation. Addition of preservatives (that is, 0.1% sodium diacetate and 1.4% sodium lactate) or bacteriocins (that is, 0.05% of a partially purified culture ferment from Carnobacterium maltaromaticum UAL 307) did not significantly reduce cell counts of L. monocytogenes after ACP treatment. Regardless of type of ham, storage of 24 hr after ACP treatment significantly reduced cells counts of L. monocytogenes to approximately 4 log CFU/cm 2 . Following 7 days of storage after ACP treatment, L. monocytogenes counts were below the detection limit (>6 log reduction) when samples were stored in MAP1. However, there were significant changes in lipid oxidation and color after post-treatment storage. In conclusion, the antimicrobial efficacy of ACP is strongly influenced by gas composition inside the package and post-treatment storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Surface contamination of RTE ham with L. monocytogenes may occur during processing steps such as slicing and packaging. In-package ACP is an emerging nonthermal technology, which can be used as a postpackaging decontamination step in industrial settings. This study demonstrated the influence of in-package gas composition, treatment time, post-treatment storage, and ham formulation on L. monocytogenes inactivation efficacy of ACP. Results of present study will be helpful to optimize in-package ACP treatment and storage conditions to reduce L. monocytogenes, while maintaining the quality of ham., (© 2020 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is a promising non-thermal technology for controlling food spoilage. In this study, ACP treatment at 100 kV for 1, 3 and 5 min was applied to chicken breast samples. Approximately 2 log CFU/g reduction in natural microflora of chicken was achieved within 5 min of treatment and 24 h of storage. The observed reduction was attributed to the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in cold plasma. For shelf-life study, control and ACP treated samples (100 kV for 5 min) were analysed for the population of mesophiles, psychrotrophs and Enterobacteriaceae as well as sample colour and pH over a storage period of 24 days. On day 24, the population of mesophiles, psychrotrophs and Enterobacteriaceae in treated chicken was respectively 1.5, 1.4 and 0.5 log lower than the control. These results suggest that in-package ACP is an effective technology to extend the shelf-life of poultry products., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This study examined high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) technology as a non-thermal intervention for inactivating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (ST2) in tender coconut water (TCW). Treatment with HVACP in air at 90 kV for 120 s inactivated 1.30 log 10 of ST2. Development of a TCW stimulant suggested an interfering role of magnesium and phosphate salts with HVACP inactivation. Generation of reactive gas species, viz. ozone and hydrogen peroxides were found to be responsible for microbial inactivation. The addition of 400 ppm citric acid to the TCW effectively reduced ST2 by 5 log 10 during HVACP treatment. Under these conditions, higher cellular leakage and morphological damage were observed in ST2. Minimal physico-chemical changes in TCW were observed with HVACP treatment, except for an 84.35% ascorbic acid loss (added externally). These results demonstrate a potential pathway for developing highly effective cold plasma treatments to preserve fruit and vegetable juices., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cold plasma treatment is a promising intervention in food processing to boost product safety and extend the shelf-life. The activated chemical species of cold plasma can act rapidly against micro-organisms at ambient temperatures without leaving any known chemical residues. This review presents an overview of the action of cold plasma against molds and mycotoxins, the underlying mechanisms, and applications for ensuring food safety and quality. The cold plasma species act on multiple sites of a fungal cell resulting in loss of function and structure, and ultimately cell death. Likewise, the species cause chemical breakdown of mycotoxins through various pathways resulting in degradation products that are known to be less toxic. We argue that the preliminary reports from cold plasma research point at good potential of plasma for shelf-life extension and quality retention of foods. Some of the notable food sectors which could benefit from antimycotic and antimycotoxin efficacy of cold plasma include, the fresh produce, food grains, nuts, spices, herbs, dried meat and fish industries., (© 2018 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Interest in the development and adoption of nonthermal technologies is burgeoning within the food and bioprocess industry, the associated research community, and among the consumers. This is evident from not only the success of some innovative nonthermal technologies at industrial scale, but also from the increasing number of publications dealing with these topics, a growing demand for foods processed by nonthermal technologies and use of natural ingredients. A notable feature of the nonthermal technologies such as cold plasma, electrohydrodynamic processing, pulsed electric fields, and ultrasound is the involvement of external fields, either electric or sound. Therefore, it merits to study the fundamentals of these technologies and the associated phenomenon with a unified approach. In this review, we revisit the fundamental physical and chemical phenomena governing the selected technologies, highlight similarities, and contrasts, describe few successful applications, and finally, identify the gaps in research.

The baby foods industry is currently seeking technologies to pasteurize products without formation of processing contaminants such as furan. This work demonstrates the applicability of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as a non-thermal decontamination intervention for fruit purée based baby foods. HHP processing was evaluated at 200, 300, and 400 MPa pressures, for 5, 10 and 15 min of treatment times at 25, 35 and 45 °C. HHP application at 400 MPa, 45 °C for 15 min ensured complete inactivation (about 6 log 10 ) of total mesophilic aerophiles, as well as yeasts and molds. No furan was detected in HHP processed products. Thus, the key advantage of HHP over thermal processing is the ability to achieve commercially acceptable microbiological inactivation while avoiding the formation of processing contaminants such as furan.

The inactivation of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria as well as the formation of food processing contaminants (e.g. acrylamide, furan, etc.) in infant foods is of utmost importance for industry, consumers as well as regulatory bodies. In this study, the potential of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) for microorganism inactivation including total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMA) and total yeasts and molds (TYM) at equivalent processing conditions, as well as its effects on furan formation in vegetable-based infant food was evaluated. The process parameters evaluated were combinations of pressures (200, 300, and 400MPa), temperatures (25, 35, and 45°C), and treatment times (5, 10, and 15min). Pressure, time and temperature had a significant influence on both TMA and TYM inactivation of vegetable-based infant foods, observing a significant reduction in both microbial populations when all the factors were increased, although the extent of reduction was clearly influenced by the type of microorganism. A synergism between pressure, time and temperature was observed for the reduction of both TMA and TYM populations and it was found that HHP at 400MPa resulted in a complete inactivation of TMA as well as TYM after 15min of treatment at 45°C. The furan content in all HHP treated samples was found to be below the limit of detection. Thus, HHP treatment could be considered as a potential alternative to thermal processing of vegetable-based infant foods., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Over a course of centuries, various food processing technologies have been explored and implemented to provide safe, fresher-tasting and nutritive food products. Among these technologies, application of emerging food processes (e.g., cold plasma, pressurized fluids, pulsed electric fields, ohmic heating, radiofrequency electric fields, ultrasonics and megasonics, high hydrostatic pressure, high pressure homogenization, hyperbaric storage, and negative pressure cavitation extraction) have attracted much attention in the past decades. This is because, compared to their conventional counterparts, novel food processes allow a significant reduction in the overall processing times with savings in energy consumption, while ensuring food safety, and ample benefits for the industry. Noteworthily, industry and university teams have made extensive efforts for the development of novel technologies, with sound scientific knowledge of their effects on different food materials. The main objective of this review is to provide a historical account of the extensive efforts and inventions in the field of emerging food processing technologies since their inception to present day., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Non-thermal plasma has received much attention for elimination of microbial contamination from a range of surfaces., Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of a range of dielectric barrier discharge high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) parameters for inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores inside a sealed package., Methods: A sterile polystyrene Petri dish containing B. atrophaeus spore strip (spore population 2.3 × 10(6)/strip i.e. 6.36 log10/strip) was placed in a sealed polypropylene container and was subjected to HVACP treatment. The HVACP discharge was generated between two aluminium plate electrodes using a high voltage of 70kVRMS. The effects of process parameters, including treatment time, mode of exposure (direct/indirect), and working gas types, were evaluated. The influence of relative humidity on HVACP inactivation efficacy was also assessed. The inactivation efficacy was evaluated using colony counts. Optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS) was used to assess gas composition following HVACP exposure., Findings: A strong effect of process parameters on inactivation was observed. Direct plasma exposure for 60s resulted in ≥6 log10 cycle reduction of spores in all gas types tested. However, indirect exposure for 60s resulted in either 2.1 or 6.3 log10 cycle reduction of spores depending on gas types used for HVACP generation. The relative humidity (RH) was a critical factor in bacterial spore inactivation by HVACP, where a major role of plasma-generated species other than ozone was noted. Direct and indirect HVACP exposure for 60s at 70% RH recorded 6.3 and 5.7 log10 cycle reduction of spores, respectively., Conclusion: In summary, a strong influence of process parameters on spore inactivation was noted. Rapid in-package HVACP inactivation of bacterial spores within 30-60s demonstrates the promising potential application for reduction of spores on medical devices and heat-sensitive materials., (Copyright © 2014 The Healthcare Infection Society. All rights reserved.)

Cold plasma is increasingly under research for decontamination of foods, especially fresh fruits and vegetables. The effect of cold plasma on food quality, however, remains under researched. This study investigates the effects of cold plasma generated within a sealed package from a dielectric barrier discharge on the physical quality parameters and respiration rates of cherry tomatoes. Respiration rates and weight loss were monitored continuously, while other parameters are reported at the end of storage period. Differences among weight loss, pH and firmness for control and treated cherry tomatoes were insignificant towards the end of storage life. Changes in respiration rates and colour of tomatoes were recorded as a function of treatment, which were not drastic. The results implicate that cold plasma could be employed as a means for decontamination of cherry tomatoes while retaining product quality., (Copyright © 2014 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In-package nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology is a novel technology for the decontamination of foods and biological materials. This study presents the first report on the potential of the technology for the degradation of pesticide residues on fresh produce. A cocktail of pesticides, namely azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxonil and pyriproxyfen was tested on strawberries. The concentrations of these pesticides were monitored in priori and post-plasma treatment using GC-MS/MS. An applied voltage and time dependent degradation of the pesticides was observed for treatment voltages of 60, 70 and 80 kV and treatment durations ranging from 1 to 5 min, followed by 24h in-pack storage. The electrical characterisation revealed the operation of the discharge in a stable filamentary regime. The discharge was found to generate reactive oxygen and excited nitrogen species as observed by optical emission spectroscopy., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The use of ultrasound to enhance the transport phenomena in food processes has been well recognised in recent times. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sonication on hydration rate and pasting profile of navy beans. The hydration kinetics for control and ultrasound assisted soaking was mathematically described using mechanistic (Fickian diffusion) and empirical (Peleg's equation, Weibull model and First Order equation) models. Ultrasound enhanced the rate of hydration which was evident from the plot of kinetic data and model parameters. The effective diffusivities for water transport without and with ultrasound application were estimated to be 1.36×10(-10) m(2)/s and 2.19×10(-10) m(2)/s respectively, considering Fickian diffusion. The Weibull model was concluded to best predict the hydration kinetics of navy beans in an ultrasonic field. Significant increase in peak viscosity of sonicated bean powder was observed compared to control., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)