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MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial derivative peptide reported to be involved in regulating insulin and metabolic homeostasis via the AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK agonist AICAR has been reported to improve cognition. Previous reports also pointed out that MOTS-c may be effective as a therapeutic option toward the prevention of the aging processes. Therefore, we investigated the roles of MOTS-c in the memory recognition process. The results showed that central MOTS-c not only enhanced object and location recognition memory formation and consolidation but also ameliorated the memory deficit induced by Aβ1-42 or LPS. The memory-ameliorating effects of MOTS-c could be blocked by AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. Moreover, MOTS-c treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK but not ERK, JNK, and p38 in the hippocampus. The underlying mechanism of MOTS-c neuroprotection may involve inhibiting the activation of astrocytes and microglia and production of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that peripheral administration of MOTS-c does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and plays an effect. In order to improve the brain intake of MOTS-c, we screen out (PRR)5, a cell penetrating peptides, as a carrier for MOTS-c into the brain. Then in the NOR task, intranasal or intravenous MP (cell-penetrating MOTS-c analogue) showed good memory performance on memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory impairment. Near-infrared fluorescent experiments showed the real-time biodistribution in brain after intranasal or intravenous infusion of MP. These results suggested that MOTS-c might be a new potential target for treatment of cognitive decline in AD.

The adaptation of eukaryotic cells to anaerobic conditions is reflected by substantial changes to mitochondrial metabolism and functional reduction. Hydrogenosomes belong among the most modified mitochondrial derivative and generate molecular hydrogen concomitant with ATP synthesis. The reduction of mitochondria is frequently associated with loss of peroxisomes, which compartmentalize pathways that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus protect against cellular damage. The biogenesis and function of peroxisomes are tightly coupled with mitochondria. These organelles share fission machinery components, oxidative metabolism pathways, ROS scavenging activities, and some metabolites. The loss of peroxisomes in eukaryotes with reduced mitochondria is thus not unexpected. Surprisingly, we identified peroxisomes in the anaerobic, hydrogenosome-bearing protist Mastigamoeba balamuthi . We found a conserved set of peroxin (Pex) proteins that are required for protein import, peroxisomal growth, and division. Key membrane-associated Pexs ( Mb Pex3, Mb Pex11, and Mb Pex14) were visualized in numerous vesicles distinct from hydrogenosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi complex. Proteomic analysis of cellular fractions and prediction of peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS1/PTS2) identified 51 putative peroxisomal matrix proteins. Expression of selected proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed specific targeting to peroxisomes. The matrix proteins identified included components of acyl-CoA and carbohydrate metabolism and pyrimidine and CoA biosynthesis, whereas no components related to either β-oxidation or catalase were present. In conclusion, we identified a subclass of peroxisomes, named “anaerobic” peroxisomes that shift the current paradigm and turn attention to the reductive evolution of peroxisomes in anaerobic organisms.

Lonchoptera lutea males produce giant spermatozoa that are more than 2000 μm long and 1.4 μm wide. Unlike the typical brachyceran spermatozoon, they have a highly asymmetrical cross-section with only a single, albeit very large, mitochondrial derivative and a pair of massive accessory bodies, one of which extends throughout the entire length of the sperm tail. The accessory bodies consist of an electron-dense matrix in which numerous peculiar electron-lucid substructures are embedded. In the mated female, the giant spermatozoa are found inside two tubular spermathecae which are also extremely long, measuring 4000 μm or more.

The co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are common. Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C) is one of the newly identified mitochondrial derivative peptides that play a role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. We aimed to examine the serum levels of MOTS-C to help understand the role of the disease in the pathophysiology, thereby investigating whether it can contribute to the appropriate treatment. Seventy patients with OSAS and 20 healthy controls were included. The serum MOTS-C level was measured in all patients. For each participant, demographic features, lipid profile, serum glucose levels, and insulin levels were also evaluated. Homeostatic model assessment indicator of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated for all participants. Patients with OSAS (n = 70) were grouped as mild (n = 19), moderate (n = 19), and severe (n = 32). Patients with AHI ≤ 5 were considered as the healthy control group (n = 20). Mean age was 50.3 years and 74% (67/90) of the study sample was male. As expected, as the severity of OSA increased, BMI, insulin levels and HOMA-IR increased. MOTS-C levels were significantly lower in patients with OSA compared to healthy controls (p

Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-04-27T22:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 organized.pdf: 8345245 bytes, checksum: c22516224a75bd365f618cc6dfee3fb5 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 – No rodapé da CAPA e FOLHA DE ROSTO deve constar, cidade e ano (sem o , SP): São José do Rio Preto 2020 02 – Na ficha catalográfica solicitamos diminuir o tamanho da fonte (8) para não ultrapassar a dimensão da ficha. 03 – No rodapé da FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO deve ser colocado a data efetiva da defesa: São José do Rio Preto 28 de fevereiro de 2020 04 - Nos agradecimentos: segundo a Portaria CAPES nº 206, de 4 de setembro de 2018, todos os trabalhos que tiveram financiamento/BOLSA CAPES deve constar a expressão EXATA: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001". 05 - Segundo a norma ABNT NBR 10520, a epígrafe deve ser referenciada. 06 - Solicitamos adequar o Sumário conforme as normas ABNT NBR 6027 e 6024. 07 - A paginação deve ser seqüencial, iniciando a contagem na folha de rosto e mostrando o número a partir da introdução, a ficha catalográfica ficará após a folha de rosto e não deverá ser contada. 08 – No SUMÁRIO e no texto, a seção REFERÊNCIAS não é numerada, e o correto é REFERÊNCIAS e não REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS. 09 - Nas ilustrações/figuras a norma orienta que devem ter a descrição da fonte abaixo delas, mesmo que seja produção do autor. Agradecemos a compreensão on 2020-05-01T01:26:11Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-01T21:50:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8322383 bytes, checksum: a8bfc5caf409777fe67c486bd1447eaf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 01 - No SUMÁRIO a paginação não confere. Ex.: A Introdução no texto está na página 11 e no sumário pag. 12; a seção 1. 2 no texto está na página 14 e no sumário pag. 15. Solicitamos que faça uma revisão nas indicações. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no Repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2020-05-05T20:17:48Z (GMT) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Submitted by Emi Rosane Silistino de Souza null (emi.rosane@hotmail.com) on 2020-05-06T18:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FINAL.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-08T00:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ers_dr_sjrp.pdf: 8296215 bytes, checksum: c098c1e8fb47b1ea91d561023e8371b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-28 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A subordem Heteroptera possui uma enorme diversidade de insetos distribuída em sete infraordens, dentre as quais utilizamos Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Cimicomorpha e Pentatomomorpha. As espécies que foram estudadas da primeira infraordem, representando os insetos semi-aquáticos, são Limnogonus aduncus e Mesovelia mulsanti, da segunda infraordem, representando os aquáticos, são Belostoma anurum, Martarega sp. e Buenoa unguis, da terceira infraordem Zelus sp. e Teleonemia sp. e da última infraordem, representando juntas os terrestres, são Largus sp., Stenocoris sp., Zicca pulchra e Dysdercus sp. para descrever as ultraestruturas de suas espermátides e posterior comparação. Durante o processo de espermiogênese em geral, ocorre uma série de modificações nas espermátides antes dessas serem transformadas em espermatozoide, inclusive nos insetos. Neste trabalho verificamos por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão, as modificações ocorridas nas espermátides das infraordens anteriormente mencionadas. Na maioria dos insetos com hábitat aquático foi identificada uma maior variação morfológica com relação aos derivados mitocondriais, apresentando-se tanto com simetria reniforme, com simetria e padrão diferente, quanto com assimetria. Com relação aos terrestres, foi identificado predominantemente um padrão morfológico reniforme com uma área de cada derivado mitocondrial menor que a do axonema. Somente a espécie B. unguis, de hábitat aquático, evidenciou um padrão atípico, assimétrico, de derivados mitocondriais, com relação ao comumente observado na subordem Heteroptera. Ao longo da espermiogênese foi verificada a presença de manchete ao redor do núcleo e do acrossomo nas espécies M. mulsanti, L. aduncus, Teleonemia sp. e Z. pulchra, com padrão de distribuição dos microtúbulos diferente entre os insetos de hábitat aquático e terrestre. Outra característica observada foi a presença de um forame no interior do acrossomo de M. mulsanti, L. aduncus. As variações para as características analisadas no presente trabalho podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas importantes para auxiliar em análises sistemáticas. The suborder Heteroptera has an enormous diversity of insects distributed in seven infraorders, among which Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, Pentatomomorpha e Cimicomorpha, The species that have been studied from the first infraorder, representing semi-aquatic insects, are Limnogonus aduncus and Mesovelia mulsanti, from the second order, representing the aquatic ones, Belostoma anurum, Martarega sp. and Buenoa unguis, from the third infraorder Zelus sp. and Teleonemia sp. and the last infraorder, representing terrestrials together, are Largus sp., Stenocoris sp., Zicca pulchra and Dysdercus sp. to describe the ultrastructures of their spermatides and further comparison. During the spermiogenesis process in general, a series of changes in spermatids occur before they are transformed into sperm, including in insects In this work we verified through Transmission Electron Microscopy, the changes occurred in the spermatids of the abovementioned infraorders. In the majority of insects with aquatic habitat, a greater morphological variation was identified in relation to mitochondrial derivatives, presenting both with reniform symmetry, with different symmetry and pattern, and with asymmetry. With respect to terrestrials, a predominantly reniform morphological pattern was identified with an area of each mitochondrial derivative smaller than the axoneme. Only the species B. unguis, of aquatic habitat, showed an atypical, asymmetric pattern of mitochondrial derivatives, in relation to that commonly observed in the suborder Heteroptera. Throughout spermiogenesis it was verified the manchette around the nucleus and the acrosome in the species M. mulsanti, L. aduncus, Teleonemia sp. and Z. pulchra, with different microtubule distribution pattern between aquatic and terrestrial habitat insects. Another characteristic observed was the presence of a foramen within the acrosome of M. mulsant and L. aduncus. The variations for the characteristics analyzed in the present work can be used as important tools to assist in systematic analyzes. CAPES: 001 CNPq: 141682/2016-7

The male reproductive system and sperm ultrastructure of the scorpionfly Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva (Hua & Cai) were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. A peculiar feature of the male reproductive system is the position of the epididymis, separately from the base of testis within the peritoneal sheath, unlike the species of other genera of Panorpidae pressed against the lateral base of testis. The mature spermatozoon is filiform, approximately 1600 μm in length. It has largely maintained a mecopteran groundplan condition, with a bilayered acrosome, an elongate nucleus, a neck region, and a long flagellum. As for the sperm features, similarly to other species of Panorpidae, the nucleus has two lateral grooves and a helical appearance. The neck region shows a sheath-shaped centriolar adjunct, beneath the nucleus. The flagellum is helical and consists of a 9 + 2 axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives of unequal size, one accessory body and two extra-axonemal accessory structures, as in the genus Panorpa of Panorpidae. The uniqueness of spermatozoa of F. longihypovalva lies in the specifically hammer-shaped mitochondrial derivative along most of the flagellum length. The phylogenetic position of the genus Furcatopanorpa in Panorpidae is briefly discussed based on our findings and literature in this respect.

The sperm of Siphonaria algesirae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), a species with internal fertilization, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The spermatozoon is a very long, uniflagellate cell composed of a conical head with an apical acrosome, a midpiece with a helically coiled external sheath containing a complex mitochondrial derivative with a wavelength of ∼ 5.5 μm, and an endpiece. There are no axonemal microtubules. Instead, nine homogeneous coarse fibers with transverse striations in the apical zone project toward the anterior section of the midpiece. In the posterior zone of the midpiece the coarse fibers are differentiated in a common microtubular axoneme. The complex mitochondrial derivative of the midpiece shows an organized group of 100 A diameter spherical particles. Externally the midpiece is surrounded along its length by a cylinder formed by two membranes. A complex structure separates the transitional zone between the midpiece and the endpiece.

Spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure were investigated in Neopanorpa lui Chou & Ran and Neopanorpa lipingensis Cai & Hua by light and transmission electron microscopy. Two lateral lamellae run along the lateral grooves of the spermatid nucleus during spermiogenesis, but disappear in the mature spermatozoa. Sperm cells are very similar in ultrastructure between the two species. The spermatozoa are elongated cells, each comprising an apical bilayered acrosome inserted on the anterior nuclear region, an elongate nucleus that occupies the anterior sperm region, a neck region, and a posterior long flagellum. The nucleus has two prominent lateral grooves and assumes a helical appearance. The flagellum is helical and consists of a 9 + 2 axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives of unequal size, one accessory body, and two extra-axonemal accessory structures. The uniqueness of spermatozoa of Neopanorpa lies in the specifically spoon-shaped larger mitochondrial derivative along most of the flagellum length. A tentative phylogenetic analysis based on sperm structure supports a possible monophyletic clade comprising Panorpidae, Panorpodidae, Bittacidae, and Boreidae of Mecoptera with two non-homoplasious characters: glycocalyx organised in longitudinal ridges and two extra-axonemal accessory structures/rods in flagellum. Closer affinities of Siphonaptera and the mecopteran clade are suggested by the characters of two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives and the presence of mitochondrial derivative with crystalline structure. The sister group relationship of Panorpidae with Panorpodidae is supported by the presence of nuclear fiber and the irregular shape of the larger mitochondrial derivative.

Submitted by LUÍS LENIN VICENTE PEREIRA null (luislenin@gmail.com) on 2017-03-02T15:07:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Luis Lenin Vicente Pereira.pdf: 2894913 bytes, checksum: 01d77fed0e0eb6b5cfb7979e52829667 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-08T13:17:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_llv_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2894913 bytes, checksum: 01d77fed0e0eb6b5cfb7979e52829667 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T13:17:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_llv_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2894913 bytes, checksum: 01d77fed0e0eb6b5cfb7979e52829667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A subordem Heteroptera possui sete infraordens com aproximadamente 80 famílias. A maioria ocorre em todos os continentes (exceto Antártica) e algumas ilhas. Além dos Heteroptera terrestres, há os aquáticos e semi-aquáticos que são amplamente distribuídos, e surpreendem por sua capacidade de habitar uma extraordinária variedade de ecossistemas, sendo encontrados em habitats de água doce e marinho, e variada faixa de altitude entre 0 e 4.700 m. Estudos sobre aspectos ultraestruturais da espermatogênese e, especificamente, a estrutura do espermatozoide em Heteroptera ainda são escassos, por este motivo o objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisá-los, por meio de cortes semifinos corados com azul de toluidina ou impregnados por íons prata, e cortes ultra-finos analisados em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, utilizando testículos de machos adultos das famílias Belostomatidae, Gelastocoridae, Gerridae, Mesoveliidae, Notonectidae e Veliidae. Após a análise ultraestrutural da espermatogênese foi possível determinar que o padrão flagelar do axonema é de 9+9+2 para todas as espécies analisadas sendo, portanto, o padrão para essa subordem, as mitocôndrias durante a espermatogênese assumem diferentes morfologias, sendo que inicialmente as mitocôndrias se unem formando o complexo mitocondrial e, posteriormente, se divide em dois derivados mitocondriais que estão posicionados bilateralmente em relação ao axonema. Os derivados mitocondriais apresentaram tamanhos diferentes para as espécies B. amnigenus (Notonectidae) e R. c. crassifemur (Gerridae) e para as demais espécies o tamanho foi semelhante. As células germinativas possuem em seu citoplasma o acúmulo de um material denominado corpo cromatóide estando localizado próximo ao núcleo. Com relação ao comportamento nucleolar da espécie Martarega brasiliensis foi observado de um a quatro corpúsculos nucleolares em células de Prófase I comprovando uma grande atividade sintética das células nessa fase da divisão celular. Células em Metáfase I apresentaram regiões organizadoras nucleolares na região telomérica de um dos autossomos. Ainda, nessa espécie, foi possível observar, em Anáfase I, vários corpúsculos nucleolares persistindo até a fase de Telófase I. Todas as ultraestruturas descritas nas espécies analisadas foram semelhantes às descritas na literatura para Heteroptera, corroborando as características sinapomórficas dessa subordem sendo elas: a) a presença de duas pontes que ligam o material intertubular do axonema flagelar às cisternas achatadas que aderem aos lados internos dos derivados mitocondriais; b) padrão flagelar do axonema de 9+9+2 e c) ausência de corpos acessórios. The suborder Heteroptera has seven infraorders with approximately 80 families. Most occur in all continents, except Antarctica and some islands. In addition to terrestrial Heteroptera, there are also widely distributed aquatic and semi-aquatic species. This suborder have adapted to live in an extraordinary variety of ecosystems as freshwater and marine habitats and at altitudes ranging from 0 m to 4,700 m. The research concerning the ultrastructural aspects of spermatogenesis is a large and growing field of study, however, in the case of Heteroptera, research is still scarce. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the ultrastructures and spermatogenesis through semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue or silver ions (Ag-NOR) and ultrathin sections examined in transmission electron microscopy, using testes of adult males ofthe following families: Belostomatidae, Gelastocoridae, Gerridae, Mesoveliidae, Notonectidae and Veliidae. After ultrastructural analysis of spermatogenesis, it was possible to determine that the flagellar pattern of the axoneme is 9+9+2 for all species, being therefore, the pattern for this suborder. As spermatogenesis progresses, the mitochondria begins to cluster and concentrate on only one side of the cell. Then, the mitochondria combine to form a single mitochondrial complex, which subsequently divides into two mitochondrial derivatives. They are positioned on opposite sides of the axoneme. The mitochondrial derivatives presented different sizes for the species B. amnigenus (Notonectidae) and R. c. crassifemur (Gerridae) and for the other species the size was similar. The germ cells have in their cytoplasm the accumulation of a material denominated the chromatoid body, being located near the nucleus. Regarding the nucleolar behavior, M. brasiliensis showed nucleus in prophase I composed by the nucleolus and nucleolar corpuscles that varied from one to four, emphasizing that this insect has great synthetic activity during meiosis. The analysis of cells in metaphase I, showed that M. brasiliensis presents nucleolar organizing region (NOR) in at least one autosome. Furthermore, was not observed the phenomenon of nucleolar persistence. All the ultrastructures described in the analyzed species were similar to those described in the literature for Heteroptera, corroborating the synapomorphic characteristics of this suborder, being them: a) two opposite bridges in the axoneme connect the flattened cisterns adherent to the internal side of each mitochondrial derivative to the intertubular material; b) flagellar pattern of the axoneme of 9+9+2; c) accessory bodies are absent all along the flagellum.

SummaryAlmost all animals contain mitochondria of maternal origin only, but the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still vague. We investigated the fate of Drosophila paternal mitochondria after fertilization. We demonstrate that the sperm mitochondrial derivative (MD) is rapidly eliminated in a stereotypical process dubbed paternal mitochondrial destruction (PMD). PMD is initiated by a network of vesicles resembling multivesicular bodies and displaying common features of the endocytic and autophagic pathways. These vesicles associate with the sperm tail and mediate the disintegration of its plasma membrane. Subsequently, the MD separates from the axoneme and breaks into smaller fragments, which are then sequestered by autophagosomes for degradation in lysosomes. We further provide evidence for the involvement of the ubiquitin pathway and the autophagy receptor p62 in this process. Finally, we show that the ubiquitin ligase Parkin is not involved in PMD, implying a divergence from the autophagic pathway of damaged mitochondria.

The sperm ultrastructure of the short-faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandia- nensis Zhong et al. was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoon is composed of a short head containing a bilayered acrosome and an elongate nucleus, a neck transition region, and a long flagellum. The acrosome consists of an acrosomal vesicle and a central perforatorium. The nucleus has two deep, U-shaped lateral grooves and its chromatin contains a series of parallel, regularly arrayed nuclear fibers. The barrel-shaped centriolar adjunct occupies the most volume of the neck region. The flagellum is helical for its whole length and is formed by an axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives, a pair of accessory bodies, and peculiar accessory structures. The axoneme has nine accessory microtubules at the ante- rior flagellum region, displaying a 9 19 12 microtubular pattern, but the accessory microtu- bules are short and disappear quickly. The two mitochondrial derivatives differ in length and diameter. In the more posterior region, the remaining anchor-shaped mitochondrial derivative has a circular crystalline region, differing from other mecopteran species. The filiform materi- als are peculiar and lie beside the nucleus and in the flagellum region. Sperm ultrastructural comparison of P. kuandianensis with other families supports a close affinity of Panorpodidae with Panorpidae. In addition, the occurrence of the nine accessory microtubules in the sperm axoneme of Panorpodes indicates that the 9 19 12 axonemal pattern might be a symplesiomor- phy of the Mecoptera. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:394-400, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this study, the sperm morphology of the parasitoids Trichospilus diatraeae and Palmistichus elaeisis (Eulophidae) was investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. In the two species, the sperm are spiral along their entire length and measure about 130 μm and 195 μm in length, respectively. The head region consists of the acrosome and nucleus. The acrosome is composed of an acrosomal vesicle and, in P. elaeisis, a perforatorium. In both species, an extracellular layer in which several filaments are radiated covers the acrosome and the anterior nuclear region. The nuclei are filled with homogeneous and compact chromatin and measure about 50 μm in length in P. elaeisis and 20 μm in T. diatraeae. The flagellum consists of an axoneme with the 9 + 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement spiraled in a long helix, two mitochondrial derivatives coiling around the axoneme and, in P. elaeisis, two accessory bodies. In T. diatraeae were observed transverse striations throughout the central region of the axoneme, whereas the central pair of microtubules was rarely observed. In the final flagellar region in T. diatraeae, different from P. elaeisis, one mitochondrial derivative ends well before the other and both end before the axoneme. The sperm of these two species exhibit features that discriminate one species from each other, as well as characteristics suggest that Eulophidae is closely related to Trichogrammatidae and both of these families are more similar to Eurytomidae than Agaonidae.

The male reproductive system of Mischocyttarus cassununga consists of two testes, each one with three follicles, as occurs in most Vespidae. The seminal vesicle is divided in two chambers, separated by a constriction, so that the anterior locus is a little larger. In the testicular follicles, the spermatozoa are organized in cysts, with approximately 128 per cyst, where the nuclei are oriented toward the follicle center. The spermatozoa of M. cassununga is about 97 μm in length, which makes them the shortest sperm described for Vespidae. Sperm ultrastructure of M. cassununga is very similar of the others Vespidae. But, despite these similarities, the bilobated mitochondrial derivative represents an autapomorphy for M. cassununga. The subdivision of the seminal vesicle has never been observed in any other Vespidae. Thus, this study supports the validity of insect sperm morphology as a tool for phylogenetic analysis within Hymenoptera.

In Digelasinus diversipes, spermatozoa are maintained in bundles, with 74 spermatozoa on average, in the seminal vesicle. These spermatozoa are very short (20 μm) and consist of a head and flagellum. The head includes an acrosome (perforatorium covered by the acrosomal vesicle) and a nucleus. A regular electron-lucent region separates the acrosomal vesicle from the perforatorium, which is inserted parallel to the anterior ending of the nucleus. The small flagellum is composed of two symmetrical mitochondrial derivatives, a centriolar adjunct, an axoneme (9 + 9 + 2), and two accessory bodies. The centriolar adjunct begins above the posterior end of the nucleus and ends covering the anterior tip of two mitochondrial derivatives. In the terminal region of the axoneme, the central microtubules terminate first. The presence of a subacrosomal space, a short mitochondrial derivative diameter, and a short spermatodesm is the ultrastructure characteristics of spermatozoa shared by all “symphyta” species. Differences in the insertion of the perforatorium into the nucleus and the position of the centriolar adjunct distinguish Dielocerinae and the Arginae studied previously. The number of spermatozoa per cyst is variable. Furthermore, additional characteristics that had not been described for “symphyta” were also found, such as the number of follicles per testis. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sperm morphology of orthalicid gastropods Clessinia pagoda, Spixia tucumanensis, Plagiodontes daedaleus (Odontostominae) and Drymaeus hygrohylaeus, D. poecilus, Bostryx stelzneri (Bulimulinae) are examined and described for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. Spermatozoa show the general characteristic of Pulmonata: an acrosomal vesicle, sperm nucleus helical, mitochondrial derivative forming a continuous sheath with paracrystalline material and coarse fibers associated with axonemal doublets. Features in the acrosomal complex and shape of the nucleus distinguish orthalicid sperms from other stylommatophoran. The acrosomal pedestal is traversed by fine striations in all species examined except in S. tucumanensis. The structure and thickness of the perinuclear sheath with a single or double layer of electron-dense material ensheathing the nuclear apex is characteristic of the group. The presence of a subnuclear ring in Drymaeus, Bostryx and Clessinia species is also reported. A data matrix of eleven species per 34 characters (16 sperm plus 18 anatomical and shell characters) from orthalicids plus other stylommatophoran and systellommatophoran representative species was constructed. Three cladistic analyses (sperm-based, anatomical-based and a combined sperm + anatomical-based) were performed to test the phylogenetic potential of sperm ultrastructure in orthalicid systematics and understand how sperm characters affect the topology and resolution of the obtained trees. Stylommatophora resulted in a monophyletic clade in the sperm-based and in the combined-character analysis. Orthalicidae is monophyletic only in the combined-character cladogram. Within Orthalicidae, Odontostominae is recovered as a monophyletic clade in all analyses, while Bulimulinae is paraphyletic in all trees except in the combined phylogeny. The present study and cladistic analyses performed support the hypothesis that characters on sperm ultrastructure are informative for stylommatophoran systematic and phylogenetic approaches, providing synapomorphies at familiar, subfamiliar and generic level. Fil: Cuezzo, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse is described here for the first time within this genus. Testes and seminal vesicles were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy. In the testicular follicles, the spermatids are arranged in a maximum number of 32 for each cyst. The spermatozoa are slender and they measure approximately 150 μm in length. The head is about 17 μm long and is formed by the acrosome and the nucleus. The flagellum consists in an axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives, two accessory bodies and, at the nucleus–flagellum transition, a symmetric centriolar adjunct. The axoneme presents the typical 9 + 9 + 2 microtubule pattern. In the terminal region, the central microtubules and nine doublets finish first, followed by the accessory microtubules. Both mitochondrial derivatives begin together and are inserted in the base of the centriolar adjunct. Along the middle region, the larger derivative has almost twice the area of the smaller one and includes a discrete paracrystalline region. At the tip, the smaller derivative ends before the larger one and both before the axoneme. The characters derived from the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of T. albitarse show synapomorphies shared with the Apoidea and present characters that are probably apomorphic for the Crabroninae subfamily.

This study represents the first sperm description of a Vespinae species (Vespa crabro). The acrosome consists of an acrosomal vesicle and a perforatorium. The nucleus has compact chromatin and shows lenticular structures on the nuclear envelope. These structures, which have never been observed in a hymenopteran sperm, could be clusters of nuclear pores. The centriolar adjunct has an asymmetric pattern and shows a structured periphery. The centriole consists of 9 accessory microtubules and 9 doublet microtubules devoid of arms and spokes. The axoneme has a 9 + 9 + 2 microtubule pattern and the accessory microtubules have 16 protofilaments. The mitochondrial derivatives differ in length and diameter. The larger one is adjacent to the nuclear base, while the smaller one begins below the centriolar adjunct. They possess three distinct areas and a large paracrystalline region, which occurs only in the large one. The large mitochondrial derivative ends first, followed by the small one. The axoneme gradually disorganizes: first the central microtubules disappear, then the doublets, which show opened B-tubules, and finally the accessory microtubules. The sperm morphology of V. crabro is very similar to that of the polistine wasp, Agelaia vicina. This can indicate that, in Vespidae, sperm morphology is maintained without important variations among subfamilies and/or that this similarity indicates close phylogenetic relationship between these two subfamilies. Although Vespidae phylogenetically related to Formicidae, these data suggest that the former more closely related to Apoidea than to Formicidae.

The "zipper line" of Drosophila melanogaster and of Drosophila species characterized by giant spermatozoa (D. hydei, D. kanekoi and D. bifurca) was studied by electron microscopy using conventional thin-sections, lectin labeling and freeze-fracture replicas. In cross sections the membrane specializations are located either at the level of the short cistern close to the large mitochondrial derivative where a small tuft of glycocalyx is visible or, in species characterized by long spermatozoa, along a cistern beneath the plasma membrane. In correspondence of such cistern, the plasma membrane exhibits a thick and extended glycocalyx. At this level, as well as at the short tuft of D. melanogaster, alpha-mannose residues were detected. The "zipper" of D. melanogaster consists of rows of intramembrane particles longitudinally disposed along the sperm tail and associated with the external face of the plasma membrane. On the protoplasmatic face a narrow ribbon of transversal grooves is visible. Freeze-fracture replicas have revealed, in the region characterized by extended glycocalyx, the presence of a large ribbon of intramembrane particles disposed in parallel transversal rows, associated with the protoplasmatic membrane face. On the complementary external face a ribbon of parallel transversal grooves was observed. It is suggested that membrane specializations are mechanical devices to protect spermatozoa from torsion and bending in the seminal vesicles and then in the female storage organ.

The sperm ultrastructure of a few species of Limoniidae (Limonia nigropunctata; L. nubeculosa; Chionea n. sp.; C. alpina; C. lutescens) was studied. The two species of Limonia have a monolayered acrosome with crystallized material, a three-lobed nucleus in cross section, a ring of centriole adjunct material and a flagellum which consists of a 9 + 9 + 1 axoneme and a single mitochondrial derivative. The central axonemal tubule is provided with 15 protofilaments in its tubular wall, while the accessory tubules have 13 protofilaments and are flanked by the electron-dense intertubular material. The three species of Chionea share a monolayered acrosome, a nucleus with two longitudinal grooves, a centriole adjunct material which surrounds the centriole and the initial part of the axoneme. The axoneme is of conventional type, with 9 + 9 + 2 microtubular pattern, with accessory tubules provided with 13 protofilaments and intertubular material. However, in C. lutescens the accessory tubules start with 15 protofilaments and transform into a tubule with 13 protofilaments. These data are discussed in the light of the phylogenetic relationship between Limoniidae and Tipulidae. For this purpose, the sperm ultrastructure of Nephrotoma appendiculata was also considered comparatively.

Translational control is crucial for proper timing of developmental events that take place in the absence of transcription, as in meiotic activation in oocytes, early embryogenesis in many organisms, and spermatogenesis. Here we show that a novel form of the translation initiation complex component eIF4G in Drosophila, eIF4G2, is required specifically for male germ cells to undergo meiotic division and proper spermatid differentiation. Flies mutant for eIF4G2 are viable and female fertile but male sterile. Spermatocytes form, but the germ cells in mutant males skip the major events of the meiotic divisions and form aberrant spermatids with large nuclei. Consistent with the failure to undergo the meiotic divisions, function of eIF4G2 is required post-transcriptionally for normal accumulation of the core cell cycle regulatory proteins Twine and CycB in mature spermatocytes. Loss of eIF4G2 function also causes widespread defects in spermatid differentiation. Although differentiation markers Dj and Fzo are expressed in late-stage eIF4G2 mutant germ cells, several key steps of spermatid differentiation fail, including formation of a compact mitochondrial derivative and full elongation. Our results suggest that an alternate form of the translation initiation machinery may be required for regulation and execution of key steps in male germ cell differentiation.

The spermatozoa of Diasemopsis comoroensis and Diasemopsis meigenii differ from the conventional brachyceran type in several respects. Not only are they very long but they are also extraordinarily wide, especially at the very end of the tail. The latter is effected by two cellular components: oversized mitochondrial derivatives and a prominent central band, which is a peculiar structure not known from any other spermatozoa. Based on its position with respect to the other organelles and its origin during early spermiogenesis, the central band is interpreted as a derivative of the centriolar adjunct material. Like the axoneme, the mitochondrial derivatives and the central band extend through the entire length of the spermatozoon tail. The spermatozoon tail is helical and can be coiled up into a tight cone-shaped spiral with a peculiar corkscrew shaped end portion. The potential adaptive significance of these features and their coevolution with the morphology of the female's multi-chambered ventral receptacle are discussed, as are sperm competition and cryptic female choice.

Studies on the ultrastructural aspects of spermatogenesis and, specifically, the structure of sperm in aquatic Heteroptera are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse of the histology and ultrastructure of spermatogenesis. Semi-fine sections of the testicles of adult male Gelastocoris flavus flavus were stained with toluidine blue or impregnated with silver ions, and ultra-fine sections were analysed by transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features observed during spermatogenesis of the species showed the presence of several small mitochondria uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of cells in prophase I. These mitochondria then came together to form fewer, larger structures, which converged and formed the mitochondrial complex. Later, this mitochondrial complex was divided into two structures, termed mitochondrial derivatives, which were arranged bilaterally to the axoneme. The axoneme showed a flagellar pattern of 9+9+2. A vesicle was observed that originated in the early stages of spermiogenesis and was composed of many argyrophilic granules that united to form a single structure. This vesicle contained some highly stained structures in its interior. Thus, this paper describes histological and ultrastructural characteristics during spermatogenesis, contributing to the reproductive knowledge of these aquatic Heteroptera

The present research represents the first description of a Vespidae species spermatozoon. In Agelaia vicina, the sperm head is composed of an acrosome and a nucleus. The acrosome consists of an acrosomal vesicle, oval shaped in cross sections, and a perforatorium, that projects into the anterior nuclear region. The nucleus is elongated and oval shaped in cross sections. The nucleus-flagellum transition region includes the centriolar adjunct, the nucleus base and the anterior portions of the axoneme and of the large mitochondrial derivative. The centriolar adjunct begins as a thin layer between the nucleus and the large mitochondrial derivative, while just below it acquires a lateral extension partially surrounding the large mitochondrial derivative. In its medial portion, it is triangular shaped, situated laterally to the axoneme and the large mitochondrial derivative, and it finishes in contact with the tip of the small mitochondrial derivative. The flagellum is composed of a 9 + 9 + 2 axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives and two accessory bodies. The large mitochondrial derivative begins laterally to the nuclear base, and the small one below the centriolar adjunct. Only the large mitochondrial derivative presents a paracrystalline core, situated distally in relation to the axoneme. In the posterior flagellar region, the small mitochondrial derivative finishes first, followed by the large one and both accessory bodies. Although Vespidae belong to the superfamily Vespoidea, as Formicidae, the sperm ultrastructure of A. vicina is phylogenetically more closely related to Apoidea, and curiously very different from that observed for ants. This study supports the use of insect sperm morphology as a tool for phylogenetic analysis, especially in the Hymenoptera order.

The intertidal polychaete species Stygocapitella subterranea (Parergodrilidae) is characterised by extraordinary biology and morphology, resembling those of clitellates and Hrabeiella periglandulata, a terrestrial species of Annelida. An ultrastructural study of the spermatogenesis and spermatozoa was undertaken to elucidate whether these similarities might exhibit adaptive characters typical of annelids with highly derived reproductive modes. A second goal was to find out whether there are some common apomorphic features between S. subterranea and its sister taxon, Parergodrilus heideri, instead of the differences observed on the light-microscopic level, as well as to look for potential synapomorphies to support a suggested relationship to Orbiniidae and Questidae. Spermatogenesis conforms to the general pattern typical of Annelida. Spermatids develop on large cytophores comprising at least 128 cells. The spermatozoa are extremely thread-like and, with a length of about 320 μm, are among the longest spermatozoa known for annelids. The acrosome is elongated and consists only of an acrosomal vesicle with a large subacrosomal space. A conspicuous feature is the incomplete chromatin condensation, resembling late spermatids. In the long midpiece, there is a single ring-shaped mitochondrial derivative, which develops by fusion out of a multiple array of eight mitochondria surrounding the axoneme. There is a distinct annulus between midpiece and tail. The proximal part of the tail is immobile; the axoneme is surrounded by a thick layer of cytoplasm and bears a velum-like extension. In addition to characters apomorphic for S. subterranea, these latter three features exhibit certain similarities to P. heideri that are likely to be synapomorphic. Unfortunately, a relationship of Parergodrilidae to an orbiniid/questid clade does not receive additional support from spermatozoal characters. Similarities with either Clitellata or H. periglandulata are likely to be primarily related to corresponding features of their reproductive biology rather than to phylogenetic relationship.

Euglossine spermatozoa are the longest described to date for the Hymenoptera. This cell includes a head and a flagellar region. In transverse sections, the acrosome is circular at the tip but has an oval contour along most of its length. The perforatorium penetrates into a deep cavity in the nuclear tip. The flagellum consists in an axoneme, a pair of mitochondrial derivatives, a centriolar adjunct and a pair of accessory bodies. The axoneme has a 9+9+2 microtubule pattern which becomes gradually disorganized in the final portion, with the central microtubules and the nine doublets terminating simultaneously, followed by the accessory microtubules. The mitochondrial derivatives are asymmetric both in length and diameter. Sectioned transversally, the derivatives are ellipsoidal or have a pear shape. The larger one has a more obvious paracrystalline region. The centriolar adjunct begins at the nuclear base and extends parallel to the axoneme until it encounters the smaller mitochondrial derivative, on which it fits, making a concave groove. In addition to these consistent euglossine features, species-specific differences that might be useful in phylogenetic work on the group are also noted.

Sperm ultrastructure is described for the nudibranch gastropod Cadlinella ornatissima, type species of the genus Cadlinella (Thiele). Although C. ornatissima exhibits most of the sperm features characteristic of other Opisthobranchia and the Pulmonata (a small, rounded acrosomal vesicle, a complex, helical, mitochondrial derivative - partially paracrystalline, coarse fibres associated with the axoneme), it also possesses a number of previously undescribed and possibly unique features (a longitudinally inrolled acrosomal pedestal, an axial structure within the cavity of the acrosomal pedestal, an electron-dense collar at the anterior region of the acrosomal pedestal, the presence of crystalloid bodies within the glycogen helices of the mitochondrial derivative). To our knowledge this is the first report of crystalloid bodies in mature sperm of any mollusc. Collectively this evidence raises questions concerning the affinities and systematic position of Cadlinella within the Nudibranchia. The peculiar nature of the sperm differences, in comparison with other investigated nudibranchs, suggest that Cadlinella is not easily linked to either the Cadlinidae or Chromodorididae, and should be considered incertae sedis.

The spermatozoon of Atelura formicaria (Zygentoma) shows several features that are typical of insects: an apical acrosome, an elongated dense nucleus, a centriole with expanded centriolar adjunct material, two large mitochondrial derivatives, and two thin accessory bodies located beneath the nucleus. The axoneme exhibits a 9 + 9 + 2 pattern with accessory tubules formed by 16 protofilaments and intertubular material. However, spermatozoa of A. formicaria show some remarkable features. The sperm cell is short for an insect, being only 50 µm in length. The nucleus is characterized by the presence of two lateral grooves which are filled with numerous infoldings of the nuclear envelope. In a cross-section the chromatin has the configuration of the Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Vitruvian man’. Each mitochondrial derivative has a peculiar structure with peripheral cristae and four crystalline bodies in its matrix; two of these crystalline bodies are large and have differently orientated cristal planes. At the end of spermiogenesis, sperm bundles are stored in the proximal part of the testes. Secretions from the epithelial wall of this region give rise to large globular structures. These include sperm bundles intermingled with dense granules, forming the so called ‘spermatolophids’. These formations descend along the deferent duct and are stored in the expanded seminal vesicle. Atelura spermatozoa do not pair as in some Lepismatidae, nor do they fuse as in Tricholepidion (Lepidotrichidae). Thus, sperm aggregation in Zygentoma is realized according to different modalities and can hardly be considered as a synapomorphic trait of its subtaxa.

To verify the questionable description of sperm structure of Trichogramma dendrolimi, in relation to Chalcidoids, a reinvestigation was undertaken. The spermatozoa appear wavy along their entire length. A small acrosome, together with the anterior nuclear region, is surrounded by an extracellular sheath, from which filaments radiate. The nucleus is helicoidal and attached to the flagellum by a centriolar adjunct. The axoneme has the 9 + 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement pitched in a long helix, with the spiralling mitochondrial derivatives coiling around it. Therefore, the spermatozoa of T. dendrolimi are very similar to those of other chalcidoids and different from the first description. It is now possible to affirm that the helical sperm structures are an apomorphic homology for Trichogrammatidae as well as Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae, Mymaridae and for some other chalcidoids, if not all.

In the present study, spermatozoon ultrastructure was documented in two species of hangingflies, Bittacus strigosus Hagen (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) and B. stigmaterus Say. Structures considered important to phylogenetic assessment that were observed in B. strigosus and B. stigmaterus included a short bilayered acrosome, elongated nucleus, tube-like glycocalyx, centriole adjunct material, accessory bodies, two mitochondrial derivatives, extra axonemal rods, globular units, and 9+2 arrangement of microtubules in the axoneme. Comparisons were made to Bittacus planus Cheng, which was previously examined by electron microscopy ( Xie and Hua 2010 ). Similarities among the ultrastructural characteristics of the three Bittacus species support the monophyly of this genus. Displacement of a mitochondrial derivative by an accessory body was documented for the first time. This paper includes clarifications on differences between accessory bodies and extra axonemal rods, which are issues important to phylogenetic placement.

The Scelionidae sperm are distinguished from those of all hymenopterans already studied at least by the presence of a single mitochondrial derivative and the absence of a centriolar adjunct. The absence of an acrosome, in Telenomus podisi, is also unique. The helical nucleus and mitochondrial derivative spiralling around a twisted axoneme can be considered as synapomorphies shared with the Chalcidoidea, and the mitochondrial derivative running together with the nucleus for a long distance can be considered as a synapomorphy shared with the Diapriidae. Therefore, from a consideration of these features, it is possible to suppose that the Scelionidae, Chalcidoidea and Diapriidae are more closely related between themselves than are any of them to the Cynipoidea, since the latter does not share any of the above-mentioned features. This supposition agrees with phylogenetic analyses that supported the inclusion of Platygastroidea (Scelionidae and Platygastridae) and Chalcidoidea within the Proctotrupomorpha lineage, as well as the close relationship of these to the Diapriidae, and the exclusion of the Cynipoidea from this lineage.

Summary Sperm ultrastructure and the number of sperm per bundle were studied in two Drosophila species from the tripunctata radiation, D. dunni and D. cardini. The number of sperm per bundle in both species was found to have an unusual frequency distribution, as none of the bundles obeyed the 4(2”) rule proposed for species with definitive spermatogonia division. The absolute and relative size of the cross sectional areas of the mitochondrial derivatives of D. dunni and D. cardini sperm was found to be somewhat different from D. hydei (repleta radiation), and very different from D. melanogaster of the Sophophora radiation. Lastly, a mass of residual material and a desmosome-like attachment plaque were demonstrated between the axoneme and the large mitochondrial derivative in D. dunni and D. cardini sperm. This study highlights the importance of ultrastructural studies of spermatogenesis in the analysis of the phylogeny of Drosophila.

The spermatozoa of Bephratelloides pomorum are very long and fine. Each spermatozoon measures about 620 μm in length by 0.38 μm in diameter and, when seen under the light microscope, appears to be wavy along its entire length. The head, which is approximately 105 μm, comprises a small acrosome and a nucleus. The acrosome is made up of a cone-shaped acrosomal vesicle surrounding the perforatorium and the anterior end of the nucleus. Innumerable filaments radiate from it. The perforatorium has a diameter equal to that of the nucleus at their junction, where it fits with a concave base onto the rounded nuclear tip. The nucleus is helicoidal and completely filled with homogeneous compact chromatin. It is attached to the tail by a very long and quite electron-dense centriolar adjunct that extends anteriorly from the centriole in a spiral around the nucleus for approximately 8.5 μm. The tail consists of an axoneme with the 9+9+2 microtubule arrangement pitched in a long helix, as well as a pair of spiraling mitochondrial derivatives (with regularly arranged cristae) that coil around the axoneme, and two small accessory bodies. As well as the spiraling of the nucleus, mitochondrial derivatives and axonemal microtubules, the sperm of B. pomorum present other very different morphological features. These features include the acrosome and centriolar adjunct, both of which differentiate the spermatozoa from the majority of sperm found in other Hymenoptera. In addition these structural variations demonstrate that the sperm of chalcidoids provide characteristics that can certainly prove useful for future phylogenetic analysis at the subfamily level and, possibly, the genus too.

Results from a transmission electron microscope study of the spermiogenesis and spermatozoon of Meara stichopi (Nemertodermatida, Platyhelminthes) indicate that the sperm type of the Nemertodermatida has evolved from the primitive metazoan sperm type rather than from an aberrant biflagellar sperm type as found in many other flatworms. The spirally coiled mitochondrial derivative in the mature spermatozoon develops from two large oval mitochondria in the early spermatid stages. A single flagellum grows out from a peripheral basal body adjacent to a perpendicularly placed accessory centriole. The basal body moves to a distal depression of the nucleus, and becomes equipped with an anchoring fibre apparatus. Most of the flagellum becomes axially incorporated into the developing spermatid. No trace of a second flagellum was found in any stage of the spermiogenesis. Rounded vesicles appear around the proximal, tapering end of the elongating nucleus. Most probably these vesicles form a thin acrosomal structure in the mature spermatozoon. No dense bodies, characteristic of many other ‘turbellarian’ flatworm sperm types, were found.

The spermatogenesis of Allostoma sp. and the organization of mature spermatozoa are described by means of transmission electron microscopy. All stages of sperm development were observed in mature testes, which are bordered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue. The primary spermatogonium produces 64 spermatids, grouped as a cytophore. The process of spermiogenesis occurs at the periphery of the cytophore, when the sperm body is formed and released at complete maturation. The mature spermatozoon is a flattened, filiform structure. It is aciliary. Its anterior end is not distinguishable from the posterior one in the testis. The nucleus, showing an approximately rectangular cross section, is situated centrally and the chromatin is densely packed. A membranous cylinder, located on each side of the nucleus, contains conspicuous stacks of clear thick-envelope vesicles, and a long mitochondrial derivative placed peripherally. The vesicles show contacts with the cylinder membrane and the outer sperm membrane. Their supposed Golgi-derived content may thus be released into the external medium. A hypothesis is proposed about the role of these vesicles in sperm motility.

Gryon pennsylvanicum is a platygastrid hymenopteran that has lately received increasing attention in Europe due to its possible use in biological control of the conifer seed bug pest Leptoglossus occidentalis. Here the male reproductive system and the spermatogenesis of this species, along with those of Gryon muscaeformis, are examined ultrastructurally for the first time. The male genital system is formed by a pair of testes, each containing only one follicle, a pair of accessory glands and deferent ducts connected to a single ejaculatory duct. All the stages of spermatogenesis are described in detail. Characteristic features of the Gryon spp. sperm, which are 100 μm long, are the presence of a polygonal nucleus, only one mitochondrial derivative, the occurrence of the centriole adjunct and a typical insect 9 + 9 + 2 flagellar axoneme. The single derivative, however, results from a process in which one of the two mitochondria is lost during spermiogenesis. Unlike in other insects, two centrioles occur in spermatids as a consequence of the ameiotic parthenogenesis. These characteristics stand as a valuable tool for phylogenetic inferences. Furthermore this study suggests a useful strategy for laboratory mass rearing.

The Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, which is required only for male fertility, contains six loci that are essential for spermatogenesis. In primary spermatocytes, three of these loci form large lampbrush loops containing RNA transcripts and associated proteins. The identities and functions of these Y chromosome loop-binding proteins are largely unknown. This report demonstrates that the RB97D protein, which is essential for spermatogenesis, bound to a specific lampbrush loop. RB97D contains two copies of a well-characterized RNA binding domain, the RNA recognition motif, followed by a proline-glutamine rich domain. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence experiments showed that in the testis, RB97D was found only in primary spermatocyte nuclei and associated with the C loop from the ks-1 fertility locus in an RNAse-sensitive manner. The anti-RB97D antibodies also bound a single Y chromosome loop in D. hydei, suggesting that the protein and its loop-binding function have been evolutionarily conserved. These results demonstrate that the proteins that bind lampbrush loops can be essential for fertility. Since RB97D was present only premeiotically, its function is likely to be directly related to the metabolism of the C loop transcripts.

The ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa is examined for the first time in the heterogastropod family Mathildidae (Mathilda brevicula Bavay and Mathilda sp.). Mathildid spermatozoa exhibit the following features: (1) an ovoid acrosomal vesicle showing curved dense layers basally and underlain by a thin curved plate; (2) a solid, rod-shaped nucleus showing a shallow basal invagination (nucleus helically keeled in Mathilda sp.); (3) a midpiece composed of a 9+2 axoneme, 9 thick and periodically banded coarse fibres (associated with the axonemal doublets) and a continuous mitochondrial derivative; (5) glyco-gen piece composed of the axoneme surrounded by dense granules; (6) and end piece (paddle-shaped terminally). Results of the study demonstrate that mathildids share the same key sperm and spermi-ogenic features observed in the Architectonicidae. The monophyly of the Architectonicoidea, established by previous authors on anatomical grounds, is therefore confirmed using sperm morphology. Spermatozoa of the two mathildids investigated lack the periodically banded midpiece structures seen in investigated species of Architectonica (A. pcrspectiva (Linnaeus), A. perdix (Hinds)), Heliacus (H. (Heliacus) variegatus (Gmelin)) and Pseudotorinia (P. laseronorum (Iredale)) thereby resembling most closely the spermatozoaof Philippia lutea (Lamarck) and Psilaxis oxytropis (A. Adams) which also lack suchbanded structures. Given the widely accepted primitive status of the Mathildidae within the Architectonicoidea, the genera Philippia and Psilaxis may prove to be relatively basal rather than advanced genera within the Architectonicidae. Thi: view needs to be tested by examination of sperm morphology in other genera of the Architectonicidae and also the basal mathildid genus Tuba sensu lato (= Gegania + Tubena). Such information will be vital in any future cladistic study of the Architectonicoidea.