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Abstract Recent studies have suggested that the clinical features of elderly-onset adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) differ from those of young and middle-aged-onset patients, whereas the details remain unclear, and cytokine profiles of elderly-onset AOSD have not been reported. To clarify the clinical features and cytokine profiles of elderly-onset AOSD, we examined patients with AOSD who developed the disease between January 2006 and September 2021. We divided the patients into the young and middle-aged-onset group (aged

Adult onset Still disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by skin rash, spiking fever, arthritis, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Although the etiology of this disease has not been fully clarified, both innate and acquired immune responses could contribute to its pathogenesis. Hyperactivation of macrophages and neutrophils along with low activation of natural killer (NK) cells in innate immunity, as well as hyperactivation of Th1 and Th17 cells, whereas low activation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in acquired immunity are involved in the pathogenic process of AOSD. In innate immunity, activation of monocytes/macrophages might play central roles in the development of AOSD and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a severe life-threating complication of AOSD. Regarding the activation mechanisms of monocytes/macrophages in AOSD, in addition to type II interferon (IFN) stimulation, several pathways have recently been identified, such as the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)-pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) axis, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-DNA. These stimulations on monocytes/macrophages cause activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain (NLRP) 3 inflammasomes, which trigger capase-1 activation, resulting in conversion of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into mature forms. Thereafter, IL-1β and IL-18 produced by activated monocytes/macrophages contribute to various clinical features in AOSD. We identified placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) as a specifically increased molecule in monocytes of active AOSD, which correlated with serum levels of CRP, ferritin, IL-1β, and IL-18. Interestingly, PLAC8 could suppress the synthesis of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 via enhanced autophagy; thus, PLAC8 seems to be a regulatory molecule in AOSD. These findings for the activation mechanisms of monocytes/macrophages could shed light on the pathogenesis and development of a novel therapeutic strategy for AOSD.

Objectives: The aim is to clarify the differences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with certolizumab pegol (CZP) and infliximab (IFX). Methods: The study included RA patients who received CZP or IFX and were examined with low-field MRI (compacTscan; compact magnetic resonance imaging) at the beginning and again within 6 months of treatment initiation. Comparisons were made regarding background, clinical course, and differences in MRI findings following initiation of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors between the CZP and IFX treatment groups. MRI findings were evaluated by scoring erosion, bone marrow oedema (BME), and synovitis. Results: Ten cases in CZP and 18 cases in IFX group were compared. The biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naïve rate in the IFX group was significantly higher than that in the CZP group. After 6 months, disease activities were significantly decreased from baseline in both groups. Erosion score did not change significantly in both groups after 6 months. BME score was significantly decreased in the CZP group after 6 months, whereas in the IFX group, there was no significant change. Synovitis score was significantly decreased in both groups after 6 months. Conclusions: The findings of our study suggest that, in patients with RA, CZP might improve BME more effectively than IFX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To clarify the efficacy and safety of intravenous abatacept for glandular and extraglandular involvements in Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) ¨ associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Materials and methods: We performed an open-label, prospective, 1-year, observational multicenter study (ROSE and ROSE II trials). The primary endpoint was the remission rate as measured by SDAI at 52 weeks. The secondary endpoints included the changes in the Saxon’s test, Schirmer’s test, ESSDAI and ESSPRI. Adverse events and adherence rates were also analyzed. Results: 68 patients (36 in ROSE and 32 in ROSE II, all women) were enrolled. SDAI decreased significantly from 23.6 ± 13.2 at baseline to 9.9 ± 9.5 at 52 weeks. Patients with SDAI remission increased from 0 (0 weeks) to 19 patients (27.9%) at 52 weeks. Saliva volume increased significantly at 24 weeks. Tear volume increased significantly at 52 weeks. Both ESSDAI and ESSPRI were significantly decreased at 12 weeks, and these responses were maintained up to 52 weeks. The rate of adherence to abatacept over the 52-week period was 83.8%. Twenty-two adverse events occurred in 15 patients. Conclusion: Abatacept ameliorated both glandular and extraglandular involvements, as well as the systemic disease activities and patient reported outcomes based on composite measures, in SS associated with RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objective is to reveal the effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment on corrected QT (QTc) interval in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The secondary objective is to investigate factors that affect QTc prolongation. Methods: SLE patients who had electrocardiograms between 2015 and 2020 were recruited and assigned to two groups based on whether they were treated with HCQ (HCQ group) or not (control group). Change of QTc before and after HCQ administration in the HCQ group was measured and compared with the control group. Patients treated with HCQ were further divided into two groups based on presence or absence of QTc prolongation and the characteristics were compared. Results: In total, 126 patients were recruited, of whom 42 were treated with HCQ. In the HCQ group, the mean QTc significantly increased (p<.001), while there was no significant difference of mean QTc in the control group. Moreover, those in the HCQ group with QTc prolongation showed a significantly higher proportion of hypertension and longer SLE duration compared to those without QTc prolongation. However, the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that there were no significant differences among them. Conclusion: HCQ could induce QTc prolongation in SLE patients. It might be better that the possibility of QTc prolongation was taken into consideration when HCQ was administered in the patients with longer disease duration of SLE and coincidence of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We compared large vessel vasculitis (LVV) clinical features between age groups. Methods: We retrospectively examined clinical features and therapies in 41 LVV patients at our hospital from January 2010 to March 2020. We compared two patient groups, elderly (≥50 years) and young (<50 years). Results: Of all patients, 29 were elderly and 12 were young. In the younger group, upper extremity symptoms (p <.05), bruits (p <.01), and cardiovascular complications (p <.01) were more common. Of the elderly group, 7 (24%) met classification criteria for giant cell arteritis while none of the younger group met these criteria; however, 10 (83%) of the younger group and 3 (10%) of the elderly group met the ACR classification criteria for Takayasu arteritis (p <.01). In the elderly group, 16 patients (66%) met no criteria (p <.01). There were no significant differences in laboratory findings but imaging showed a significantly higher incidence of head and neck artery lesions in the younger group (p <.05). The younger group was more likely to receive additional tocilizumab (p <.01) and cardiovascular complications were more likely to occur in younger patients (p < .01). Conclusion: LVV clinical features differed between elderly- and young-age-onset groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of nocardiosis complicated by connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Methods: We examined patients with CTDs who were diagnosed with nocardiosis from October 2004 to 2019. We retrospectively investigated patient characteristics and therapeutic outcomes. We then performed a comparison between survivors and non-survivors. Results: Fourteen patients were examined. Underlying CTDs were systemic lupus erythematosus (28.6%), vasculitis syndrome (28.6%), rheumatoid arthritis (21.4%), adult Still disease (14.3%) and dermatomyositis (7.1%). Infected organs were lung (85.7%), brain (42.9%), skin/cutaneous lesions (28.6%) and muscle (7.1%). Disseminated infections were seen in nine patients (64.3%). At the onset of nocardiosis, all patients were given prednisolone (23.2 ± 11.9 mg/day). Only two patients (14.3%) were given TMP-SMX for prophylaxis of pneumocystis pneumonia. Relapse occurred in one patient (7.1%) and four patients (28.6%) died from nocardiosis for a cumulative survival rate at 52 weeks of 76.9%. In a comparison of survivors (71.4%) and non-survivors (28.6%), cutaneous lesions were significantly more frequent in the latter (10 vs 75%, p¼.04) with an odds ratio of 27.0 (95% CI: 1.7-453.4). Conclusion: Cutaneous lesions as a result of dissemination might be a risk factor for nocardiosis mortality in patients with CTDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the protein expression level, expressing cell types, and pathogenic roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8) in affected tissues of patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD).Methods: The protein expression levels of CCL18 in labial salivary glands (LSGs) assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) staining were compared among patients with IgG4-RD (n = 3), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS; n = 4), and control subjects (n = 5). CCL18 expression levels in macrophages, CD11c+ cells, B cells, and plasmacytes in LSGs were examined by double IF staining. The protein expression levels of CCR8 and expressing cells (T, B cells, and plasmacytes) in LSGs were also compared among patients with IgG4-RD, pSS, and control subjects by double IF staining. The effects of the CCL18-CCR8 axis on total IgG, IgG2, and IgG4 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with CD40L, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21 were examined by in vitro assays.Results: CCL18 was specifically upregulated in LSGs of patients with IgG4-RD, compared with only a few cells in pSS patients and none of the controls. The numbers of CCL18-producing macrophages, CD11c+ cells, and plasmacytes in LSGs were significantly higher in IgG4-RD patients than in pSS patients and control (p < .05, each). Many T and B cells and some plasmacytes expressed CCR8 in LSGs of IgG4-RD and pSS patients. CCL18 specifically enhanced IgG4 production by stimulated PBMCs.Conclusion: CCL18-CCR8 axis was upregulated in LSGs of patients with IgG4-RD, suggesting possible roles of this axis in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD.Key messagesThe CCL18-CCR8 axis in labial salivary glands (LSGs) and lacrimal glands of IgG4-RD patients was specifically upregulated compared with primary Sjögren's syndrome and control subjects.This axis might be a potentially novel therapeutic target in IgG4-RD, based on its important etiopathogenic roles, such as chemotaxis of various cells, induction of fibrosis, and enhancement of IgG4 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP Ab) is reported to be found in 5-20% of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), its clinical significance has not been elucidated. Objective: To clarify the association of anti-CCP Ab with clinical features in PsA. Methods: Patients were enrolled who fulfilled the classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis (CASPAR) criteria and visited our hospital. We retrospectively compared clinical characteristics between those who were positive and negative for anti-CCP Ab and further compared changes in disease activity in the patients treated with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Results: We examined 41 patients (11 females), seven were anti-CCP Ab-positive and 34 were negative. Age (55.0 ± 15.1 years old) and frequency of lung involvements (71.4%) in the anti-CCP Ab-positive group were significantly higher than those (40.0 ± 16.0 and 0%, respectively) in the negative group (p < .05). Rheumatoid factor (RF) titer (749.4 ± 860.7 U/mL) and MMP-3 (604.8 ± 1060.6) in the anti-CCP Ab-positive group was significantly higher than that (3.6 ± 4.4 U/mL and 111.2 ± 77.4, respectively) in the negative group (p < .05). Five patients were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (infliximab (IFX): 3 and adalimumab (ADA): 2) in the anti-CCP Ab-positive group, while in the negative group there were 11 (IFX: 6, ADA: 4, and etanercept (ETN): 1). Within 6 months of treatment, arthritis did not improve with TNF inhibitors in the anti-CCP Ab-positive group, whereas it improved significantly in the negative group. Conclusion: In patients with PsA, anti-CCP Ab might be related to lung involvements, elderly onset, RF and MMP-3 titers, and resistance to TNF inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to clarify associations between maternal clinical features and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in mothers with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Methods: We retrospectively examined maternal clinical features including backgrounds, autoantibodies, CTD flare-ups, and therapies during pregnancies as well as fetal outcomes in 90 pregnancies (66 mothers) at our hospital from January 2006 to September 2016. Results: Underlying CTDs were SLE (N=41), MCTD (N=10), RA (N=15), SS (N=10), and others (N=14). Anti-SS-A antibody was detected in 60.3%, lupus anticoagulant (LAC) was in 11.4%, and anticardiolipin-b2glycoprotein1 antibody was in 18.5%. Flare-ups of CTDs occurred in 20 pregnancies (22.2%). Corticosteroids (CS) was administered in 73 pregnancies, immunosuppressants in four, and biologics in one. Among the 85 pregnancies other than five early abortions within 12 weeks of gestational age, 33 cases had APOs while the remaining 52 cases were normal. Although disease duration, MCTD, high dose of CS, flare-ups of CTDs, and positive LAC significantly correlated with APOs by univariate analysis, only MCTD was a significant independent predictor for APOs by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Disease duration, MCTD, high dose of CS, flare-ups of CTDs, and LAC might be possible predictive risk factors for APOs in pregnancies with CTDs. Of these, MCTD was a significant independent risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of three different biologics in anti-Ro/SSA antibodypositive and antibody-negative patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: The study subjects were 110 biologics naïve patients with RA who started treatment with biologics and examined for anti-Ro/SSA antibody between December 2003 and March 2014. For patients treated with intravenous infliximab (IFX), tocilizumab (TCZ), or abatacept (ABT), we compared the clinical characteristics and changes in composite disease activity index, such as DAS28, SDAI, and CDAI, for 12 months in anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive and antibodynegative patients. Results: We examined 59 patients (nine were positive and 50 were negative for anti-Ro/SSA antibody) treated with IFX, 27 patients (5 positive and 22 negative) treated with TCZ, and 24 patients (13 positive and 11 negative) treated with ABT. For patients treated with IFX, parameters of disease activity did not change significantly from baseline in anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive patients, whereas they improved in antibody-negative patients. On the other hand, treatment with TCZ and ABT significantly decreased disease activity, relative to baseline, in both anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive and antibody-negative patients. Anti-Ro/SSA antibodypositive patients treated with IFX showed higher frequency of HACA and seroconversion of ANA, and lower serum TGF-b levels. Conclusions: Positivity to anti-Ro/SSA in RA seems to confer resistance to IFX via production of HACA and ANA, and low serum TGF-b levels, but not to TCZ and ABT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To clarify the efficacy and safety of abatacept for secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: The primary endpoint of this open-labeled, prospective, observational multicenter study for secondary SS with RA was the remission rate of Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) at 52 weeks after initiation of abatacept. The secondary endpoints included Saxon's test and Schirmer's test. Adverse events and adherence rate during the study period were also analyzed. Results: Thirty-six patients (all females) were enrolled in this study. The mean SDAI decreased significantly from 20.6 ± 11.2 (±SD) at baseline to 10.0 ± 10.5 at 52 weeks (p50.05). Patients with SDAI remission increased from 0 (0 week) to 12 patients (33.3%) at 52 weeks. Saliva volume assessed by Saxon's test increased significantly from 2136 ± 1809 (0 week) to 2397 ± 1878 (24 weeks) mg/2 min (n=34, p50.05). Saliva volume increased significantly from 2945 ± 2090 (0 week) to 3419 ± 2121 (24 weeks) mg/2 min in 11 patients with Greenspan grade 1 or 2 of labial salivary gland biopsy (p50.05), but no change was noted in 18 patients with Greenspan grade 3 or 4. Tear volume by Schirmer's test increased significantly from 4.2 ± 4.8 (0 week) to 6.4 ± 7.8 (24 weeks) mm/5 min (n=30, p50.05). The adherence rate to abatacept was 80.6% (29/36) over the 52-week period. Twelve adverse events occurred in 10 of the 36 patients, and 7 of these events were infections. Conclusion: Abatacept seems to be effective for both RA and SS related manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of an 82-year-old male presenting at the hospital with left exophthalmos. Laboratory examination showed normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) uptake while head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a left, low- intensity orbital mass and the positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan showed abnormal [F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) intake. The article discusses the IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) with orbital inflammation and prostatitis.