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1. Multi-scale transport and exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains

Author

Serafin, Stefano, Rotach, Mathias W., Arpagaus, Marco, Colfescu, Ioana, Cuxart, Joan, De Wekker, Stephan F. J., Evans, Mathew, Grubišić, Vanda, Kalthoff, Norbert, Karl, Thomas, Kirshbaum, Daniel J., Lehner, Manuela, Mobbs, Stephen, Paci, Alexandre, Palazzi, Elisa, Raudzens Bailey, Adriana, Schmidli, Jürg, Wohlfahrt, Georg, and Zardir, Dino

Subjects
Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Climate prediction, Weather prediction, Mountain landscape, Klimavorhersage, Wettervorhersage, Berglandschaft, bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
Abstract

TEAMx (www.teamx-programme.org) is an international research programme that aims at improving the understanding of exchange processes in the ­atmosphere over mountains at multiple scales and at advancing the parameterizations of ­these processes in numerical models for weather and climate prediction. This document, compiled by the TEAMx Programme Coordination Office, provides a concise overview of the scientific scope of TEAMx.; TEAMx (www.teamx-programme.org) ist ein internationales Forschungsprogramm, das darauf abzielt, das Verständnis von Austauschprozessen in der Atmosphäre über Bergen auf mehreren Ebenen zu verbessern und die Parametrisierung dieser Prozesse in numerischen Modellen für die Wetter- und Klimavorhersage voranzutreiben. Dieses vom TEAMx-Programmkoordinierungsbüro zusammengestellte Dokument bietet einen kurzen Überblick über den wissenschaftlichen Umfang von TEAMx.

Published
2020
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2. Multi-scale transport and exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains

Author

Serafin, Stefano, primary, Rotach, Mathias W., additional, Arpagaus, Marco, additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, Cuxart, Joan, additional, De Wekker, Stephan F. J., additional, Evans, Mathews, additional, Grubišić, Vanda, additional, Kalthoff, Norbert, additional, Karl, Thomas, additional, Kirshbaum, Daniel J., additional, Lehner, Manuela, additional, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Paci, Alexandre, additional, Palazzi, Elisa, additional, Raudzens Bailey, Adriana, additional, Schmidli, Jürg, additional, Wohlfahrt, Georg, additional, and Zardi, Dino, additional

Published
2020
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3. Flaring efficiencies and NOx emission ratios measured for offshore oil and gas facilities in the North Sea

Author

Shaw, Jacob T., primary, Foulds, Amy, additional, Wilde, Shona, additional, Barker, Patrick, additional, Squires, Freya A., additional, Lee, James, additional, Purvis, Ruth, additional, Burton, Ralph, additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Cliff, Samuel, additional, Bauguitte, Stéphane J.-B., additional, Young, Stuart, additional, Schwietzke, Stefan, additional, and Allen, Grant, additional

Published
2023
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4. Flaring efficiencies and NOx emission ratios measured for offshore oil and gas facilities in the North Sea

Author

Shaw, Jacob T., primary, Foulds, Amy, additional, Wilde, Shona, additional, Barker, Patrick, additional, Squires, Freya, additional, Lee, James, additional, Purvis, Ruth, additional, Burton, Ralph, additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Bauguitte, Stéphane J.-B., additional, Young, Stuart, additional, Schwietzke, Stefan, additional, and Allen, Grant, additional

Published
2022
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7. A Collaborative Effort to Better Understand, Measure, and Model Atmospheric Exchange Processes over Mountains

Author

Rotach, Mathias W., primary, Serafin, Stefano, additional, Ward, Helen C., additional, Arpagaus, Marco, additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, Cuxart, Joan, additional, De Wekker, Stephan F. J., additional, Grubišic, Vanda, additional, Kalthoff, Norbert, additional, Karl, Thomas, additional, Kirshbaum, Daniel J., additional, Lehner, Manuela, additional, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Paci, Alexandre, additional, Palazzi, Elisa, additional, Bailey, Adriana, additional, Schmidli, Jürg, additional, Wittmann, Christoph, additional, Wohlfahrt, Georg, additional, and Zardi, Dino, additional

Published
2022
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9. THE CONVECTIVE AND OROGRAPHICALLY INDUCED PRECIPITATION STUDY : A Research and Development Project of the World Weather Research Program for Improving Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting in Low-Mountain Regions

Author

Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Bauer, Hans-Stefan, Kottmeier, Christoph, Corsmeier, Ulrich, Blyth, Alan, Craig, George, Schumann, Ulrich, Hagen, Martin, Crewell, Susanne, Di Girolamo, Paolo, Flamant, Cyrille, Miller, Mark, Montani, Andrea, Mobbs, Stephen, Richard, Evelyne, Rotach, Mathias W., Arpagaus, Marco, Russchenberg, Herman, Schlüssel, Peter, König, Marianne, Gärtner, Volker, Steinacker, Reinhold, Dorninger, Manfred, Turner, David D., Weckwerth, Tammy, Hense, Andreas, and Simmer, Clemens

Published
2008

12. Flaring efficiencies and NOx emission ratios measured for offshore oil and gas facilities in the North Sea.

Author

Shaw, Jacob T., Foulds, Amy, Wilde, Shona, Barker, Patrick, Squires, Freya, Lee, James, Purvis, Ruth, Burton, Ralph, Colfescu, Ioana, Mobbs, Stephen, Bauguitte, Stéphane J.-B., Young, Stuart, Schwietzke, Stefan, and Allen, Grant

Abstract

Gas flaring is a substantial global source of carbon emissions to atmosphere, and is targeted as a route to mitigating the oil and gas sector carbon footprint, due to the waste of resources involved. However, quantifying carbon emissions from flaring is resource intensive, and no studies have yet assessed flaring emissions for offshore regions. In this work, we present carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and NOx (nitrogen oxide) data from 58 emission plumes identified as gas flaring, measured during aircraft campaigns over the North Sea (UK and Norwegian) in 2018 and 2019. Median combustion efficiency, the efficiency with which carbon in the flared gas is converted to CO2 in the emission plume, was 98.4% when accounting for C2H6, or 98.7% when only accounting for CH4. Higher combustion efficiencies were measured in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea compared with the UK sector. Destruction removal efficiencies (DREs), the efficiency with which an individual species is combusted, were 98.5% for CH4, and 97.9% for C2H6. Median NOx emission ratios were measured to be 0.003 ppm per ppm CO2 and 0.26 ppm per ppm CH4, and the median C2H6:CH4 ratio was measured to be 0.11 ppm ppm-1. The highest NOx emission ratios were observed from Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels, although this could potentially be due to the presence of alternative NOx sources onboard, such as diesel generators. The measurements in this work were used to estimate total emissions from the North Sea from gas flaring, of 1.4 Tg yr-1 CO2, 6.3 Gg yr-1 CH4, 1.7 Gg yr-1 C2H6, and 3.9 Gg yr-1 NOx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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13. Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production

Author

Wilde, Shona E., Dominutti, Pamela A., Andrews, Stephen J., Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., Burton, Ralph R., Colfescu, Ioana, France, James, Hopkins, James R., Jones, Anna E., Lachlan-Cope, Thomas, Lee, James D., Lewis, Alastair C., Mobbs, Stephen, Weiss, Alexandra, Young, Stuart, Purvis, Ruth M., Wilde, Shona E., Dominutti, Pamela A., Andrews, Stephen J., Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., Burton, Ralph R., Colfescu, Ioana, France, James, Hopkins, James R., Jones, Anna E., Lachlan-Cope, Thomas, Lee, James D., Lewis, Alastair C., Mobbs, Stephen, Weiss, Alexandra, Young, Stuart, and Purvis, Ruth M.

Abstract

The North Sea is Europe's key oil and gas (O&G) basin with the output currently meeting 3 %–4 % of global oil supply. Despite this, there are few observational constraints on the nature of atmospheric emissions from this region, with most information derived from bottom-up inventory estimates. This study reports on airborne measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from O&G-producing regions in the North Sea. VOC source emission signatures for the primary extraction products from offshore fields (oil, gas, condensate, mixed) were determined in four geographic regions. Measured iso-pentane to n-pentane (iC5 / nC5) ratios were 0.89–1.24 for all regions, used as a confirmatory indicator of O&G activities. Light alkanes (ethane, propane, butane, pentane) were the dominant species emitted in all four regions; however, total OH reactivity was dominated by unsaturated species, such as 1,3-butadiene, despite their relatively low abundance. Benzene to toluene ratios indicated the influence of possible terrestrial combustion sources of emissions in the southern, gas-producing region of the North Sea, seen only during south or south-westerly wind episodes. However, all other regions showed a characteristic signature of O&G operations. Correlations between ethane (C2H6) and methane (CH4) confirmed O&G production to be the primary CH4 source. The enhancement ratio (ΔC2H6/ΔCH4) ranged between 0.03–0.18, indicating a spatial dependence on emissions with both wet and dry CH4 emission sources. The excess mole fraction demonstrated that deepwater oil extraction resulted in a greater proportion of emissions of higher carbon number alkanes relative to CH4, whereas gas extraction, typically from shallow waters, resulted in a less complex mix of emissions dominated by CH4. The VOC source profiles measured were similar to those in the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for oil production, with consistency between the molar ratios of light alkanes to propane

Published
2021

16. Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production

Author

Wilde, Shona E., primary, Dominutti, Pamela A., additional, Allen, Grant, additional, Andrews, Stephen J., additional, Bateson, Prudence, additional, Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, France, James, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Huang, Langwen, additional, Jones, Anna E., additional, Lachlan-Cope, Tom, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, Weiss, Alexandra, additional, Young, Stuart, additional, and Purvis, Ruth M., additional

Published
2021
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17. Multi-scale transport and exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains. Programme and experiment

Author

Rotach, Mathias W., Arpagaus, Marco, Colfescu, Ioana, Cuxart, Joan, De Wekker, Stephan F. J., Evans, Mathew John, Grubišic, Vanda, Kalthoff, Norbert, Karl, Thomas, Kirshbaum, Daniel J., Lehner, Manuela, Mobbs, Stephen D., Paci, Alexandre, Palazzi, Elisa, Raudzens Bailey, Adriana, Schmidli, Jürg, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Zardi, Dino, and Serafin, Stefano

Abstract

TEAMx is an international research programme that aims at improving the understanding of exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains at multiple scales and at advancing the parameterizations of these processes in numerical models for weather and climate prediction–hence its acronyms stands for Multi-scale transport and exchange processes in the atmosphere over mountains – Programme and experiment. TEAMx is a bottom-up initiative promoted by a number of universities, research institutions and operational centres, internationally integrated through a Memorandum of Understanding between inter- ested parties. It is carried out by means of coordinated national, bi-national and multi-national research projects and supported by a Programme Coordination Office at the Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences of the University of Innsbruck, Austria. The present document, compiled by the TEAMx Programme Coordination Office, provides a concise overview of the scientific scope of TEAMx. In the interest of accessibility and readability, the document aims at being self-contained and uses only a minimum of references to scientific literature. Greyboxes at the beginning of chapters list the literature sources that provide the scientific basis of the document. This largely builds on review articles published by the journal Atmosphere between 2018 and 2019, in a special issue on Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain. A few other important literature pieces have been referenced where appropriate. Interested readers are encouraged to examine the large body of literature summarized and referenced in these articles. Blue boxes have been added to most sub-chapters. Their purpose is to highlight key ideas and proposals for future collaborative research.

Published
2020

18. Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production

Author

Wilde, Shona E., primary, Dominutti, Pamela A., additional, Andrews, Stephen J., additional, Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, France, James, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Jones, Anna E., additional, Lachlan-Cope, Tom, additional, Lee, James D., additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, Weiss, Alexandra, additional, Young, Stuart, additional, and Purvis, Ruth M., additional

Published
2020
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23. Flow rate and source reservoir identification from airborne chemical sampling of the uncontrolled Elgin platform gas release

Author

Lee, James D., Mobbs, Stephen D., Wellpott, Axel, Allen, Grant, Burton, Ralph R., Camilli, Richard, Coe, Hugh, Fisher, Rebecca E., France, James L., Gallagher, Martin W., Hopkins, James R., Lanoiselle, Mathias, Lewis, Alastair C., Lowry, David, Nisbet, Euan G., Purvis, Ruth M., O'Shea, Sebastian, Pyle, John A., and Ryerson, Thomas B.

Abstract

An uncontrolled gas leak from 25 March to 16 May 2012 led to evacuation of the Total Elgin wellhead and neighbouring drilling and production platforms in the UK North Sea. Initially the atmospheric flow rate of leaking gas and condensate was very poorly known, hampering environmental assessment and well control efforts. Six flights by the UK FAAM chemically instrumented BAe-146 research aircraft were used to quantify the flow rate. The flow rate was calculated by assuming the plume may be modelled by a Gaussian distribution with two different solution methods: Gaussian fitting in the vertical and fitting with a fully mixed layer. When both solution methods were used they compared within 6% of each other, which was within combined errors. Data from the first flight on 30 March 2012 showed the flow rate to be 1.3±0.2kgCH4s-1, decreasing to less than half that by the second flight on 17 April 2012. δ13CCH4 in the gas was found to be -43‰, implying that the gas source was unlikely to be from the main high pressure, high temperature Elgin gas field at 5.5km depth, but more probably from the overlying Hod Formation at 4.2km depth. This was deemed to be smaller and more manageable than the high pressure Elgin field and hence the response strategy was considerably simpler. The first flight was conducted within 5 days of the blowout and allowed a flow rate estimate within 48h of sampling, with δ13CCH4 characterization soon thereafter, demonstrating the potential for a rapid-response capability that is widely applicable to future atmospheric emissions of environmental concern. Knowledge of the Elgin flow rate helped inform subsequent decision making. This study shows that leak assessment using appropriately designed airborne plume sampling strategies is well suited for circumstances where direct access is difficult or potentially dangerous. Measurements such as this also permit unbiased regulatory assessment of potential impact, independent of the emitting party, on timescales that can inform industry decision makers and assist rapid-response planning by government.

Published
2018

25. Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production.

Author

Wilde, Shona E., Dominutti, Pamela A., Andrews, Stephen J., Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., Burton, Ralph R., Colfescu, Ioana, France, James, Hopkins, James R., Jones, Anna E., Lachlan-Cope, Tom, Lee, James D., Lewis, Alastair C., Mobbs, Stephen D., Weiss, Alexandra, Young, Stuart, and Purvis, Ruth M.

Abstract

The North Sea is Europe's key oil and gas (O&G) basin with the output currently meeting 3-4 % of global oil supply. Despite this, there are few observational constraints on the nature of atmospheric emissions from this region, with most information derived from bottom-up inventory estimates. This study reports on airborne measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from O&G producing regions in the North Sea. VOC source emission signatures for the primary extraction products from offshore fields (oil, gas, condensate, mixed) were determined in four geographic regions. Measured iso-pentane to n-pentane (iC5 / nC5) ratios were 0.89-1.24 for all regions, used as a confirmatory indicator of O&G activities. Light alkanes (ethane, propane, butane, pentane) were the dominant species emitted in all four regions, however total OH reactivity was dominated by unsaturated species, such as 1,3-butadiene, despite their relatively low abundance. Benzene to toluene ratios indicated the influence of possible terrestrial combustion sources of emissions in the southern, gas-producing region of the North Sea, seen only during south or south-westerly wind episodes. However, all other regions showed a characteristic signature of O&G operations. Correlations between ethane (C2H6) and methane (CH4), confirmed O&G production to be the primary CH4 source. The enhancement ratio (ΔC2H6 / ΔCH4) ranged between 0.03-0.18, indicating a spatial dependence on emissions with both wet and dry CH4 emission sources. The excess mole fraction demonstrated that deepwater oil extraction resulted in a greater proportion of emissions of higher carbon number alkanes relative to CH4, whereas gas extraction, typically from shallow waters, resulted in a less complex mix of emissions dominated by CH4. The VOC source profiles measured were similar to those in the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for oil production, with consistency between the molar ratios of light alkanes to propane. The largest discrepancies between observations and the inventory were for mono-aromatic compounds, highlighting that these species are not currently fully captured in the inventory. These results demonstrate the applicability of VOC measurements to distinguish unique sources within the O&G sector and give an overview of VOC speciation over the North Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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26. Globally Significant CO 2 Emissions From Katla, a Subglacial Volcano in Iceland

Author

Ilyinskaya, Evgenia, primary, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Burton, Ralph, additional, Burton, Mike, additional, Pardini, Federica, additional, Pfeffer, Melissa Anne, additional, Purvis, Ruth, additional, Lee, James, additional, Bauguitte, Stéphane, additional, Brooks, Barbara, additional, Colfescu, Ioana, additional, Petersen, Gudrun Nina, additional, Wellpott, Axel, additional, and Bergsson, Baldur, additional

Published
2018
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27. Flow rate and source reservoir identification from airborne chemical sampling of the uncontrolled Elgin platform gas release

Author

Lee, James D., primary, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, Wellpott, Axel, additional, Allen, Grant, additional, Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Camilli, Richard, additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Fisher, Rebecca E., additional, France, James L., additional, Gallagher, Martin, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Lanoiselle, Mathias, additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Lowry, David, additional, Nisbet, Euan G., additional, Purvis, Ruth M., additional, O'Shea, Sebastian, additional, Pyle, John A., additional, and Ryerson, Thomas B., additional

Published
2018
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30. A case study of possible future summer convective precipitation over the UK and Europe from a regional climate projection

Author

Gadian, Alan M., primary, Blyth, Alan M., additional, Bruyere, Cindy L., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Done, James M., additional, Groves, James, additional, Holland, Greg, additional, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, Pozo, Jutta Thielen‐del, additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, and Warner, James L., additional

Published
2017
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31. Supplementary material to "Flow rate and source reservoir identification from airborne chemical sampling of the uncontrolled Elgin platform gas release"

Author

Lee, James D., primary, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, Wellpott, Axel, additional, Allen, Grant, additional, Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Camilli, Richard, additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Fisher, Rebecca E., additional, France, James L., additional, Gallagher, Martin, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Lanoiselle, Mathias, additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Lowry, David, additional, Nisbet, Euan G., additional, Purvis, Ruth M., additional, O'Shea, Sebastian, additional, Pyle, John A., additional, and Ryerson, Thomas B., additional

Published
2017
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32. Flow rate and source reservoir identification from airborne chemical sampling of the uncontrolled Elgin platform gas release

Author

Lee, James D., primary, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, Wellpott, Axel, additional, Allen, Grant, additional, Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Camilli, Richard, additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Fisher, Rebecca E., additional, France, James L., additional, Gallagher, Martin, additional, Hopkins, James R., additional, Lanoiselle, Mathias, additional, Lewis, Alastair C., additional, Lowry, David, additional, Nisbet, Euan G., additional, Purvis, Ruth M., additional, O'Shea, Sebastian, additional, Pyle, John A., additional, and Ryerson, Thomas B., additional

Published
2017
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33. Ground-level climate at a peatland wind farm in Scotland is affected by wind turbine operation

Author

Armstrong, Alona, Burton, Ralph R., Lee, Susan E., Mobbs, Stephen, Ostle, Nicholas, Smith, Victoria, Waldron, Susan, Whitaker, Jeanette, Armstrong, Alona, Burton, Ralph R., Lee, Susan E., Mobbs, Stephen, Ostle, Nicholas, Smith, Victoria, Waldron, Susan, and Whitaker, Jeanette

Abstract

The global drive to produce low-carbon energy has resulted in an unprecedented deployment of onshore wind turbines, representing a significant land use change for wind energy generation with uncertain consequences for local climatic conditions and the regulation of ecosystem processes. Here, we present high-resolution data from a wind farm collected during operational and idle periods that shows the wind farm affected several measures of ground-level climate. Specifically, we discovered that operational wind turbines raised air temperature by 0.18 °C and absolute humidity (AH) by 0.03 g m−3 during the night, and increased the variability in air, surface and soil temperature throughout the diurnal cycle. Further, the microclimatic influence of turbines on air temperature and AH decreased logarithmically with distance from the nearest turbine. These effects on ground-level microclimate, including soil temperature, have uncertain implications for biogeochemical processes and ecosystem carbon cycling, including soil carbon stocks. Consequently, understanding needs to be improved to determine the overall carbon balance of wind energy.

Published
2016

34. Ground-level climate at a peatland wind farm in Scotland is affected by wind turbine operation

Author

Armstrong, Alona Barbara, Burton, Ralph, Lee, Susan, Mobbs, Stephen, Ostle, Nicholas John, Smith, Victoria, Waldron, Susan, Whitaker, Jeanette, Armstrong, Alona Barbara, Burton, Ralph, Lee, Susan, Mobbs, Stephen, Ostle, Nicholas John, Smith, Victoria, Waldron, Susan, and Whitaker, Jeanette

Abstract

The global drive to produce low-carbon energy has resulted in an unprecedented deployment of onshore wind turbines, representing a significant land use change for wind energy generation with uncertain consequences for local climatic conditions and the regulation of ecosystem processes. Here, we present high-resolution data from a wind farm collected during operational and idle periods that shows the wind farm affected several measures of ground-level climate. Specifically, we discovered that operational wind turbines raised air temperature by 0.18 °C and absolute humidity (AH) by 0.03 g m−3 during the night, and increased the variability in air, surface and soil temperature throughout the diurnal cycle. Further, the microclimatic influence of turbines on air temperature and AH decreased logarithmically with distance from the nearest turbine. These effects on ground-level microclimate, including soil temperature, have uncertain implications for biogeochemical processes and ecosystem carbon cycling, including soil carbon stocks. Consequently, understanding needs to be improved to determine the overall carbon balance of wind energy.

Published
2016

36. A case study of possible future summer convective precipitation over the UK and Europe from a regional climate projection.

Author

Gadian, Alan M., Blyth, Alan M., Bruyere, Cindy L., Burton, Ralph R., Done, James M., Groves, James, Holland, Greg, Mobbs, Stephen D., Pozo, Jutta Thielen‐del, Tye, Mari R., and Warner, James L.

Subjects
METEOROLOGICAL precipitation, CLIMATE change, GREENHOUSE gases, CONVECTION (Meteorology), PARAMETERIZATION
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Climate change caused by green house gas emissions is now following the trend of rapid warming consistent with a RCP8.5 forcing. Climate models are still unable to represent the mesoscale convective processes that occur at resolutions ∼O(3 km) and are not capable of resolving precipitation patterns in time and space with sufficient accuracy to represent convection. In this article, the UK Met Office precipitation observations are compared with the simulations for the period 1990–1995 followed by a simulation of a near‐future period 2031–2036 for a regional nested weather model. The convection‐permitting model, resolution ∼O(3 km), provides a good correspondence to the observational precipitation data and demonstrates the importance of explicit convection for future summer precipitation estimates. The UK summer precipitation is reduced slightly (∼10%) for 2031–2036 and there is no evidence of an increase in the peak maximum hourly precipitation magnitude. A similar pattern is observed over the whole European inner model domain. The results using the Kain–Fritsch convective parameterization scheme at a resolution ∼O(12 km) in the outer domain increase summer precipitation by ∼10% for the UK. The average precipitation rate per event increases, dry periods extend and wet periods shorten. As part of the change, 10‐m winds of <3 m s−1 become more common – a scenario that would impact on power generation from wind turbines through calmer conditions and cause more frequent pollution episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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37. Development of ice particles in convective clouds observed over the Black Forest mountains during COPS

Author

Huang, Yahui, Blyth, Alan M., Brown, Philip R. A., Cotton, Richard, Crosier, Jonathan, Bower, Keith N., Gallagher, Martin W., Jones, Hazel, Gadian, Alan M., Choularton, Tom W., Cardwell, John, Coe, Hugh, Mobbs, Stephen D., and Hagen, Martin

Subjects
orographic clouds, aerosol, ice nuclei, complex mixtures, Wolkenphysik und Verkehrsmeteorologie
Abstract

A combination of modelling studies and ground-based and aircraft measurements is used to examine the development of ice particles in convective clouds observed over the Black Forest mountains during the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS). High concentrations of relatively small ice particles were observed in the weaker northern cell that developed on convergence lines over the mountains in the much-studied 15 July 2007 case. The conditions in the cloud were not conducive for the Hallett�Mossop process. Instead, the explanation for such high concentrations of ice is likely associated with the type of ice nuclei ingested into the cloud. Biological nuclei, oxidised organic aerosol particles in the polluted air vented from the Murg valley into the cloud base, and desert dust are all possible candidates. A model sensitivity test with biological nuclei produced similar concentrations of ice particles to the observations. In contrast, the high concentration of ice particles measured in clouds that advected over the Black Forest mountains on 11 July 2007 were likely due to the Hallett�Mossop process. The deep convective cell at the southern end of the COPS domain on 15 July 2007 developed in less polluted air than the shallower northern cloud. A model sensitivity test with lower aerosol loading produced a more vigorous cloud with a higher top, more precipitation, and greater reflectivity, more similar to the radar observations. The results suggest that aerosol particles vented out of the valleys could have a significant impact on orographically induced precipitation.

Published
2011

38. Initiation of deep convection at marginal instability in an ensemble of mesoscalemodels: a case-study from COPS

Author

Barthlott, Christian, Burton, Ralph, Kirshbaum, Daniel J., Hanley, Kirsty, Richard, Evelyne, Chaboureau, Jean-Pierre, Trentmann, Jörg, Kern, Bastian, Bauer, Hans-Stefan, Schwitalla, Thomas, Keil, Christian, Seity, Yann, Gadian, Alan, Blyth, Alan, Mobbs, Stephen, Flamant, Cyrille, and Handwerker, Jan

Subjects
COSMO, UM, AROME, WRF, Black Forest exchange, thermally induced flow, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, quantitative precipitation forecast, model intercomparison, M´eso-NH, quantitative precipitation forecasting, verification, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, orography, Wolkenphysik und Verkehrsmeteorologie
Abstract

The present study investigates the initiation of precipitating deep convection in an ensemble of convection-resolving mesoscalemodels. Results of eight differentmodel runs from five non-hydrostatic models are compared for a case of the Convective andOrographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS).An isolated convective cell initiated east of the Black Forest crest in southwest Germany, although convective available potential energy was only moderate and convective inhibition was high. Measurements revealed that, due to the absence of synoptic forcing, convection was initiated by local processes related to the orography. In particular, the lifting by low-level convergence in the planetary boundary layer is assumed to be the dominant process on that day. The models used different configurations as well as different initial and boundary conditions.By comparing the different model performance with each other and with measurements, the processes which need to be well represented to initiate convection at the right place and time are discussed. Besides an accurate specification of the thermodynamic and kinematic fields, the results highlight the role of boundary-layer convergence features for quantitative precipitation forecasts in mountainous terrain.

Published
2011

39. The Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS): the scientific strategy, the field phase, and research highlights

Author

Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Kottmeier, Christoph, Corsmeier, Ulrich, Barthlott, Christian, Craig, George C., Hagen, Martin, Althausen, Dietrich, Aoshima, Fumiko, Arpagaus, Marco, Bauer, Hans-Stefan, Bennett, Lindsay, Blyth, Alan, Brandau, Christine, Champollion, Cédric, Crewell, Susanne, Dick, Galina, Girolamo, Paolo Di, Dorninger, Manfred, Dufournet, Yann, Eigenmann, Rafael, Engelmann, Ronny, Flamant, Cyrille, Foken, Thomas, Gorgas, Theresa, Grzeschik, Matthias, Handwerker, Jan, Hauck, Christian, Höller, Hartmut, Junkermann, Wolfgang, Kalthoff, Norbert, Kiemle, Christoph, Klink, Stefan, König, Marianne, Krauss, Liane, Long, Charles N., Madonna, Fabio, Mobbs, Stephen, Neininger, Bruno, Pal, Sandip, Peters, Gerhard, Pigeon, Grégoire, Richard, Evelyne, Rotach, Mathias W., Russchenberg, Herman, Schwitalla, Thomas, Smith, Victoria, Steinacker, Reinhold, Trentmann, Jörg, Turner, David D., Baelen, Joel van, Vogt, Siegfried, Volkert, Hans, Weckwerth, Tammy, Wernli, Heini, Wieser, Andreas, Wirth, Martin, Institut für Physik und Meteorologie [Stuttgart] (IPM), Universität Hohenheim, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell'Ambiente [Potenza] (Difa), Università degli studi della Basilicata [Potenza] (UNIBAS), Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik [Wien] (IMGW), Universität Wien, Micrometeorology Group [Bayreuth], Universität Bayreuth, SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Water - Earth System Science Research Institute (WESS), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Geosciences [Fribourg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (IMAA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Potenza] (CNR), MetAir AG, Meteorologisches Institut [Hamburg], Universität Hamburg (UHH), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), US ARM Programme, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), CNRS/INSU (LEFE/IDAO program), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Météo-France, UK NERC, Austrian Science Foundation (FWF), ANR-06-BLAN-0018,COPS-France,Convectively and orographically driven precipitation study(2006), Universität zu Köln, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Thermally induced flow, Quantitative precipitation forecasting, Data assimilation, Land-surface exchange, 550 - Earth sciences, Aerosol-cloud-precipitation microphysics, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, verification, Convection, Orography, aerosol–cloud–precipitation microphysics, Wolkenphysik und Verkehrsmeteorologie
Abstract

International audience; Within the framework of the international field campaign COPS (Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study), a large suite of state-of-the-art meteorological instrumentation was operated, partially combined for the first time. This includes networks of in situ and remote-sensing systems such as the Global Positioning System as well as a synergy of multi-wavelength passive and active remote-sensing instruments such as advanced radar and lidar systems. The COPS field phase was performed from 01 June to 31 August 2007 in a low-mountain area in southwestern Germany/eastern France covering the Vosges mountains, the Rhine valley and the Black Forest mountains. The collected dataset covers the entire evolution of convective precipitation events in complex terrain from their initiation, to their development and mature phase until their decay. Eighteen Intensive Observations Periods with 37 operation days and eight additional Special Observations Periods were performed, providing a comprehensive dataset covering different forcing conditions. In this article, an overview of the COPS scientific strategy, the field phase, and its first accomplishments is given. Highlights of the campaign are illustrated with several measurement examples. It is demonstrated that COPS research provides new insight into key processes leading to convection initiation and to the modification of precipitation by orography, in the improvement of quantitative precipitation forecasting by the assimilation of new observations, and in the performance of ensembles of convection-permitting models in complex terrain.

Published
2011

41. Water Vapour Intercomparison Effort In The Frame Of The Convective And Orographically-Induced Precipitation Study

Author

Bhawar, Rohini, Di Girolamo, Paolo, Summa, Donato, Flamant, Cyrille, Althausen, Dietrich, Behrendt, Andreas, Blyth, Alan, Bock, Olivier, Bosser, Pierre, Brooks, Barbara, Cacciani, Marco, Crewell, Suzanne, Champollion, Cedric, Davies, Fay, Di Iorio, Tatiana, Ehret, Gerhard, Engelmann, Ronny, Kiemle, Christoph, Mattis, Ina, Mobbs, Stephen, Mueller, Detlef, Pal, Sandip, Radlach, Marcus, Riede, Andrea, Seifert, Patric, Schiller, Max, Smith, Victoria, Wirth, Martin, and Wulfmeyer, Volker

Subjects
Lidar, Water Vapour, Lidar Water Vapour COPS DIAL
Published
2009

42. Flow rate and source reservoir identification from airborne chemical sampling of the uncontrolled Elgin platform gas release.

Author

Lee, James D., Mobbs, Stephen D., Wellpott, Axel, Allen, Grant, Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B., Burton, Ralph R., Camilli, Richard, Coe, Hugh, Fisher, Rebecca E., France, James L., Gallagher, Martin, Hopkins, James R., Lanoiselle, Mathias, Lewis, Alastair C., Lowry, David, Nisbet, Euan G., Purvis, Ruth M., O'Shea, Sebastian, Pyle, John A., and Ryerson, Thomas B.

Subjects
*GAUSSIAN function, *GAS fields, *DECISION making, ENVIRONMENTAL aspects
Abstract

An uncontrolled gas leak from 25 March to 16 May 2012 led to evacuation of the Total Elgin well head and neighbouring drilling and production platforms in the UK North Sea. Initially the atmospheric flow rate of leaking gas and condensate was very poorly known, hampering environmental assessment and well control efforts. Six flights by the UK FAAM chemically-instrumented BAe-146 research aircraft, were used to quantify the flow rate. Where appropriate, two different methods were used to calculate the flow rate: 1. Gaussian plume fitting in the vertical and 2. Direct integration of the plume. When both methods were used, they compared within 6 % of each other and within combined errors. Data from the first flight on 30 March 2012 showed the flow rate to be 1.3 ± 0.2 kg CH4 s-1, decreasing to less than half that by the second flight on 17 April 2012. δ13CCH4 in the gas was found to be -43 ‰, implying that the gas source was unlikely to be from the main high-pressure high-temperature Elgin gas field at 5.5 km depth, but more probably from the overlying Hod Formation at 4.2 km depth. This was deemed to be smaller and more manageable than the high-pressure Elgin field and hence the response strategy was considerably simpler. The first flight was conducted within 5 days of the blowout and allowed a flow rate estimate within 48 hours of sampling, with δ13CCH4 characterisation soon thereafter, demonstrating the potential for a rapid-response capability that is widely applicable to future atmospheric emissions of environmental concern. Knowledge of the Elgin flow rate helped inform subsequent decision making. This study shows that leak assessment using appropriately designed airborne plume sampling strategies is well suited for circumstances where direct access is difficult or potentially dangerous. Measurements such as this also permit unbiased regulatory assessment of potential impact, independent of the emitting party, on timescales that can inform industry decision-makers and assist rapid response-planning by government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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45. Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a

Author

Bennett, Lindsay J., primary, Blyth, Alan M., additional, Burton, Ralph R., additional, Gadian, Alan M., additional, Weckwerth, Tammy M., additional, Behrendt, Andreas, additional, Di Girolamo, Paolo, additional, Dorninger, Manfred, additional, Lock, Sarah‐Jane, additional, Smith, Victoria H., additional, and Mobbs, Stephen D., additional

Published
2011
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46. Initiation of deep convection at marginal instability in an ensemble of mesoscale models: a case‐study from COPS

Author

Barthlott, Christian, primary, Burton, Ralph, additional, Kirshbaum, Daniel, additional, Hanley, Kirsty, additional, Richard, Evelyne, additional, Chaboureau, Jean‐Pierre, additional, Trentmann, Jörg, additional, Kern, Bastian, additional, Bauer, Hans‐Stefan, additional, Schwitalla, Thomas, additional, Keil, Christian, additional, Seity, Yann, additional, Gadian, Alan, additional, Blyth, Alan, additional, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Flamant, Cyrille, additional, and Handwerker, Jan, additional

Published
2011
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47. Development of ice particles in convective clouds observed over the Black Forest mountains during COPS

Author

Huang, Yahui, primary, Blyth, Alan M., additional, Brown, Philip R. A., additional, Cotton, Richard, additional, Crosier, Jonathan, additional, Bower, Keith N., additional, Gallagher, Martin W., additional, Jones, Hazel, additional, Gadian, Alan M., additional, Choularton, Tom W., additional, Cardwell, John, additional, Coe, Hugh, additional, Mobbs, Stephen D., additional, and Hagen, Martin, additional

Published
2011
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49. First tackle the root causes of identity fraud

Author

Mobbs, Stephen

Subjects
Fraud, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, Business, international
Abstract

From Mr Stephen Mobbs. Sir, Most of us already have two identity cards - one is called a passport and the other is called a driver's licence. Rather than further [...]

Published
2004

50. Water vapour intercomparison effort in the frame of the Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study

Author

Bhawar, Rohini, primary, Di Girolamo, Paolo, additional, Summa, Donato, additional, Flamant, Cyrille, additional, Althausen, Dietrich, additional, Behrendt, Andreas, additional, Blyth, Alan, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bosser, Pierre, additional, Brooks, Barbara J., additional, Cacciani, Marco, additional, Crewell, Suzanne, additional, Champollion, Cedric, additional, Davies, Fay, additional, Di Iorio, Tatiana, additional, Ehret, Gerhard, additional, Engelmann, Ronny, additional, Kiemle, Christoph, additional, Herold, Christian, additional, Mobbs, Stephen, additional, Mueller, Detlef, additional, Pal, Sandip, additional, Radlach, Marcus, additional, Riede, Andrea, additional, Seifert, Patric, additional, Shiler, Max, additional, Wirth, Martin, additional, and Wulfmeyer, Volker, additional

Published
2009
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