Search

A partir d'un travail de thèse centré sur « l'expérience de mixité sociale vécue » des enfants Gitans sédentaires ou en migration et des enfants Marocains de familles ayant récemment immigré à Toulouse, Perpignan et Barcelone, nous avons cherché à identifier les processus de déscolarisation de ces enfants dans des contextes communautaires où l'école ne peut leur assurer seule, la transmission des compétences culturelles et sociales pour leur autonomie adulte et citoyenne. L'analyse porte sur les interactions qui lient ces deux espaces de socialisation : la famille et l’école et sur les compétences de jeunes enfants issus de milieux socio-économiques défavorisés, à traverser ces divers mondes de socialisation. Pour cet article, nous présenterons plus particulièrement deux trajectoires intergénérationnelles de familles gitanes catalanes qui nous ont permis de comprendre comment certaines familles pouvaient préserver la transmission des savoirs faire et des apprentissages scolaires. A partir de ces tracés généalogiques nous verrons comment la famille gitane perpignanaise et la famille gitane barcelonaise, se renforcent mutuellement en s'agglomérant en clan aux contours nouveaux, transnationaux, alors même qu'une lecture limitée par la frontière politique entre France et Espagne nous suggère la désagrégation de l'une et parfois simultanément de l'autre., Some characteristics of new migrants issued from Moroccan and settled gipsy communities are studied. It is demonstrated how they develop skills to be "here and there" based on a know-how for international travel, hence creating new models of identification relying on experiences of multiple interaction. These new types of migrants are highly mobile and produce micro-societies with singular norms with new adapted social interactions that transform the concerned institutions: school, family and economic processes. The study of genealogical lines indicates us how Barcelona and Perpignan Gypsy families reinforce each other by aggregating themselves into clans with new transnational outlines, whereas by contrast a reading limited by Franco-Spanish political borders suggests the disintegration of one and sometimes of both simultaneously. Those genealogical lines help bring to light material and symbolic spaces, that have led me to locate and analyse a new form of social autonomy.

Some characteristics of new migrants issued from Moroccan and settled gipsy communities are studied. It is demonstrated how they develop skills to be "here and there" based on a know-how for international travel, hence creating new models of identification relying on experiences of multiple interaction. These new types of migrants are highly mobile and produce micro-societies with singular norms with new adapted social interactions that transform the concerned institutions: school, family and economic processes. The study of genealogical lines indicates us how Barcelona and Perpignan Gypsy families reinforce each other by aggregating themselves into clans with new transnational outlines, whereas by contrast a reading limited by Franco-Spanish political borders suggests the disintegration of one and sometimes of both simultaneously. Those genealogical lines help bring to light material and symbolic spaces, that have led me to locate and analyse a new form of social autonomy., Resumen A partir de un trabajo de tesis centrado en la « experiencia de la diversidad social vivida » de los niños gitanos sedentarios o en migración y de los niños marroquíes de familias que han inmigrado recientemente a Toulouse, Perpiñán y Barcelona, hemos tratado de identificar los procesos de abandono escolar de dichos niños en los contextos comunitarios en que la escuela no puede asegurarles, por si misma, la transmisión de las competencias culturales y sociales para su autonomía adulta y ciudadana. El análisis se centra en las interacciones que ligan estos dos espacios de socialización: la familia y la escuela, y en las competencias de los jóvenes niños provenientes de medios socio-económicos desfavorecidos, para atravesar estos distintos mundos de socialización. Para este artículo, presentaremos particularmente dos trayectorias intergeneracionales de familias gitanas catalanas que nos han permitido comprender cómo ciertas familias podían preservar la transmisión de competencias prácticas (savoir faire) y de aprendizajes escolares. A partir de estos trazados genealógicos veremos cómo la familia gitana de Perpiñán y la familia gitana barcelonesa, se refuerzan mutuamente aglomerándose en un clan de nuevos contornos, transnacionales, cuando una lectura limitada por la frontera política entre Francia y España nos sugeriría la desagregación, a veces incluso simultánea, de una y otra. Palabras clave: Gitanos, movilidad transfronteriza, tiempo inter-generacional, autoformación, autonomía social. Abstract Some characteristics of new migrants issued from Moroccan and settled gipsy communities are studied. It is demonstrated how they develop skills to be "here and there" based on a know-how for international travel, hence creating new models of identification relying on experiences of multiple interaction. These new types of migrants are highly mobile and produce micro-societies with singular norms with new adapted social interactions that transform the concerned institutions: school, family and economic processes. The study of genealogical lines indicates us how Barcelona and Perpignan Gypsy families reinforce each other by aggregating themselves into clans with new transnational outlines, whereas by contrast a reading limited by Franco-Spanish political borders suggests the disintegration of one and sometimes of both simultaneously. Those genealogical lines help bring to light material and symbolic spaces, that have led me to locate and analyse a new form of social autonomy.

La Unió Europea ha condicionat la normativa societària dels estats membres. A més de respectar els principis bàsics del dret europeu, els legisladors nacionals han hagut de transposar més d'una desena de directives, algunes de les quals estaven inspirades en models corporatius estranys al model nacional. I han vist com es creaven tipus societaris supranacionals que podien fer la competència als patris. Però l'evolució del dret europeu de societats no ha estat lineal. Al contrari, ha sofert fortes sacsejades. Des del 1968 fins al 1989 la Unió Europea va voler harmonitzar els principals aspectes de la normativa corporativa, però l'oposició dels estats membres va provocar la crisi d'aquest projecte. I durant dotze anys no es va aprovar cap norma en matèria societària. Una combinació de factors provocà el revifament de la qüestió a l'inici del nou mil·lenni. Però van canviar el seu contingut i el seu tarannà. S'abandonà la voluntat harmonitzadora i es posà l'atenció en les necessitats de les empreses. Simplificació i modernització són els dos principis clau de la nova normativa. Quant al seu contingut, se centra en dos àmbits: el govern corporatiu (implicació dels socis en la societat i control dels administradors) i la mobilitat transfronterera. L'any 2012 la Comissió Europea es tornà a plantejar el futur del dret europeu de societats i apostà per la continuïtat, tant pel que fa al contingut com pel que fa a la forma. The European Union has conditioned the company law of its Member States. National legislations not only must respect the essential principles of European law, but they have also had to transpose more than a dozen directives, some of which were inspired by corporate models different from the national ones. Moreover, supranational corporate forms have been created that compete with the national ones. The evolution of European company law has not been linear, however. On the contrary, it has suffered large shocks. From 1968 to 1989 the European Union sought to harmonize the core aspects of company law. The opposition of the Member States brought about a crisis in this project and no rule on companies was approved for twelve years. Although a combination of factors caused a revival in this field at the beginning of the new millennium, the content and the character of European company law changed. The goal of harmonization was abandoned and attention was given to enterprises' needs. Simplification and modernization are the two key principles of the new regulations. Regarding content, the focus is on two main areas: corporate governance (the involvement of shareholders in the company and the control of directors) and cross-border mobility. In 2012 the Commission once again considered the future of European company law, opting for continuity both in content and form.