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Both expressive and receptive language difficulties in autism emerge early and significantly have an impact on social functioning and quality of life. Despite their wide heterogeneity, autistic language abilities can be stratified into three distinct profiles. Language unimpaired exhibit near-typical verbal performance, language impaired show significant alterations in language structure, and minimally verbal display limited verbal abilities. However, little is known about the early trajectories and moderators specific to each profile. Here, we used a longitudinal sample of 286 preschoolers with autism and 85 typically developing (aged 1.5–5.7 years old), yielding 1164 visits. Our cluster analysis replicated the three well-established autistic language profiles (language unimpaired, n = 86; language impaired, n = 85; minimally verbal, n = 44) and revealed their specific early trajectories in expressive vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics. At age 2.4, non-verbal cognition moderated the participants' attribution to each language profile. Moreover, early stereotyped language specifically moderated the later verbal performance of language unimpaired participants, while the language outcome of language impaired participants was moderated by early intensive behavioral intervention. In conclusion, we provided a fine-grained description of language acquisition trajectories and moderators of autistic language profiles in a longitudinal sample exposed to French language, paving the way toward personalized medicine to autistic language difficulties. Language development can greatly vary among autistic children. Children who struggle with language acquisition often face many challenges and experience lower quality of life. However, little is known about the early language trajectories of autistic preschoolers and their moderators. Autistic language can be stratified into three profiles. Language unimpaired experience little to no language difficulties; language impaired show significant difficulties in language; minimally verbal never develop functional language. In this study, we used a longitudinal sample of preschoolers with autism and with typical development (aged 1.5–5.7 years). We replicated the three language profiles through a data-driven approach. We also found that different factors modulated the language outcome within each group. For instance, non-verbal cognition at age 2.4 moderated the participants' attribution to each language profile. Moreover, early intervention moderated verbal outcome in the language impaired profile. In conclusion, we provided a detailed description of how autistic preschoolers acquire language, and what factors might influence their trajectories. Our findings could inspire more personalized intervention for early autistic language difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissociative symptoms, which are psychiatric phenomena recognized in both ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, refer to failures in the process of integrating one's biopsychosocial experiences. While research shows that childhood trauma is associated with dissociative symptoms, little is known about whether childhood trauma could predict increases in dissociative symptoms even within a short period of time. Additionally, it remains unclear what moderators may influence this relationship. This study examined the effects of childhood trauma on subsequent dissociative symptoms and explored the potential moderating effects of mental health-related self-stigma. We analyzed longitudinal survey data from an international sample of young adults (N = 146). Participants completed validated standardized measures of childhood trauma, self-stigma, and dissociative symptoms at baseline, and they reported their dissociative symptoms again after approximately three months. Over 75 % of participants with pathological dissociation at baseline continued to exhibit pathological dissociation at follow-up. Baseline childhood trauma was associated with increases in dissociative symptoms even within a short period of time. Self-stigma significantly moderated the relationship between baseline childhood trauma and subsequent dissociative symptoms, after controlling for baseline dissociative symptoms. This study confirmed that childhood trauma is associated with increases in dissociative symptoms even within three months. We also found that self-stigma may exacerbate the effects of childhood trauma on subsequent dissociative symptoms. The results provide insights into the prevention and management of dissociative symptoms in childhood trauma survivors and inform the modification of the trauma model of dissociation. • Childhood trauma is associated with increases in dissociative symptoms even within 3 months. • Little is known about factors that affect this relationship. • Self-stigma might exacerbate the effects of childhood trauma. • Service providers can change the trajectory of dissociation in trauma survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While evidence consistently demonstrates that physical activity is beneficial to mental health, it remains relatively unknown how physical activity benefits mental health, and which factors influence the effect of physical activity on mental health. This understanding could vastly increase our capacity to design, recommend, and prescribe physical activity in more optimal ways. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and synthesise evidence of all mediators and moderators of the relationship between physical activity and mental health. Methods: Systematic searches of four databases (i.e., Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) identified 11,633 initial studies. Empirical studies that quantitatively assessed physical activity, or conducted a physical activity intervention, measured a mental health outcome, and tested one or more mediator or moderator of the relationship between physical activity and mental health were included. A total of 247 met the inclusion criteria; 173 studies examined mediation and 82 examined moderation. Results: Results of the best-evidence synthesis revealed strong evidence for 12 mediators including affect, mental health and wellbeing, self-esteem, self-efficacy, physical self-worth, body image satisfaction, resilience, social support, social connection, physical health, pain, and fatigue. Moderate evidence was identified for a further 15 mediators and eight moderators. Conclusions: Findings should inform the design of future physical activity interventions to ensure optimal effects on mental health related outcomes. Additionally, if health professionals were to take these mediators and moderators into consideration when prescribing or recommending physical activity, physical activity would likely have a greater impact on population mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that behavioural public policies (BPP) should be categorized by the kind of mechanism through which they operate, not by the kind of treatment they implement. Reviewing the energy consumption BPP literature, we argue (i) that BPPs are currently categorized by treatment; (ii) that treatment-based categories are subject to mechanistic heterogeneity : there is substantial variation of mechanisms within each treatment type; and (iii) that they also display mechanistic overlap : there is substantial overlap between mechanisms across treatment types. Consequently, current categorizations of BPPs do not reveal the conditions of their efficacy and should be revised to better reflect mechanistic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have entered an era in which scientific evidence increasingly informs research practice and policy. As there is an exponential increase in the use of single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) to evaluate intervention effectiveness, there is accumulating evidence available for quantitative synthesis. Consequently, there is a growing interest in techniques suitable to meta-analyze SCED research. One technique that can be applied is individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis. IPD is a flexible approach, allowing for a variety of modeling options such as modeling moderators to explain intervention heterogeneity. To date, no methodological research has been conducted to evaluate the statistical properties of effect estimates obtained by using IPD meta-analysis with the inclusion of moderators. This study is designed to address this by conducting a large-scale Monte Carlo study. Based on the results, specific recommendations are provided to indicate under which conditions the IPD meta-analysis including moderators is suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background While evidence consistently demonstrates that physical activity is beneficial to mental health, it remains relatively unknown how physical activity benefits mental health, and which factors influence the effect of physical activity on mental health. This understanding could vastly increase our capacity to design, recommend, and prescribe physical activity in more optimal ways. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and synthesise evidence of all mediators and moderators of the relationship between physical activity and mental health. Methods Systematic searches of four databases (i.e., Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) identified 11,633 initial studies. Empirical studies that quantitatively assessed physical activity, or conducted a physical activity intervention, measured a mental health outcome, and tested one or more mediator or moderator of the relationship between physical activity and mental health were included. A total of 247 met the inclusion criteria; 173 studies examined mediation and 82 examined moderation. Results Results of the best-evidence synthesis revealed strong evidence for 12 mediators including affect, mental health and wellbeing, self-esteem, self-efficacy, physical self-worth, body image satisfaction, resilience, social support, social connection, physical health, pain, and fatigue. Moderate evidence was identified for a further 15 mediators and eight moderators. Conclusions Findings should inform the design of future physical activity interventions to ensure optimal effects on mental health related outcomes. Additionally, if health professionals were to take these mediators and moderators into consideration when prescribing or recommending physical activity, physical activity would likely have a greater impact on population mental health.

Purpose – Job insecurity is one of the most hazardous work stressors in the twenty-first century, placing employees between employment and unemployment may threaten employees’ health in the workplaces. Using a systematic review, the first aim of this study is to list the mediators and moderators of the link between job insecurity and health-related outcomes, and second, to explain and discuss the mechanisms that could explain the mediating and moderating effects. Design/methodology/approach – We searched four databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link and Google Scholar) from 2008 to 2018 to detect these mediators and moderators. Also, as the study was conducted during COVID-19 pandemic, we particularly searched and reported the same associations over this period (2019–2022). Findings – The results of the review suggest that job insecurity negatively influences a wide range of both health- and safety-related outcomes in the workplace. The results also showed that the most studied mediator and moderator of the job insecurity-health link over the past 10 years has been workload and employability. During COVID-19, the number of studies on mediators were more than moderators and coping strategies appeared to gain more research attention. Additionally, this review suggests that, to explain the mediation and moderation effects, a combination of cognitive appraisal theory and the conservation of resources theory can be used. Originality/value – Although this review suggests that job insecurity detrimentally influences employee health, the severity of this impact on health-related outcomes may vary by the effects of various moderators.

Less than half of those who need mental health counseling receive it globally, underscoring the urgent need for psychology-focused intervention. According to data, 30.9% of Nigerians experience psychological anguish. This study investigated the efficacy and moderators of group cognitive behaviour therapy in psychologically distressed schoolchildren with adventitious blindness in Nigeria. A total of 98 students with adventitious blindness were recruited and participated in this study. The participants were assessed at three points using Perceived Emotional Distress Inventory. A mixed model ANCOVA with repeated measures shows that the CBT treatment had a dependable significant effect in decreasing psychological distress. The results showed that sociodemographic factors do not significantly moderate the efficacy of CBT treatment on the reduction of psychological distress in schoolchildren with adventitious blindness. In conclusion, the effect of a group cognitive behavioural therapy had a consistent significant reduction in psychological distress and none of their sociodemographic characteristics moderated the effects. Therefore, cognitive-behavioural practitioners should collaborate with special schools to diagnose and provide CBT treatment to schoolchildren living with adventitious blindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luxury value perception is a well‐researched, yet fragmented domain. Extant research reports several dimensions of luxury value perception, where different investigations identify varying dimensions and their impact on several consumer‐related outcomes. However, such findings are inconsistent across studies, which are carried out across various contexts using disparate samples. In this research, we use the Theory of Consumption Value and Economic Theory to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dimensions, outcomes, and moderators of luxury value perception. This investigation synthesizes extant literature through a meta‐analysis to explain the inconsistent findings and offer new insights. The meta‐analysis integrates findings from 64 papers that report 74 separate studies with 32,587 participants/consumers. The impact of the dimensions of luxury value perception (functional, social, emotional, conditional, epistemic, and economic) on consumer outcomes (affective, cognitive, and behavior), and the moderating effects of several moderators (industry type, culture, gender, and publication year) are conceptualized and examined through meta‐analytic techniques. Some relationships are under‐researched in literature and cannot be tested, which provides scope for future investigations. This research is valuable for theory as we offer novel insights and identify boundary conditions that advance theoretical understanding of the domain. Managers will benefit from this holistic understanding as they may apply the insights obtained to formulate nuanced marketing and branding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mindfulness skills training is a core component of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and aims to improve emotion dysregulation (ED) in people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, the underlying mechanisms of change are not fully understood. Methods A total of 75 BPD outpatients participated in a 10-week mindfulness skills training. Multilevel models with a time-lagged approach were conducted to examine the temporal dynamics between the proposed mechanisms and ED. Decentering, nonjudgment, body awareness and attention awareness as putative mechanisms and ED as outcome were assessed on a session-by-session basis. Results Greater nonjudgment and body awareness showed within-person effects; participants who reported higher nonjudgement of inner experience and body awareness than their own personal average at a given week showed improvement in ED at the following week. Notably, decentering moderated these associations, such that increased nonjudgment and body awareness predicted improvements in ED more strongly in those participants with high decentering ability. Lastly, a bidirectional relationship between the mechanisms and ED was found; when participants were more emotionally dysregulated than their usual state, they showed less gain in the mechanisms at the following week. Conclusions Knowing how mindfulness training works is relevant to optimize treatments. Clinicians may use strategies to increase these mechanisms when the goal is to improve emotion regulation difficulties in BPD.

Music therapy is conceptualized as a systematic process of interventions and shared experiences that promote change in individualized health and wellbeing contexts. Change processes are crucial in music therapy, but little is known about certain factors, mediators, and mechanisms that cause or lead toward such change processes. There is a strong need for developments of theoretical and methodological frameworks of change in music therapy to achieve this goal. The current body of knowledge shows a lack of research on this topic, particularly on how to strategize and study change, how to understand research design and statistical analysis of change, and how to support and strengthen what is known today about change processes in music therapy. This article is grounded in theories that address complex interventions that cause a change in music and creative arts therapies as a means of guiding a dialogue about the potential for influencing research strategies and methods that investigate change processes. The review of the literature shows that although new studies about the efficacy of music therapy have been made in recent years, literature is extremely limited about predictors, moderators, shapes of change, stages of changes, processes, and mechanisms of change. There is strong evidence that music therapy works. However, it is not entirely known how, when, and why music therapy produces a change. Based on the findings in the current body of knowledge, further studies are needed to investigate every aspect of change with a pluralistic and interdisciplinary approach, which integrates methods from across the natural sciences, mathematics, arts, behavioral, and social sciences. This article introduces a framework addressing these issues, attempts to bridge current gaps in knowledge, expand capacity in the field of music therapy research, and equip clinicians, researchers, and professionals with tools and knowledge on change process research.

Primary objectives were to examine: (1) changes in movement behaviours (i.e., outdoor play (OP), organized physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), sleep) across the first 2 years of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) among Canadian toddlers and preschoolers, and (2) intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and policy moderators of change in movement behaviors. Participants were 341 Canadian parents of children (start of study: 1–4 years; 48% female). Participants completed online questionnaires regarding their children's movement behaviours and intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community factors at five time-points before and throughout the pandemic (T1–T5). Data from government websites were also used for some community and policy factors. Linear mixed models were conducted. Compared to pre-COVID-19 (T1): OP was on average 30 min/day higher at T2 and T3; organized PA was on average 62, 44, and 37 min/day lower at T2, T3, and T4, respectively; ST was on average 67, 17, 38, and 52 min/day higher at T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively; and sleep was on average 30, 36, and 82 min/day lower at T3, T4, and T5, respectively. Significant moderating variables were observed for OP (parental education, parental work inside home, COVID-19 restriction severity), organized PA (children's sex, started kindergarten, nonparental care, parental education, household income, parental employment status, house type, indoor home space and support for PA), ST (nonparental care, parental marital status) and sleep (children's T1 age group, started kindergarten, parental place of birth, parental employment status). All movement behaviors changed across the first 2 years of COVID-19 but patterns and moderators were behaviour-specific. Children from lower socioeconomic status families had the least optimal patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®) is a group-based social skills training program for adolescents on the autism spectrum. Although the program has been shown to be effective in improving social skills in autistic adolescents, evidence of its effectiveness from the Mandarin-speaking Chinese population is sparse. The present study used a non-randomized, pre- and post-intervention research design to investigate the feasibility and cultural validity of the program, as well as examine the moderators of intervention outcomes. Methods: Thirty-three autistic adolescents with intelligence quotient above 70 (Mage = 13.57, SDage = 1.43; Male: Female 25:8) and their parents received 14 concurrent 90-minute sessions. Adolescents' autistic traits, challenging behaviors, emotional functioning, socio-cognitive process, social environment factors (school support), and caregivers' well-being were evaluated. Results: The findings suggest that with minor adjustments, the Mandarin version of PEERS® was generally acceptable and feasible for autistic adolescents and their parents. PEERS® may improve the social skills knowledge, reciprocal communication abilities, and emotional well-being of autistic adolescents. Also, participants with a higher level of school support, and parents with lower perceived subjective well-being at baseline may gain more benefits from PEERS®. The cultural adaptation and acceptability of the Mandarin Version of PEERS® were discussed. Conclusion: This feasibility study (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2200061417, 2022-06-23, retrospectively registered) provides a basis for further randomized control trials of the Mandarin version of PEERS®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify moderators of treatment effect (i.e. depressive symptoms and well-being) of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Positive Psychology Intervention (PPI) in patients with bipolar disorder. Data were drawn from two multicenter randomized controlled trials investigating effectiveness of MBCT vs treatment as usual (TAU; n = 144) and PPI vs TAU (n = 97) in bipolar disorder. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and 12 months after baseline. Data were analyzed using separate linear regression models, comparing the pooled MBCT or PPI outcomes to TAU, and comparing MBCT to PPI. The exploratory analyses not corrected for multiple comparisons showed a number of variables that were associated with stronger response to the interventions, including higher baseline anxiety, lower well-being, and lower levels of self-focused positive rumination, well-being, and self-compassion, and variables associated with a stronger response to either MBCT (higher levels of depression and anxiety and being married) or PPI (being male). After correcting for multiple testing, depressive symptoms appeared to be the most robust variable associated with better response to MBCT than PPI. The RCTs handled slightly different enrollment criteria and outcome measures. The most robust finding is that patients with more severe symptomatology seem to benefit more from MBCT than PPI. This is a first step to improve personalized assignment of third-wave CBT interventions for patients with bipolar disorder. However, before definite treatment assignment criteria can be formulated and implemented in clinical practice, these findings should be replicated. • This is a first step to improve personalized assignment of third-wave CBT interventions for patients with bipolar disorder. • Findings show that both MBCT and PPI are more helpful than TAU in improving well-being at 12-months after baseline. • Patients with more severe symptomatology benefit more from MBCT than PPI at posttreatment and 12 months after baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is a promising approach that can be applied to explain variability in intervention effectiveness between participants in single-case experimental design (SCED) research. This approach allows the inclusion of participant characteristics as moderators to account for variability in intervention effectiveness. However, little is known about the performance of HLM for analysis with the inclusion of imbalanced intervention starting points and imbalanced moderators. Therefore, the goal of this study is to empirically evaluate the statistical properties of this model through a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation study under these scenarios. The results indicate that imbalanced intervention starting points have no impact on the statistical properties of estimating intervention effects. On the other hand, imbalanced moderators have an impact on estimating the intervention and moderator. How the conditions of imbalanced moderators influence the performance of two-level HLM depends on how the moderators are coded. Two general conclusions can be made. The model results in more favorable statistical properties when (i) a larger number of participants are included and (ii) the variability in continuous moderators is larger. Practical implications for the design and analysis of SCEDs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigating the reputation of fruit growing is the final part of a three-stage research approach. Based on a structural model, a consumer survey (N = 751) was conducted to determine the reputation and the importance of the indicators in reputation formation. Multiple regression analysis was applied to quantify the relationship between formative indicators and reputation, while factor analysis was employed to quantify reputation and reflective indicators. The results of the empirical study show a clear positive reputation for fruit growing and the entire sector. The respondents' prior knowledge of fruit growing further increases this effect. Indicators that significantly determine reputation are "product and service," "work," and "economic performance." The moderating variables influence individual indicators to vary degrees in their relationship with the reputation construct. Overall, however, the results show a low perception by the consumers of the segment at the producer level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music therapy is conceptualized as a systematic process of interventions and shared experiences that promote change in individualized health and wellbeing contexts. Change processes are crucial in music therapy, but little is known about certain factors, mediators, and mechanisms that cause or lead toward such change processes. There is a strong need for developments of theoretical and methodological frameworks of change in music therapy to achieve this goal. The current body of knowledge shows a lack of research on this topic, particularly on how to strategize and study change, how to understand research design and statistical analysis of change, and how to support and strengthen what is known today about change processes in music therapy. This article is grounded in theories that address complex interventions that cause a change in music and creative arts therapies as a means of guiding a dialogue about the potential for influencing research strategies and methods that investigate change processes. The review of the literature shows that although new studies about the efficacy of music therapy have been made in recent years, literature is extremely limited about predictors, moderators, shapes of change, stages of changes, processes, and mechanisms of change. There is strong evidence that music therapy works. However, it is not entirely known how, when, and why music therapy produces a change. Based on the findings in the current body of knowledge, further studies are needed to investigate every aspect of change with a pluralistic and interdisciplinary approach, which integrates methods from across the natural sciences, mathematics, arts, behavioral, and social sciences. This article introduces a framework addressing these issues, attempts to bridge current gaps in knowledge, expand capacity in the field of music therapy research, and equip clinicians, researchers, and professionals with tools and knowledge on change process research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although previous research has demonstrated that resilience can be protective against various mental health conditions such as depression, existing studies examining the relationship between resilience and depression have limitations. To our knowledge, the moderators of the relationship have not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine whether resilience acts as a protective factor against depression in informal caregivers and to examine potential moderators of the relationship between these variables. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 554 randomly selected informal caregivers participated (86.8% women, average age = 55.3 years). Major depressive episode, depressive symptomatology, resilience, positive environmental reward, negative automatic thoughts, self-efficacy, and personality were assessed. Results: A total of 16.1% of informal caregivers met criteria for a depressive episode and 57.4% were at risk of developing depression. The average resilience score was 26.3 (SD = 7.6); 62.6% of participants were in the lower quartile of the resilience scale. The gender of the informal caregiver and self-efficacy acted as moderating variables in the relationship between resilience and depression. The impact of resilience on depressive symptoms was more pronounced in female informal caregivers, and increased as self-efficacy increased. Discussion: Based on these findings, programs aimed at preventing depression in informal caregivers should focus on promoting resilience, especially in women, and introduce strategies to enhance self-efficacy to increase their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• "Be a Mom" is an iCBT tool to manage PPD symptoms and boost postpartum flourishing. • "Be a Mom" is also effective in reducing early-onset symptoms of PPD in at-risk women. • Therapeutic improvements in at-risk women were maintained at a 4-month follow-up. • Higher depression scores at baseline were linked to greater symptom reduction. • Program completers reported a greater reduction in PPD symptoms than noncompleters. This study explored clinical and sociodemographic moderators of treatment response to "Be a Mom", an internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) intervention, from baseline to postintervention, in women at high risk for postpartum depression (PPD). The study also assessed the stability of women's treatment gains from baseline to 4-months postintervention (follow-up). This open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved a sample of 1,053 postpartum Portuguese women identified as being at high risk for PPD (i.e., having a score of 5.5 or higher on the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised); participants were allocated to "Be a Mom" intervention group or a waiting-list control group, and completed self-report measures at baseline, postintervention, and a 4-month follow-up (554 women completed follow-up assessments). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and flourishing/positive mental health was assessed with the Mental Health Continuum. Regression models and linear mixed models were used to examine moderators of treatment and the mid-term efficacy of the "Be a Mom" intervention, respectively. The results revealed that treatment completion, higher depression scores at baseline, and higher income levels were linked to greater symptom reduction and positive mental health enhancement. Moreover, the efficacy of the "Be a Mom" intervention was supported at the 4-month follow-up. The "Be a Mom" intervention appears to be an effective iCBT tool for reducing psychological distress and enhancing positive mental health in women at risk for PPD, with therapeutic improvements maintained over a 4-month period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test potential cognitive and interpersonal moderators of two evidence-based youth depression prevention programs. Method: Two hundred four adolescents (Mage = 14.62 years, SD = 1.65; 56% female; 71% White, 11% Black, 11% multiracial, 5% Asian, 2% other races, 18% Hispanic/Latinx) were randomized to either a cognitive–behavioral (Coping With Stress [CWS]) or interpersonal (Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training [IPT-AST]) prevention program. Potential moderators, selected based on theory and research, included rumination, negative cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes, hopelessness, parent–adolescent conflict, negative interactions with parents and friends, and social support from parents and friends. Depression symptoms were assessed repeatedly through 18 months postintervention. Results: After adjusting for multiple comparisons, rumination (B = −2.02, SE =.61, p =.001, d =.47), hopelessness (B = −2.03, SE =.72, p =.005, d =.41), and conflict with father (B = 1.68, SE =.74, p =.02, d =.32) moderated intervention effects on change in depression symptoms from postintervention through 18-month follow-up. For example, at high levels of conflict with father, youth in IPT-AST reported a significant decrease in symptoms during follow-up, whereas youth in CWS reported a nonsignificant change in symptoms. At low levels of conflict with father, youth in IPT-AST reported a significant increase in symptoms during follow-up, whereas youth in CWS reported a nonsignificant change in symptoms. Conclusions: These exploratory secondary analyses of Personalized Depression Prevention study data highlight specific cognitive and interpersonal risk factors that could be considered when determining which prevention program may be most effective for a given adolescent. What is the public health significance of this article?: Adolescent depression is a major public health concern, and improving prevention efforts is critical. Study results suggest specific cognitive and interpersonal risk factors that may impact the effects of interventions for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) meta‐analysis identifying relations between self‐criticism, self‐compassion, and disordered eating prompted recommendations for augmenting existing front‐line interventions with compassion‐focused therapy (CFT) principles among self‐critical individuals. While in theory this sounds promising, the reality is that the evidence supporting the use of CFT for eating disorders (EDs) is limited. I argue that before any clinical recommendations can made, more research is needed to better understand the utility of CFT, as well as what precise role self‐criticism and self‐compassion play in the context of intervention. In this commentary, I present three critical avenues for future research necessary to achieve this level of understanding. These include: (1) identifying moderators of response in clinical trials so that CFT can be safely delivered to those likely to benefit from this approach and avoided for those likely to experience harm; (2) establishing mediators of change so that we can understand whether CFT works through theory‐specific or common mechanisms; and (3) testing the causal impact of intervention components so that knowledge on how to most effectively trigger the probable mediators of change can be gathered. This commentary will ideally spark further discussion, collaboration, and rigorous research dedicated to improving ED outcomes. Public Significance: This commentary discusses the importance of further research dedicated towards enhancing understanding of the utility of compassion‐focused interventions for eating disorders. It calls for more research on (1) testing moderators of response, (2) identifying mechanisms of change, and (3) establishing the most effective intervention components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership has been extensively studied in organizational contexts, with numerous theories examining how leaders influence success and employee engagement. Most recently, integrating organizational purpose—the core reason for an organization's existence—into leadership has garnered substantial interest, resulting in the underdeveloped concept of Purpose-Driven Leadership. This paper presents a systematic review of Purpose-Driven Leadership in organizations. We employed the PRISMA guidelines and searched WoS and SCOPUS, identifying 58 relevant research papers for inclusion in our review. The success of Purpose-Driven Leadership, as a nexus of individual and organizational purposes, hinges on defining and implementing an organizational purpose that resonates at all levels, based on the inverted pyramid of purpose, from overarching organization to individual roles. Our review suggests several positive outcomes associated with Purpose-Driven Leadership. These include increased work engagement, where employees are more invested in their roles; enhanced organizational commitment, reflecting stronger loyalty to the organization; improved employee performance, demonstrating higher productivity and effectiveness; and overall organizational performance. Additionally, this leadership approach promotes a cohesive and motivated workforce by aligning individual goals with the broader organizational purpose, fostering a culture of collaboration and innovation. Several moderators were also identified, including effective purpose communication, impact perception, autonomy, and balance of work–life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTBackground: Knowledge of treatment predictors and moderators is important for improving the effectiveness of treatment for PTSD due to childhood abuse.Objective: The first aim of this study was to test the potential predictive value of variables commonly associated with PTSD resulting from a history of repeated childhood abuse, in relation to treatment outcomes. The second aim was to examine if complex PTSD symptoms act as potential moderators between treatment conditions and outcomes.Method: Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial comparing a phase-based treatment (Skills Training in Affect and Interpersonal Regulation [STAIR] followed by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] therapy; n = 57) with a direct trauma-focused treatment (EMDR therapy only; n = 64) in people with PTSD due to childhood abuse. The possible predictive effects of the presence of borderline personality disorder, dissociative symptoms, and suicidal and self-injurious behaviours were examined. In addition, it was determined whether symptoms of emotion regulation difficulties, self-esteem, and interpersonal problems moderated the relation between the treatment condition and PTSD post-treatment, corrected for pre-treatment PTSD severity.Results: Pre-treatment PTSD severity proved to be a significant predictor of less profitable PTSD treatment outcomes. The same was true for the severity of dissociative symptoms, but only post-treatment, and not when corrected for false positives. Complex PTSD symptoms did not moderate the relationship between the treatment conditions and PTSD treatment outcomes.Conclusions: The current findings suggest that regardless of the common comorbid symptoms studied, immediate trauma-focused treatment is a safe and effective option for individuals with childhood-related PTSD. However, individuals experiencing severe symptoms of PTSD may benefit from additional treatment sessions or the addition of other evidence-based PTSD treatment approaches. The predictive influence of dissociative sequelae needs further research.The study design was registered in The Dutch trial register (https://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC = 5991) NTR5991 and was approved by the medical ethics committee of Twente NL 56641.044.16 CCMO.

Obesity interventions typically involve some form of dietary restraint (i.e., intentional limiting of food intake), yet the restraint model of binge eating proposes that engaging in dietary restraint is a causal factor for binge eating symptoms. Evidence for this model has been mixed and differs by measures, study design, and sample. Further, there also may be moderators of the association between dietary restraint and binge eating. The purpose of this systematic review was to compile the current evidence on moderators of the association between dietary restraint and binge eating. A literature search was conducted across electronic databases, resulting in the inclusion of 16 papers (with 15 different samples). The reviewed studies were primarily heterosexual White college student females and were primarily cross-sectional studies with self-report measures. There were no consistent moderators across the studies. However, there was some evidence for interactions between affective constructs and dietary restraint in relation to binge eating, as well as three-way interactions between affect, cognitive constructs, and dietary restraint. Although there were few studies, there was little current evidence for social, biological, and demographic factors as moderators. Overall, our systematic review shows a need for further research to clarify and validate the moderators, and to understand the complex interactions as well as the potential causal relationships between restraint and binge eating behaviors.

Background: This systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) examined the overall effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, achieving response and remission, and reducing treatment dropout among adults with PTSD compared to other psychological treatments. Additionally, we examined available participant-level moderators of the efficacy of EMDR. Methods: This study included randomized controlled trials. Eligible studies were identified by a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, PsyclNFO, PTSDpubs, and CENTRAL. The target population was adults with above-threshold baseline PTSD symptoms. Trials were eligible if at least 70% of study participants had been diagnosed with PTSD using a structured clinical interview. Primary outcomes included PTSD symptom severity, treatment response, and PTSD remission. Treatment dropout was a secondary outcome. The systematic search retrieved 15 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 8 of these 15 were able to be included in this IPDMA (346 patients). Comparator treatments included relaxation therapy, emotional freedom technique, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, and REM-desensitization. Results: One-stage IPDMA found no significant difference between EMDR and other psychological treatments in reducing PTSD symptom severity (β = −0.24), achieving response (β = 0.86), attaining remission (β = 1.05), or reducing treatment dropout rates (β = −0.25). Moderator analyses found unemployed participants receiving EMDR had higher PTSD symptom severity at the post-test, and males were more likely to drop out of EMDR treatment than females. Conclusion: The current study found no significant difference between EMDR and other psychological treatments. We found some indication of the moderating effects of gender and employment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity interventions typically involve some form of dietary restraint (i.e., intentional limiting of food intake), yet the restraint model of binge eating proposes that engaging in dietary restraint is a causal factor for binge eating symptoms. Evidence for this model has been mixed and differs by measures, study design, and sample. Further, there also may be moderators of the association between dietary restraint and binge eating. The purpose of this systematic review was to compile the current evidence on moderators of the association between dietary restraint and binge eating. A literature search was conducted across electronic databases, resulting in the inclusion of 16 papers (with 15 different samples). The reviewed studies were primarily heterosexual White college student females and were primarily cross-sectional studies with self-report measures. There were no consistent moderators across the studies. However, there was some evidence for interactions between affective constructs and dietary restraint in relation to binge eating, as well as three-way interactions between affect, cognitive constructs, and dietary restraint. Although there were few studies, there was little current evidence for social, biological, and demographic factors as moderators. Overall, our systematic review shows a need for further research to clarify and validate the moderators, and to understand the complex interactions as well as the potential causal relationships between restraint and binge eating behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assessed multiple changes over 1 year for fatherhood program participants and explored variations in challenges at program start, retention, and improvements in outcomes based on geographic setting, race, and sequencing of services. In a sample of 630 racially diverse fathers, we found enhanced economic vulnerability of urban fathers and Black/other minority fathers, and greater individual and work-related challenges for White fathers at program start. Results from growth modeling indicated fathers reported sustained growth over 1 year in nearly all measures assessed including relationship skills and functioning, hope for ensuring a positive future, father involvement and parent-child relationship quality, child academic adjustment, and commitments and ability to meet financial obligations. Evidence of enhanced benefit of programs in multiple areas over time for rural and White participants, compared with Black/other minority and urban fathers is presented. Results also indicate receiving case management first enhances fathers' attendance and retention in program classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the potential moderating effects of the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the financial liquidity of enterprises. Given the significance of liquidity for companies and the profound impact of the macroeconomic environment, a research gap was identified in relation to the limited number of studies investigating the influence of macroeconomic factors on corporate liquidity. Additionally, the limited scope of companies surveyed in this area, in terms of sector, size, capital market presence, and the limited range of macroeconomic variables examined were notable. Most importantly, the absence of studies examining moderators of the relationship between macroeconomic factors and liquidity was a significant concern. To this end, two main research questions were formulated. First, what factors moderate the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the financial liquidity of companies? Second, what is the nature of the moderating effects on the relationship between macroeconomic variables and corporate financial liquidity? This research employed panel data analysis on an unbalanced panel comprising 5327 Polish enterprises spanning from 2003 to 2021. The primary analytical technique utilised was linear regression (pooled OLS) with robust standard errors clustered at the firm level. The main results of this study indicate that: (1) debt level, profitability, and the fixed assets to total assets ratio are significant moderators of some of the relationships between macroeconomic variables and corporate liquidity; (2) debt level moderates the relationship between the ratio of internal expenditures on research and development to GDP and financial liquidity, as well as the relationship between inflation rate and liquidity; the relationship is statistically significant and positive only for those enterprises with above-median debt levels; (3) profitability moderates the relationship between the employment coefficient and financial liquidity, as well as the relationship between the inflation rate and liquidity; in the high-profitability group, those relationships are positive, whereas in the low-profitability group, they are negative; (4) the ratio of fixed assets to total assets moderates the relationship between the money supply and corporate financial liquidity; for enterprises with low asset flexibility, there is a negative relationship between the money supply and financial liquidity; conversely, for enterprises with high asset flexibility, there is a positive relationship between the money supply and financial liquidity; (5) the rationale behind these findings can be derived from capital structure theory and financial analysis theory. The results of this study represent a step towards a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the macro environment and corporate liquidity, as well as the factors that moderate this relationship from both a microeconomic and a macroeconomic perspective. The findings of this study may also inform policy decisions governing the corporate sector due to a more nuanced understanding of the relationships between macroeconomic factors and corporate liquidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary addresses the challenges in identifying consistent moderators and mediators of psychological treatments for eating disorders (EDs), as highlighted by McClure et al. (International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2023) in their systematic review. Specifically, we discuss the often‐overlooked importance of temporal context (when an intervention is delivered), alongside sociodemographic and symptom type (for whom an intervention is delivered), in understanding and optimizing treatment engagement and effectiveness. We outline how individuals' fluctuating levels of motivation and receptivity across different "pivotal moments" in the help‐seeking process—including initial outreach and self‐screening, ongoing care engagement, and post‐discharge—can dynamically impact interventions' relevance and impacts. We also overview how Just‐In‐Time Adaptive Interventions in digital mental health interventions can be harnessed to simultaneously consider "when" and "for whom" ED interventions can exert the greatest benefits. We conclude with several recommendations for conducting ED intervention and implementation research that integrate timing into support delivery and study design, enabling a deeper understanding of not just how and for whom, but when, ED interventions can be most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review examines moderators and mediators tested in evaluations of stress management interventions for hospital employees to determine their significance for intervention outcomes. To be included, studies had to comprise a moderator or mediator analysis and a quantitative assessment of stress or mental well‐being, and to be published in English or German language. Five databases (APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science) were searched. Moderators and mediators were categorised thematically and examined using effect direction plots. Study quality was assessed using RoB 2 and ROBINS‐I. In fifteen included studies, 22 moderators and ten mediators were identified. Moderators and mediators were categorised into individual psychological factors (14), socio‐economic status (6), work situation (5), intervention (3), and duration of employment (3). Two moderators (perceived stressfulness of residency, job control) had a positive, two a negative impact (spirituality, socially desirable responding). One moderator (years of professional experience) had a positive and negative impact. Three moderators measured on categorical scales (gender, profession, and shiftwork) also had effects, favouring women, physicians and night‐shift employees. Five mediators (adherence to intervention, mindfulness, non‐reactivity to inner experience, total observing, and self‐compassion) had a positive impact, while three (isolation, over‐identification, psychological inflexibility) had a negative impact. In conclusion, effects of interventions were predominantly driven by individual psychological factors, while the role of other variables seems to be limited. Interventions focussing on primary or tertiary prevention were rare. Also processes through which organisational‐level interventions can be most effective have been hardly investigated. Larger and methodologically robust studies are needed to better understand causal pathways and optimise matching of interventions to target groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder that is more common in the population than AN. Despite this, people with atypical AN are less likely to be referred or admitted for eating disorder treatment and there is evidence that they are less likely to complete or benefit from existing interventions. This study examined whether baseline readiness and/or confidence moderated outcomes from 10‐session cognitive behavioral therapy among people with atypical AN and bulimia nervosa (BN), and whether the impact of these variables differed between diagnoses. Methods: Participants (n = 67; 33 with atypical AN) were a subset from an outpatient treatment study. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted to examine whether baseline readiness and/or confidence moderated outcomes. Results: People with BN who had higher levels of readiness or confidence at baseline had steeper decreases in eating disorder psychopathology over time. There was no evidence that readiness or confidence moderated outcomes for people with atypical AN. Discussion: This study suggests that the moderators that have been identified for other eating disorders may not apply for people with atypical AN and highlights a need for future work to routinely investigate whether theoretically or empirically driven variables moderate outcomes in this little‐understood population. Public Significance Statement: People with bulimia nervosa with higher readiness and confidence experienced greater decreases in eating disorder symptoms than people with lower readiness and confidence when treated with cognitive behavioral therapy. These findings did not apply to people with atypical anorexia nervosa. Results demonstrate that future work is urgently required to identify helpful treatments for people with atypical anorexia nervosa as well as the variables that have a positive impact on outcomes in treatment for these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAlthough previous research has demonstrated that resilience can be protective against various mental health conditions such as depression, existing studies examining the relationship between resilience and depression have limitations. To our knowledge, the moderators of the relationship have not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine whether resilience acts as a protective factor against depression in informal caregivers and to examine potential moderators of the relationship between these variables.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 554 randomly selected informal caregivers participated (86.8% women, average age = 55.3 years). Major depressive episode, depressive symptomatology, resilience, positive environmental reward, negative automatic thoughts, self-efficacy, and personality were assessed.ResultsA total of 16.1% of informal caregivers met criteria for a depressive episode and 57.4% were at risk of developing depression. The average resilience score was 26.3 (SD = 7.6); 62.6% of participants were in the lower quartile of the resilience scale. The gender of the informal caregiver and self-efficacy acted as moderating variables in the relationship between resilience and depression. The impact of resilience on depressive symptoms was more pronounced in female informal caregivers, and increased as self-efficacy increased.DiscussionBased on these findings, programs aimed at preventing depression in informal caregivers should focus on promoting resilience, especially in women, and introduce strategies to enhance self-efficacy to increase their impact.

PurposeThis scoping review presents an up-to-date synthesis of the current evidence base for non-specific predictors, moderators, and mediators of family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescent anorexia and bulimia nervosa.MethodsWe identify ways in which end-of-treatment outcomes have been shown to differ based upon baseline clinical features and person-specific factors and explore psychological mechanisms that may explain differences in treatment response. We draw from this evidence base to outline recommendations for clinical practice, as well as directions for future clinical eating disorder research.ResultsNoted findings from review include that early response in weight gain and parental criticism may be particularly influential in treatment for anorexia nervosa. Further, for adolescents with either anorexia or bulimia nervosa, eating-related obsessionality may be a key intervention target to improve outcomes.ConclusionIn addition to highlighting a need for attention to specific patient- and caregiver-level factors that impact treatment response, recommendations for research and clinical practice include testing whether certain targeted treatments (e.g., exposure-based approaches) may be suitable within the context of FBT for eating disorders.Level of evidenceLevel I: Evidence obtained from: at least one properly designed randomized controlled trials; experimental studies.