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This study systematically organized and categorized eight accounts by Western scholars, conducting an in- depth analysis of the content concerning Naxi ethnic costumes within these records, while also integrating and verifying against local historical materials about Naxi costumes. Utilizing comparative literature imagology and dual-process theory, the study conducted a thorough comparative analysis of the costume images in Western accounts and Chinese local documents. The results show that Western researchers often imply personal and cultural self-image associations and emotional expressions when recording the image of Naxi costumes. Such emotional expressions tend to provide immediate and rich descriptions, emphasizing the connection between the costumes and their living environment and social background. In their accounts, they focus more on expressing the significance of Naxi costumes within their environmental and social contexts through emotional tones, reflecting a unique psychological and emotional tendency in cross-cultural exchange. Chinese local chronicles, however, place greater emphasis on documenting the structure and cultural attributes of costumes, focusing on systematically recording the details and historical cultural backgrounds of the costumes, and presenting the profound historical significance contained within through deep cultural connotations and historical investigations. This recording method not only focuses on tracing the evolution of costumes but also emphasizes the interpretation of their cultural connotations, thus reflecting a rich historical and cultural heritage. Through the comparison of Chinese and Western literature, the study reveals significant differences in the focus of observation and interpretation of images between the two. Western documents, characterized by "heuristic processes", provide intuitive descriptions and emotional colors, while Chinese local documents, characterized by "analytical processes", offer more systematic and comprehensive records. These differences stem not only from the cultural backgrounds and knowledge systems of the recorders but also reflect different cultural understandings and evaluations of the importance of costumes. In the context of cultural differences, it also shows different perspectives of observers; Western literature focuses more on individual feelings and emotional portrayals, whereas Chinese local literature emphasizes rational analysis and holistic grasp. This cross-cultural comparison reveals the diverse expressions of costumes in different contexts, providing useful reference for deepening interregional communication and understanding. Comparative literature imagology reveals how the images of "others" and "self" are constructed in literature, while dual-process theory explains the differences in cognitive processes and modes of thinking used during the recording process by both Western and Chinese observers. Finally, the study integrates the descriptions of Western investigators and local Chinese literature during the same period, and roughly restores the clothing and life scenes of Naxi men and women. By conducting an in-depth comparative study of historical materials on Naxi costumes from modern domestic and international literature, the research not only gains a deeper understanding of Naxi costume culture but also provides a new comparative perspective and methodology for costume culture research. Furthermore, through comparative research, it promotes awareness and respect for cultural diversity, fostering cross-cultural exchange and integration, and helps to enhance understanding and communication between different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent decades, there has been a significant increase at the number of studies aimed at the research into archaeological sites dating back to the period of active development of Siberian territories by Russian explorers. The indication of this process is the commenced Christianization of local indigenous population. The study of the burial objects of the Late Medieval and Modern Times allowed assembling representative collections of staurographic materials. The items retrieved during the study of the Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground reflect specific features of the use of Christian symbols in the funeral rite. Therefore, this site is considered to be an early Christian monument left behind by indigenous population of the Taz Subarctic, formed under the influence of Christian ideas that spread in the region in the 18th — early 20th century. The Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground is located on the right bank of the Num-hibya-siheri creek on the territory of the Mameyev Cape stow, which is 12.5 km south-east of the village of Tazovsky and 2.4 km north-west of the village of Gaz-Sale of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Tyumen Oblast. In 2017–2018, Tazovsky Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of the Problems of Northern Development of the Tyumen Scientific Research Center (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) uncovered 286 m2 of the site. Within the studied area, nine underground pits were investigated, containing the burial of an adult (?) and children (8) aged from newborn infants up to 5- to 7-year-olds. The main components of the funeral rite and inventory testify to the familiarity of the people, who left this burial ground behind, with Christian customs and Christian ritualism. The deceased children are buried in wooden coffins placed inside composite wooden structures, on their backs, with their heads oriented to the western side of the horizon. The interred children are accompanied by an icon pendant with an image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and crosses dedicated to the Great Martyr Barbara and crucified Jesus. The features of the funeral rite and the placement of the articles indicate an initial stage of the Christianization of autochthonous population, combining both Christian and pagan components in the process of burying children. A good preservation of the wooden funerary structures allowed selection of wood samples for dendrochronological (tree-ring) analysis, as a result of which the time interval of the functioning of the Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground was determined within the second quarter of the 19th — early 20th century.

Land contract documents are highly distinctive land transaction vouchers in Chinese society, and important carriers for the development and inheritance of contract culture. The land contract documents of modern Northeast China were of many different types and names. According to the fact that the contract is recognized by the government or not, there were white contracts and red contracts. Based on their nature, there were sale and purchase contracts, pawn contracts, and so on. There were also past contracts and newly-signed contracts. These contracts had a relatively fixed procedure for conclusion, which was concise in content and clearly formatted. This paper mainly illustrates information about the parties to the contracts and the reasons for the transaction, the situation and price of the real estate, the rights and obligations of the buyer, seller, and intermediaries, as well as signatures and dates. The land contract documents in modern Northeast China are predominantly white contracts, and intermediaries play an important role in the formation process. These contract documents reflect the land ownership system, the land management system and the social evolution in modern Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text presents an overview of the topics dealing with the Modern Balkans in the journal Études balkaniques during the last decade (2014-2023). The prevalence of economic and social history as well as urban studies is visible enough. Other well-covered thematic clusters are identities and Otherness, international relations, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern tea literature in Yunnan Province covers the tea-related literature about Yunnan from 1840 to 1949. It includes tea related writings, local chronicles, customs reports, trade statistics and publications that had been published or archived during this period. Based on the compilation and analysis of tea-related literature published or archived in modern Yunnan on the cultivation and processing, transportation and trade, teahouse management, development and spread of tea culture, etc., this paper analyzes the types, compilation and publication situation, and the leading authors of modern tea literature of Yunnan Province. The essay also discusses the Yunnan tea planting areas, tea tree varieties, tea processing types, tea growing and making technology, tea transportation, tea industry economy and trade, etc., covered in the literature. It explores the connection with Yunnan's modern social, political, economic and cultural development. Study on modern Yunnan tea literature and the rise and fall of modern Yunnan tea industry and its historical experiences can provide theoretical and practical experience for the healthy development of Yunnan tea industry in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Shanghai ladies were keen to wear a pearl headband, which was not so popular among ladies in other parts of China. Around 1890, Shanghai fashion ladies led the fashion trend in the Jiangnan region and became famous nationwide. From 1890 to 1918, Shanghai gathered almost all the fresh and fashionable things. The academic circles’ research on headbands mainly focuses on shape arts, ergonomics and other aspects. However, there are few studies on the integration of Chinese and Western cultures from headbands. This study is of great significance in highlighting the connotations and characteristics of the modern Shanghai culture. By using images, objects and historical materials, this study explored the modern Shanghai headband arts and sorted out the spread of fashion, thus observing the factors of cultural integration between China and West. The once existing fresh world from objects to people, then to society was restored progressively layer by layer. This study shows that ladies wearing jewelry such as pearl headbands not only cared about beauty, but also cared about using jewelry to put themselves into the social structure. Headbands are a symbol of ladies’ self-identity and an expression of their concepts. Pearl headbands, influenced by Art Nouveau, were a new thing influenced by the foreign culture, and also a confident style influenced by foreign culture Shanghai. Modern Shanghai ladies’ jewelry did not fully copy Western fashion trends. While being westernized, it retained the conservatism and refinement of modern Shanghai culture, forming a fashion symbol combining tradition and trendiness. So, Shanghai’s urban modernity culture is not just a simple transplant of Western culture, but a unique urban culture with Chinese characteristics that has emerged from the soil of China. With the emergence of social activity platforms in modern Shanghai, ladies participated in social activities with the combination of the pearl headband and clothing. Shanghai fashion leaders participated in public activities in Shiliyangchang by wearing clothing including headbands, performing ostentatiously there. Pearl headbands adorned the fashion leaders’ heads with a sparkling outer cover, making them a magnificent helmet for participating in social activities. Ladies from other social classes were influenced by the aesthetic appeal of the Shanghai fashion leading class. The fashion communication model characterized by the guidance of fashion leaders, the emulation by the middle class, and the aspiration of the common people was formed. In the einternational metropolis of Shanghai, ladies stepped out of their homes and integrated themselves into society. From reclusive beauties to urban beauties, Shanghai fashion ladies had ample opportunities to closely observe Western men and women’s fashion. They performed “westernized fashion show” in the public space of Shiliyangchang, which has an impact on the formation of Shanghai modern urban culture. At Shiliyangchang, fashion leaders seized every opportunity and successfully expanded themselves into public domain. They were very supportive of the Shanghai concession culture combining Chinese and Western cultures, and traditional and modern elements. They actively absorbed Western fashion elements and imaginative ideas. The pearl headbands they were passionate about wearing are strong evidence that the Art Nouveau jewelry style has influenced traditional Chinese lady headwear art. The modern publishing industry in Shanghai contributed to the lifestyle of fashion leaders, and entertainment news particularly promoted the image of fashion leaders. Their self-performance and public response from the media further promoted their clothing and decoration. The literary and artistic atmosphere of fashion leaders gave them the potential to express new things, and they successfully attracted public attention, making these innovative new things accepted by people. These are the concrete manifestations of the integration of Chinese and Western cultures. Although the headband is small, it shows the interaction between Eastern and Western countries, the fusion between Eastern and Western masses, and finally produces a combination of Chinese and Western headwear, reflecting the process of popularity of this fashion object. After the May Fourth Movement in 1919, the headband disappered, and its fate in modern Shanghai was both a history of growth and a history of disappearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of women on the roads to Santiago since the beginning of the pilgrimage is becoming better known. The texts show that family pilgrimages, of children with their parents, of sons with their fathers or of daughters with their mothers, are not just a contemporary phenomenon.

The fundamental indissolubility of valid and consummated Catholic marriage anticipated the contemporary professional (canon law) and lay view of Catholic or even mixed marriages. The author concentrated on the late medieval Hungarian or Slovak realities, which she looked at in her study through the selected case of the Huber couple from Pressburg, heard at all levels of the Hungarian ecclesiastical courts, beginning with the Metropolitan Court of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, located in Trnava at the beginning of the 19th century. It provided her with a (micro)probe method to present a more realistic picture of the emergence, resolution, gradation or, on the contrary, hibernation of marital conflicts, controversies and the very coexistence in the marital couple cohabitation of a man and a woman than the contemporary professional and scientific canonical and civilistic writings of the late modern period would have postulated in a somewhat idealistic canonical manner. However, the study begins by noting the post-Tridentine (post-Conciliar) legal basis for the separation of the spouses, which made it possible to address both the marital cause in question and its other legal and social implications (especially the property status of the separated spouses). The author has decided to bring the topic of matrimonial disputes into the scientific discourse by way of legal-historical research only to one of the institutes of the matrimonial personal law of the Catholic Church -- separation or also called separation from the table and bed, which, although it did not dissolve the marriage, but which allowed the spouses to separate temporarily or even permanently and to find a new modus vivendi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the history of development of the idea of freedom of labor from the times of existence of the Ancient Eastern states until the moment of origin of the complex of legal rules, which will form the branch of labor law in the future. The specifics of genesis and further evolution of freedom of labor are researched within the framework of the conducted work. In addition, the role of the considered subject and attitude of it in each of the indicated historical periods are characterized. In the conclusion of the article the author formulates the following periodization of the development of the idea of freedom of labor: 1) the period of denial of freedom of labor; 2) the period of contempt for freedom of labor; 3) the period of corporate restrictions on freedom of labor; 4) the period of absolute freedom of labor; 5) the period of rationalization of freedom of labor.

The traditional dress system is strictly hierarchical and the social concept and the 'Neo-Confucianism thought since the Song and Ming Dynasties have increasingly confined women's words deeds and clothing making women's clothing confined to the plain straight and conservative shape. In modern times Chinese women broke through the shackles of waiting to be kept in the boudoir participated in the revolutionary movement ideological liberation and other social activities which affected the popularity and aesthetics of the times and then became the leading group in the new society and new life. Women's clothing as the most important material carrier to study modern Chinese women reflects the vanguard traits of modern women at different levels. Therefore it is of great value to explore the contribution and positioning of modern women's groups clarify the characteristics of Chinese women in the new era and explore the development of modern women's clothing. After summarizing the female vanguard characteristics in the development of modern women's clothing from the aspects of social change ideological emancipation cultural integration social aesthetics etc. by multiple confirmations of modern literature and images we drew four following conclusions. First social change began with clothing and women became the vanguard of social change. Women's enthusiasm revolutionary and universality in changing clothes made women's clothing become the leading force in clothing reform. Second the traditional social status of women changed due to the liberation of their feet and women's self-consciousness was highlighted and gradually risen to the leading role in society. At the same time the traditional aesthetic concept was updated because of the promotion of natural breasts and women became the real owners of clothing thus breaking through the restrictions of social status and becoming the vanguard of breaking through the shackles of thought. Third the cheongsam was regarded as the representative of modern women's clothing which catered to women's internal needs. As the main carrier of the fusion of modern Eastern and Western cultures it interpreted the avant-garde characteristics of modern women in the evolution of advocating foreign countries and integration. Fourth under the re-cognition of body beauty and sexiness shyness and introversion were covered by the overt trend of time. Fashion and 'modern as the expression of female aesthetics catalyzed the new understanding of beauty in modern Chinese society. In short modern women's clothing as the intuitive carrier of women's identity status ideology and aesthetics promoted social change in changing clothes broke through ideological shackles in physical liberation integrated Eastern and Western styles under the mentality of worshipping foreigners guided social aesthetics in revealing sexiness and fashion popularity and reflected the vanguard traits of modern Chinese women who were brave to break through and dared to be the first. It is of great significance to collect sort out and analyze the vanguard traits of Chinese women under the transformation of modern women's clothing and to face the social leading role and era driving spirit of modern women directly from women's clothing. While affirming the important value of women's clothing we advocate that the industry and academia should take clothing as the first perspective and pay attention to the more prominent personality and pursuit of Chinese women in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rabies prevention has become a vital part of public health administration owing to the high incidence of rabies in Japan in modern times. The rabies prevention system in Japan, which was gradually established based on the rabies knowledge and prevention policies from Europe and the United States, was centered on livestock dog control, wild dog culling, and vaccination. This epidemic prevention system was based on two premises. First, though rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease, the focus of epidemic prevention administration was to protect humans, not dogs. Second, this system attempted to eliminate the rabies hazard at its source by reducing the number of all dogs—livestock dogs included. Under this epidemic prevention mechanism, the survival space of dogs as an object of public health administration was significantly eroded. In contrast, during wartime, the Japanese Empire encouraged people to donate their dogs to the military so their fur could be used to make military coats, and in the name of existing rabies prevention programs, extended the target of culling from wild dogs only to all non-military dogs. This administrative model of epidemic prevention, which attempted to hide the violence and arbitrariness of dog killing by creating artificial distinctions among dogs, is a metaphor for the power training mechanism in modern society.

The social change and ideological change movement in modern China promoted the reform of women's footwear, and the concept of women's choice of footwear and wearing them had changed, which was the innovation of the concept of women's footwear. The transformation of traditional women to have an independent personality step by step was reflected from the bow shoes of women with bound feet to the diversification of footwear for women with natural feet, women from the humble era of small feet to fighting for equal status with men, and then to the consumption behavior and methods of women's footwear of different classes. Thus, the process of changing the concept of women's footwear was also deeply engraved with the evolutionary trajectory of modern civilized women. We adopt the research method of comparative demonstration combined with historical documents, compare the attitudes towards women's foot-binding, natural feet, women's social space and women's social behavior in ancient and modern societies, and summarize three directions for the transformation of the concept of women's footwear in modern times including equality, fashion and hygiene. Furthermore, we explore the reasons and impact of the transformation. The following conclusions are drawn: (i) from the perspective of the spatial sequence of concept change, the concept of women's footwear in Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other open-minded cities was first innovated, which was accompanied by a series of new social behaviors, and soon the new concept and new behaviors spread to the surrounding urban and rural areas through the flow of people and goods; (ii)from the perspective of the impact of concept change, the shapes of women's shoes were constantly changing, the colors were coordinated and broke the tradition before, and the materials were comfortable and hygienic, which reflected the domestic shoe industry; (iii) from the perspective of women's life practice, women of different classes had different consumption behaviors and ways of footwear, but the standards of pursuing beauty and the goal of modernization were the same, which promoted the progress of new women's lives. The research on the concept of modern women's footwear is an important part of the new trend of clothing in modern times. From the perspective of modern women's footwear reform, we closely combine social reform and ideological change movements, analyze the changes in women's wearing and choosing shoes before and after they put their feet on, and reveal the scientific understanding of new women's footwear. The spread and popularity of this concept have accelerated the modern people's ability to accept new shoe styles and new clothing, and promoted the transformation and development of modern clothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matthias Bel, as one of the most influential Hungarian polymath, scholar, teacher and evangelical priest of the 18th century, was a big inspiration not only for Hungarian scholars and historiography, but also for the Slovak academic milieu. Following the example of leading European scholars, his rich scientific, pedagogical and spiritual career predestined him to compile a historical-geographical description of Hungary in the form of a multivolume work called Notitia Hungariae Novae historico-geographica, which even more than two centuries after its creation offers a rich information base for a wide range of Hungarian and Slovak academics. The paper reflects Matthias Bel's work in the Slovak historiography of the second half of the 20th century and also new trends in research of his legacy at the beginning of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exploring the relationship between genius and madness, this paper hypothesizes that the birth of the idea of genius, as a mark of exceptionality in arts, is linked to the emergence of positivism. The focus on the characteristics of the genius was intuitively an attempt to justify the role of art in a context where science seemed to have monopolized the knowledge. Thus, moving from the exceptionalism of the Enlightenment to the Romantic eccentricity, genius is associated with madness in order to restore the irrational dimension of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overcoming the uniformity of interpretations presented in the scientific literature, led to the expediency of focusing the search in a limited subject field. The empirical material of the research is the documents of the Warsaw Women’s Progymnasium, in particular the minutes of the meetings of the Pedagogical Council of the Institution for the second half of the 1913–1914 academic years. The task is to study the governing body’s work and analyse specific processes of educational activities and specific situations in this field. The methods used are the microhistorical approach, the cognitive strategies are the methodology of “understanding” and the concept of “rational explanation”. It is proved that the competence of the Pedagogical Council of the Warsaw Women’s Progymnasium included the whole complex of educational and financial issues of the institution’s functioning. The efforts of the Pedagogical Council headed by the Head of the Progymnasium were aimed at ensuring the appropriate level of educational training for students. The systematic work of the Pedagogical Council covered constant control of the educational effectiveness of students from preparatory to graduating classes, clarification of problem situations, and finding a way out of them. An integral part of the monitoring was the educational process in the Progymnasium. The principles of spiritual development of female students included the concepts of Russian citizenship, moral and religious values, and culture. The discipline of students and their attitude to educational responsibilities determined the behavioral grade, approved by the Pedagogical Council. Exemplary behaviour and educational diligences were the criteria for assigning social assistance from the Progymnasium to low-income students.

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Geophysical surveys in the Lakes Tazenat, Aydat, Chambon and Lacassou combined with a multiproxy study of sediment cores highlight Late Holocene abrupt environmental changes in the northern part of the French Massif Central (FMC). Dating landslide-induced dust layers and subaqueous slope failures impacting lake basin sedimentary fills suggest regional triggering by palaeo-earthquakes (cluster of events) either in the Puy-de-Sancy volcano area, or along the regional Limagne fault. In the present study, a cluster of palaeo-earthquakes occurring in the Sancy area between AD 1243 and 1270 are documented in the Lakes Montcineyre, Chauvet, Pavin and Guéry, as well as by the formation of Lake Lacassou following the last emplacement of the Dent du Marais landslide in the Chaudefour glacial valley around AD 1250 ± 30. Former cluster of earthquakes occurring near the Limagne fault between AD 580 and 650 are evidenced in Lake Tazenat and in maar Lake Pavin. Lake Pavin present lake-level was similarly favoured by the cluster of earthquakes between AD 1243 and 1270 and the occurrence of a slump and an outburst flood event resulting in the bypassing of a palaeo-outlet. Holocene earthquakes near the Limagne fault are suggested in maar Lake Tazenat by coeval mass wasting deposits (MWDs) around 2250 ± 50 cal. BP and around 2730 ± 30 cal. BP. A landslide-induced dust layer dated between 2760 and 2520 cal. BP at the transition from paludal to lacustrine deposits in the Chaudefour glacial valley is suggesting that the formation of Lake Chambon resulted from a first emplacement of the Dent du Marais landslide. Radionuclides and radiocarbon dating in Lake Tazenat suggest variable sedimentation rates over the last millennia due to: (i) floods during the Little Ice Age, (ii) coeval MWDs at the basin edges and an erosive turbidite in the central basin between AD 575 and 625, and (iii) lake eutrophication since AD 1945. More gravity cores are needed to directly sample and date the youngest generation of coeval MWDs detected on seismic profiles in order to test the impact in this lake of the cluster of major historical earthquakes in the FMC between AD 1450 and 1490 near the Limagne fault. • Dating MWDs suggest regional earthquakes and cluster of earthquakes nucleated below the Puy-de-Sancy Volcano and the Limagne Fault. • Up to 6 earthquakes are suggested over the last 3000 years. • Earthquakes induced terrestrial and subaquatic landslides, and outburst floods lowering lake-levels in maar Lake Pavin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is dedicated to the memory of Evgenii Aleksandrovich Chiglintsev, a brilliant historian, an outstanding representative of the university intelligentsia, and a wonderful comrade with the best human qualities. E.A. Chiglintsev’s works are interdisciplinary, useful for practically all humanities, and certainly important from the philosophical and socio-philosophical perspectives. The study aims to analyze and evaluate the phenomenon of cultural reception in the context of E.A. Chiglintsev’s writings. The main problematic field of the article is the meanings, boundaries, and prospects of the phenomenon of reception, which has become one of the main subjects of E.A. Chiglintsev’s research interest. E.A. Chiglintsev focused mostly on the universal meaning of reception, whereas this article also considers its historical backgrounds, as well as the possibilities and meanings of cultural and historical receptions in the modern culture and society. The research is relevant due to the practical need to develop an adequate attitude to the past in the modern society, i.e., because of the need to distinguish what and in what forms should be remembered, what and how to forget, how to take fire from the past, not ashes. Today, every person who considers himself or herself modern must constantly undergo the path of rethinking his or her historical past, and thus participate in the reception of past cultures. The conclusion is made about the historicity of reception, the classical forms of which are developing in the modern culture, about the problematic nature of this phenomenon in the postmodern culture. The problem of further development of the meaning of reception in the modern culture and its limits is posed.

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The rubber industry was a new and huge potential strategic economic industry born in the process of modern Guangdong’s industrialization. With the help of the investment of overseas Chinese from Guangdong, Hainan Island formed a large-scale gum plantation park centering on Ding’an, Danxian and Lehui County, and the planting and cultivation technology of rubber was close to maturity. The area on the south bank of the Pearl River in Guangzhou became a gathering area for the gum manufacturing industry in Guangdong in modern times, and the number of factories and practitioners leaped to the forefront of the industry. The development of the rubber industry in Guangdong in modern times not only promoted the process of tropical island reclamation in our country, but also advanced the development of new industries and the transformation of social lifestyles. However, the extensive business model and the domestic demand-driven economic development mode also restricted the expansion of reproduction and national capital accumulation of the rubber industry in modern Guangdong [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since modernity the relationship between man and things has become precarious. At that time a far-reaching invention turned into a symbol and memorial of modern usage requirements and most efficient production processes: the assembly line. The movements to be performed within the strictly specified processes served only one purpose: the final product. As a consequence, work processes were divided up in the rhythm of the machines, sequences of actions were reduced, and alienation (Entfremdung) was promoted - pushing not only Charlie Chaplin's tramp into the gear wheels of Modern Times (1936). Under these conditions the relationship between man and thing(s) was renegotiated: on the one hand the working class found itself objectified in a rushing hamster wheel, on the other hand the things in literature and arts regained obstinacy. During those times various authors started questioning the human scale as an omnipresent measure and value of life. Furthermore, things were equipped with biographies of their own, for example by the Russian futurist author Sergei Tret'iakov and his "Biography of the Object", which featured the intrinsic value of the non-human, non-heroic towards traditional protagonists. Even today, artists succeed in their way to explore various assemblies of peoples and things, such as the artist duo Peter Fischli and David Weiss in their mixed media experiment The Way Things Go (1987). The article focuses on such resistant gestures of/towards things, that lack any obvious benefit and purposefulness, but, on the contrary, reveal their uselessness by literally falling 'out of line'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present paper is to show how both in the autumn of 1918 and before the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918, liberalism and nationalism steered the course of the Romanian nation in Transylvania as it entered the modern era. Romanians had accumulated democratic experience over several decades, with effective results in managing ecclesiastical, educational, cultural, social and economic problems. Our attempt at reconstructing the destiny of the Romanian civil society in the process of laying the democratic foundations of the Union of 1918 has revealed the complex political, economic and social transformations of the Habsburg monarchy from the 1848 revolution to the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic pipe is an object of the archaeological collection of the Slovak Museum of Nature Protection and Speleology in Liptovský Mikuláš. It was found during a rescue archaeological research when reconstructing historical building of the museum, originally built in the middle of the 18th c. as a Jesuit monastery. Only the richly decorated cylindrical head of the pipe has been preserved. Coming from a surface collection and because it is only a fragment without a signature, the producer and the year of production could not be identified. The ornament on the head is embossed and consists of floral, geometric, and figural decorations. Three ovals with portraits of three different men are depicted in the middle part of the head. Uniformed clothing and hairstyling suggest that men were of a high rank, with an affinity to the army. The letters below each portrait could be monograms. Based on these facts, we assume that it is a portrayal of the members of the Holy Alliance – the coalition between the monarchists of Austria, Russia, and Prussia, which was created to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The treaty was signed after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 by representatives of Austria, Russia, and Prussia. We assume that the portraits of Emperor Francis I of Austria, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and King Frederick Wilhelm III of Prussia are depicted on the pipe. We compared the portraits on the pipe with the faces in the oil painting “Die Heilige Allianz” (Holy Alliance) by an unknown author from 1815. Somatoscopic and somatometric methods were used to evaluate morphological features and the proportionality of faces. Based on the results, we are inclined to believe that the portraits on the head of the pipe most likely represent the above-mentioned monarchs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Archaeologica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik radova Fakulteta islamskih nauka u Sarajevu is the property of Zbornik radova Fakulteta islamskih nauka u Sarajevu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives The paper describes the development of the system of punishment in our territory from the oldest times up to the modern times. It points out the fundamental difference from the current legal situation: while there is currently the most commonly imposed punishment, imprisonment, in the past there was a "diverse range" of punishment, with imprisonment (as we know it today) at the earliest time ever there. Even in later developmental stages, when it already existed, the motivation of its imposition was different from the present and its imposition was still a rare phenomenon. Material and methods historical method, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, description Results In the past, many methods of punishment were used in Slovakia. The method of punishment depended on the crime, as well as on the person of the perpetrator. Conclusions Imprisonment has been used minimally in the past, and has been used as a secondary punishment.

A study “The Army of the Crimean Khanate” of a young Crimean historian A. A. Sheykhumerov was published last year. It is devoted to the Crimean Khanate’s warfare in Modern Times (XV–XVIII centuries). The purpose of work, chosen by the author, is not clearly related to the number of popular and actively developed by domestic historical science topics. As the basic topic of research the historian took this problematic method and concentrated on analyzing key stories from the history of the Crimean warfare development in the New Times. This book in modern Russian historiography is the first essay on warfare of the Crimean Tatars. It allows us to have a holistic view of its main features and characteristics. The review gives a brief description of the structure and content of work and makes notes of some disputable points in the author’s concept and interpretations of individual moments in the history of the Crimean warfare evolution.

The purpose of this paper shall be casting doubt on the philosophical, mathematical-scientific and theological production of the French jansenist Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), by drawing on the methodology advocated by Marc Bloch (Apology of History or the Task of the Historian, 1941) - hence, by means of a problem-question. The fundamental inquiry aims at unveiling the archeology of apories and dilemmas concerning the Reason of modern people, therefore proposing a present-past-present critical exercice. We endeavour to arouse the interpretation that Pascal's intellectual peculiarity poses Early Modernity a philosophical skepticism based upon Augustine, which could possibily aid us in terms of reconfigurating the role of reason in History and history. Pascal's doubt on the Natural Reason praised by Descartes allows itselt to be glanced with the idea of a Deus Absconditus. Therefore, the text proposes an analytical interface between Social History and Intellectual History (History of Early Modern Philosophy), attempting to highlight the plurality of theological-philosophical strands within Roman Catholicism and its potentialities to reshape the ways of today's reason out of the postmodern maze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to study the genesis of the philosophical understanding of the law, from the Middle Ages to modern times. The reason for choosing such a significant period of time is that the purpose of the article is to trace the dynamics of understanding the philosophy of law. The methodological basis of this scientific article was formed by the most important approaches, methods and principles of historical research. A study was carried out on the genesis of philosophical understanding of the law, from the Middle Ages to modern times. The understanding of the philosophy of law in different eras of time was considered. In addition, the understanding of the philosophy of law during the Renaissance was examined in detail. The main ideas of law in the philosophical spins of the thinkers of the Enlightenment are considered. The characteristic features of the modern philosophy of law are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the framework of a history of European legal thought, this article proposes to shed light on what “Law of Nature” and “Natural Law” have in common. Both participate in the intellectual construction of modernity and determine a legal knowledge closely linked to the representations of the world shared by jurists and their contemporaries.

In the early years of Republic of China, Jingyi Garden in The Fragrant Hills of Beijing, the former imperial garden of Qing Dynasty, had turned desolate after the depredation of Anglo-French Allied Force, then the construction of modern garden architecture had started with the operation of The Children's Philanthropical School of Fragrant Hills. Through reviewing historical literature and field investigation, this paper analyzed the historical background, planning and construction of these modern garden architecture, as well as their types and characteristics, and the utilization of original natural and historical environment of original Jingyi Garden. Based on this, this paper tried to display the historical prospects of modern garden architecture in Jingyi Garden, analyze their characteristics and discover their unique historic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes pages from the piano heritage of D. Kabalevsky, which is addressed to the children studying in children musical schools and art schools. The creative image of the musician is revealed through the prism of his multifaceted artistic and social activity, the assessment of which has undergone some revision nowadays. The article also discusses the reasons of why many previously popular works of famous Soviet composers have faded into the shadow. It is emphasized that Kabalevsky was a graduate of the Piano Faculty of the State Moscow Conservatory and has inherited the wonderful traditions of his teacher, A. B. Goldenweiser. The best traditions of the Moscow piano school are used by Kabalevsky as bases in his creative activity, which acquires specific value in the field of music. Today, when the method of young musicians training is going through innovative transformations, this aspect should be especially considered. The high artistic and instructive value of the composer’s piano heritage is noted. The pieces of the piano cycle “From the Pioneer Life,” op. 14, are methodologically analyzed. It is concluded that Kabalevsky’s cycles addressed to children have not lost their artistic and pedagogical value and therefore can be used in the modern pedagogical practice in their entirety. As for the cycles dedicated to the pioneers’ life, they could play an important educational role by raising the younger generation’s interest in one of the most captivating pages of the country’s past.

Nowadays the archaeology of Modern times actively develops. Gunflints and fire-steel flints take an important place in a complex of the material remains of the 17–18th centuries. The considerable collection of such products (259 pieces) comes from the fortress of Lutik (Sed-Islam, in Osman tradition) in the lower reaches of Don. The fortress existed from 1660 to 1741. The occupation layer contains both “Turkish” and “Russian” archaeological remains, and it is difficult to separate them from each other. The publication contains the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this specific category of archaeological findings. Materials are described in terms of the Stone Age archaeology. For understanding of specifics of a flint complex, a gunlock, lead bullets and iron fire-steels are also described in the publication.

From early modern Chinese to modern Chinese, the subject positions of causal sentences containing causal conjunctions “jì (既)”, “jìrán (既然)”, “suǒyǐ (所以)” and “zhīsuǒyǐ ( 之所以)” appeared four different changes, and formed four different evolutionary ways. Each way developed under the competition of two forces promoting the subjects to the front or to the back. Each force formed by inferences of different factors. The size of the forces and whether they were hindered are also different.

The article is an attempt to detect the key stages in the research of the Polish Reformation history and to investigate how these stages changed over time. The main groups of the works in the Polish, German, Russian and American historiography were analysed. Based on the primary conceptual approaches and using the chronological principle five main stages of the Polish Reformation historiography development were defined, within which various concepts for the analysis of the historical phenomenon were used. This paper analyses the main features of the Protestant Reformation historiographical tradition, of the positivist, the modernist and the postmodernist approaches to the Polish Reformation history. The author determined that the change of the main approaches to the issue depended on the ideological context and transformations of the dominant historiographical tradition, which influenced the generally accepted interpretations of the historical phenomenon. The second aim of the current research was to explore new horizons for the future studies on the Polish Reformation history. The author noted that one of the most important current research tasks is to find a suitable set of methodological instruments for the research, combining conventional historiographical approaches with the postmodern “Confessionalization” theory, which is still “under construction”.

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)