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Background: Cephalopina titillator is a common parasite affecting camelids and causing nasopharyngeal myiasis. The fine structure of the epimastigote stage obtained from the midgut of Cephalopina titillator 2nd stage larvae was investigated. Methods: The larvae were obtained from the nasal passage of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infected camels. Result: The main significant organelles of T. evansi were reported in the epimastigote. However, the kinetoplast was rarely observed. Also, the activity of the mitochondria was high while the volume of the glycosomes varies oppositely. Thick-walled triangular vacuole was reported near the nucleus of the epimastigote. This vacuole could represent degenerated flagellar pocket of the dying epimastigote. It was concluded that the trypomastigote stage of T. evansi reached the midgut of C. titillator through the attachment of the larvae to the nasal mucous membrane where it changed into the epimastigote stage which degenerate gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract as an adjunct treatment on lead acetate induced hepato- nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Methods: Thirty-six male New Zealand White rabbits were assigned into two main groups. The first group (14 rabbits) served as normal control. The secondgroup (22 rabbits) was administered orally with lead acetate at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. At the 4th and the 8th week of treatment, 6 animals (3 animals at each period) of the second group were sacrificed while the remaining animals (16 rabbits) were assigned randomly into 2 subgroups (8 rabbits each): treated and non-treated. The first subgroup was orally given 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline for further 4 weeks while the second subgroup was administered orally with Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day for the same period. Blood samples were collected to determine hematological and serum biochemical indices. Tissue specimens were collected from the liver and kidney for evaluation of the oxidant/antioxidant markers and for histopathological examinations. Results: Lead acetate exposure decreased the mean body weight gain, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and lymphocytes count. Moreover, it markedly increased counts of monocytes and platelets, serum enzyme activity, levels of creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Malondialdehyde level was markedly increased while the reduced glutathione content was significantly decreased in liver tissue of lead intoxicated-rabbits. Histopathological alterations were also noticed in the liver and kidney of lead intoxicated rabbits. Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract significantly improved hematological and serum biochemical parameters and histopathological structure of the liver and kidney. Conclusions: Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract ameliorates hemato-biochemical and histopathological alterations caused by lead acetate and improveshepatic and renal functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver gelatin prints are composed of multiple materials giving such photographs a complex physical and chemical nature; and for this reason, they are more vulnerable to damage compared to other archival materials such as books and manuscripts. This paper studies the effects of pollutants on the properties of silver gelatin prints. Silver gelatin prints are attacked by pollutants in the form of gases and/or solid particles. Pollutants affect all components of a silver gelatin prints causing it to deteriorate and/or degrade. Gaseous pollutants have the most aggressive influence on photographic materials. Gaseous pollutants which are harmful to silver gelatin prints include oxidant, sulfiding and acidic gases. This paper focuses only on the effect of hydrogen peroxide as an internal pollutant and hydrogen sulfide as an external pollutant. The study included exposing photographic samples to both hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen sulfide for a period of 10 days and 15 days. The evaluation procedure was carried out using microscopic inspection, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]