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Abstract This article investigates the behavior of hybrid FRP Concrete-Steel columns with an elliptical cross section. The investigation was carried out by gathering information through literature and conducting a parametric study, which resulted in 116 data points. Moreover, multiple machine learning predictive models were developed to accurately estimate the confined ultimate strain and the ultimate load of confined concrete at the rupture of FRP tube. Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (ADAB), Categorical Boosting (CATB), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) machine learning techniques were utilized for the proposed models. Finally, these models were visually and quantitatively verified and evaluated. It was concluded that the CATB and XGB are standout models, offering high accuracy and strong generalization capabilities. The CATB model is slightly superior due to its consistently lower error rates during testing, indicating it is the best model for this dataset when considering both accuracy and robustness against overfitting.

Abstract Concrete compressive strength (CS) is a crucial performance parameter in concrete structure design. Reliable strength prediction reduces costs and time in design and prevents material waste from extensive mixture trials. Machine learning techniques solve structural engineering challenges such as CS prediction. This study used Machine Learning (ML) models to enhance the prediction of CS, analyzing 1030 experimental CS data ranging from 2.33 to 82.60 MPa from previous research databases. The ML models included both non-ensemble and ensemble types. The non-ensemble models were regression-based, evolutionary, neural network, and fuzzy-inference-system. Meanwhile, the ensemble models consisted of adaptive boosting, random forest, and gradient boosting. There were eight input parameters: cement, blast-furnace-slag, aggregates (coarse and fine), fly ash, water, superplasticizer, and curing days, with the CS as the output. Comprehensive performance evaluations include visual and quantitative methods and k-fold cross-validation to assess the study’s reliability and accuracy. A sensitivity analysis using Shapley-Additive-exPlanations (SHAP) was conducted to understand better how each input variable affects CS. The findings showed that the Categorical-Gradient-Boosting (CatBoost) model was the most accurate prediction during the testing stage. It had the highest determination-coefficient (R2) of 0.966 and the lowest Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of 3.06 MPa. The SHAP analysis showed that the age of the concrete was the most critical factor in the predictive accuracy. Finally, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was offered for designers to predict concrete CS quickly and economically instead of costly computational or experimental tests.

ABSTRACTThis study utilized machine learning models to predict the discharge coefficient for a sharp-crested triangular side orifice (TSO). The chosen models were the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). Development of the models was based on 570 experimental datasets, with 70% allocated for training and the remaining 30% for testing. Five nondimensional parameters were utilized as inputs for the models, including TSO’s crest height to its height (W*=W/H), main channel width to TSO’s base length (L*=B/L), main channel width to TSO’s height (H*=B/H), upstream flow depth to the TSO’s height (Y*=y1/H), and upstream Froude number of the main channel (Fr). While the discharge coefficient (Cd) was defined as the output. Then, the developed models were evaluated by three performance metrics, violin boxplots, and Taylor diagrams to ensure their reliability and accuracy. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to indicate the most effective parameter affecting the Cd value. The findings revealed that both models predicted very well compared to the actual values, with the ANN model emerging as the most reliable predictor. It exhibited the highest determination coefficient (R2), nearing 1, along with the lowest Mean-Square-Error (MSE) and Mean-Absolute-Error (MAE) values, both close to zero. The sensitivity analysis highlighted that the orifice crest height and Froude number significantly impacted the Cd value, contributing to more than 36%. In addition, the predicted discharge coefficient stayed within the range of ± 5.0% of the experimental values. Finally, the developed models demonstrated a high level of equivalence compared to previous studies, especially the ANN model. Therefore, these models are recommended as accurate, robust, and rapid tools to predict the TSO’s discharge coefficient.

Background: Traditional tumor markers such as cancer antigen 15.3 (CA15.3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) exhibit limited clinical utility in breast cancer due to their lack of sensitivity and specificity, particularly for detecting low-volume tumors. Other serum markers, such as nestin, may offer more promise. This study aimed to assess the clinical significance of serum nestin and CA15.3 in breast cancer patients.Method: This case-control study enrolled 80 normal control females and 80 females with breast cancer. Serum samples were collected from both control and breast cancer groups. The serum nestin and CA15.3 levels were measured in all samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.Results: The serum levels of nestin and CA15.3 were found to be significantly elevated in the breast cancer patient group compared with the control group. Preoperative serum nestin levels exceeding 9.9 ng/ml demonstrated a substantial odds ratio of 27 (confidence interval: 4.57-159.67; P = 0.0003). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, serum nestin exhibited the highest significant area under the curve at 85.2% (P < 0.001), followed by serum CA15.3 at 70% (P = 0.021). Post-surgery serum nestin levels significantly decreased compared with pre-surgery levels (P = 0.045).Conclusion: Serum nestin outperforms serum CA15.3 in diagnosing breast cancer patients. Elevated serum nestin levels may represent a significant risk factor for the development of breast cancer. Furthermore, serum nestin can monitor the effects of surgery, whereas none of the assessed biomarkers exhibit a significant role in monitoring the effects of chemotherapy on breast cancer patients.

Abstract The Slide2 model was used to estimate seepage losses from canals after validation considering different canal geometries, lining thicknesses, and lining materials. SPSS was used to develop three models: NLR, MLP-ANN, and RBF-ANN. MATLAB software was used to write down the script code for the ANNs. Results showed that seepage losses were highly increased when the liner had high hydraulic conductivity, while with the increase of lining thickness, a noticeable reduction in seepage losses was obtained. The canal's side slope had a minimal effect on the seepage losses. Moreover, the MLP-ANN and RBF-ANN models performed better than the NLR model with determination coefficient (R 2) of 0.996 and 0.965; Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of 1.172 and 0.699; Mean-Absolute-Error (MAE) of 0.139 and 0.528; index of agreement (d) = 0.999 and 0.991, respectively. The NLR model had lower values of R 2 = 0.906, RMSE = 1.198, MAE = 0.942, and d = 0.971. Thus, ANNs are recommended as a robust, easy, simple, and rapid tool for estimating seepage losses from lined trapezoidal irrigation canals.

Isorhamnetin (C16H12O7), a 3′-O-methylated derivative of quercetin from the class of flavonoids, is predominantly present in the leaves and fruits of several plants, many of which have traditionally been employed as remedies due to its diverse therapeutic activities. The objective of this in-depth analysis is to concentrate on Isorhamnetin by addressing its molecular insights as an effective anticancer compound and its synergistic activity with other anticancer drugs. The main contributors to Isorhamnetin’s anti-malignant activities at the molecular level have been identified as alterations of a variety of signal transduction processes and transcriptional agents. These include ROS-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibition of mTOR and P13K pathway, suppression of MEK1, PI3K, NF-κB, and Akt/ERK pathways, and inhibition of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α expression. A significant number of in vitro and in vivo research studies have confirmed that it destroys cancerous cells by arresting cell cycle at the G2/M phase and S-phase, down-regulating COX-2 protein expression, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, MEK1, ERKs, and PI3K signaling pathways, and up-regulating apoptosis-induced genes (Casp3, Casp9, and Apaf1), Bax, Caspase-3, P53 gene expression and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway. Its ability to suppress malignant cells, evidence of synergistic effects, and design of drugs based on nanomedicine are also well supported to treat cancer patients effectively. Together, our findings establish a crucial foundation for understanding Isorhamnetin's underlying anti-cancer mechanism in cancer cells and reinforce the case for the requirement to assess more exact molecular signaling pathways relating to specific cancer and in vivo anti-cancer activities.

Abstract Background The surgical management of multinodular goiter is the treatment of choice for the majority of cases. There is controversy between radical resection with the lifelong thyroxine substitution and function-preserving resection with the risk for recurrence, and the complications associated with total thyroidectomy. Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the outcome of total thyroidectomy (TT) in comparison with subtotal thyroidectomy (ST) as regards hypocalcemia, transient nerve injury, and recurrence rate. Patients and methods This study included published English medical articles in the last 20 years, concerning the treatment of multinodular goiter. Results Meta-analysis was for the evaluation of surgical outcomes after surgical management of multinodular goiter including total thyroidectomy versus subtotal thyroidectomy by comparing the TT versus ST in our study including 23 studies included of the total number of patients (4485) who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy versus the total number of patients (7116) who underwent total thyroidectomy; a comparison was done as regards postoperative complications including RLN injury (transient or permanent), rate of recurrence, need for reoperation, and incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia. The incidence of RLN injury is lower in ST compared to TT, and its recurrence is much lower in TT than in ST. Conclusion This meta-analysis showed that the advantages of total thyroidectomy include adequate eradication of the disease, prevention of recurrent goiter, and avoidance of the need for completion surgery in case of occult malignancy, but it is associated with higher morbidity (postoperative thyroidectomy complications: RLN palsy and hypoparathyroidism) and the need for lifelong replacement therapy (L-thyroxin supplementation).

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used organophosphosphate-based (OP) insecticides. Its wide use has led to higher morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Moringa seed extracts (MSE) have shown neuroprotective activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial features. The literature lacks data investigating the role of MSE against CPF-induced cerebral and ocular toxicity in mice. Therefore, we aim to investigate this concern. A total of 40 mature male Wistar Albino mice were randomly distributed to five groups. Initially, they underwent a one-week adaptation period, followed by a one-week treatment regimen. The groups included a control group that received saline, MSE 100 mg/kg, CPF 12 mg/kg, CPF-MSE 50 mg/kg, and CPF-MSE 100 mg/kg. After the treatment phase, analyses were conducted on serum, ocular, and cerebral tissues. MSE100 and CPF-MSE100 normalized the pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and AChE serum levels. CPF-MSE50 significantly enhanced these serum levels compared to CPF; however, it showed higher levels compared to the control. Moreover, the tissue analysis showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)) and an increase in antioxidant markers (glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the treated groups compared to CPF. Importantly, the significance of these effects was found to be dose-dependent, particularly evident in the CPF-MSE100 group. We conclude that MSE has a promising therapeutic effect in the cerebral and ocular tissues of CPF-intoxicated mice, providing a potential solution for OP public health issues.

ABSTRACTThis study utilized the Slide2 model to simulate surface water and groundwater interactions and estimate seepage losses from unlined and lined irrigation canals. Firstly, it was validated for an unlined canal passing through an unconfined, homogenous, and isotropic infinitely porous depth. Results revealed that the Slide2 model accurately simulated the seepage flow and estimated the seepage losses with R2 = 0.99 and MAPE = 3.6%. Accordingly, the Slide2 model runs 54 scenarios to explore the effect of different groundwater table (GWT) locations below the canal berm, canal berm widths, and liner properties, such as liner hydraulic conductivity and thickness on the seepage losses from unlined and lined irrigation canals. The results concluded that when the GWT was above the canal surface water level (CSWL), the seepage losses tended to be lower, ensuing an inflow to the canal bed and inner side slope. Conversely, when the GWT was below the CSWL, the seepage losses tended to be higher, ensuing an outflow to the surrounding unsaturated soil. In contrast, the GWT did not affect seepage losses from lined canals. Also, a wider berm resulted in fewer seepage losses, while the canal berm was less effective for lined canals. In addition, the results proved the lining ability to reduce seepage losses. Thus, the average reduction percentage of the seepage losses for lined canal scenarios was 99.87%. Also, a thick liner could decrease the seepage losses maximally by 48.52%, regardless of the GWT location below the canal berm.

Background: Varicocele is present in up to 19­–41% of men with primary infertility and 80% of men with secondary infertility. Varicocele is associated with abnormal semen parameters. The role of platelet indices [PIs] in many vascular diseases, including varicocele, has been widely studied.Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the platelet indices in varicocele patients and its value in association with abnormal semen parameters.Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 122 male patients with varicocele, recruited from Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology Outpatient Clinics in Al-Azhar University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. The patients were classified into two groups [61 patients with varicocele associated with normal semen parameters and 61 patients with varicocele associated with abnormal semen parameters]. All patients were subjected to history taking, general and genital examination, complete blood count [CBC] and Scrotal Doppler Ultrasound. PIs were then compared between the two groups by their characteristics and grade of varicocele using appropriate statistical tests.Results: Of the studied platelet indices, the mean platelet volume [MPV] and plateletcrit [PCT] were significantly higher in varicocele group associated with abnormal semen parameters compared to varicocele group associated with normal semen parameters [9.5 ± 1.4 vs. to 7.9 ± 0.98; and 0.22 ± 0.05 vs. 0.18 ± 0.04]. In the varicocele group associated with abnormal semen parameters, the mean PCT and platelet distribution width [PDW] were significantly higher in the studied varicocele grades II and III compared to grade I. A significant moderate positive correlation was found between MPV and PCT and the number of sperms in the varicocele group associated with abnormal semen parameters.Conclusion: The study findings indicating that MPV and PCT were significantly higher in Varicocele patients with abnormal semen parameters than in normospermic varicocele patients.

The removal of nitrogen compounds from fuel via the conventional method, which is hydrodenitrogenation, is costly and involves catalysts and energy-intensive conditions (600 K and 300 atm). Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a promising alternative solvent for the denitrogenation of fuel oil. However, certain ILs are expensive and challenging to synthesize, prompting the exploration of protic ionic liquid (PIL) substitutes, which offer similar advantages to ILs. This study utilized the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) to predict the phase equilibria for three PILs—triethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (TEA-TSA), triethylammonium salicylate (TEA-SA) and triethylammonium benzoate (TEA-BZ)—which were subsequently validated through experimental investigations. Liquid–liquid extraction experiments were conducted at 298 K and 1 atm, with pyrrole (serving as the model nitrogen compound) concentrations in n-hexadecane (representing the model fuel) ranging from 10 to 50 wt%. Additionally, the NRTL model effectively correlated the experimental tie lines. The obtained data indicated that TEA-TSA exhibited superior selectivity and distribution ratio compared to TEA-SA and TEA-BZ. All the ternary systems tested displayed positive slopes, suggesting a higher affinity of nitrogen compounds for the PIL. Supporting this observation, interaction energy (ΔE) and excess enthalpy (HE) were employed. The predicted outcomes revealed that TEA-TSA had high ΔE, and all PILs exhibited negative values of HE. The HE calculation underscored the significance of strong hydrogen bond interactions between pyrrole and the PIL for successful extraction.

Clindamycin phosphate is a topical antibiotic agent used to treat acne vulgaris, while Aloe vera has both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study is aimed at formulating an antiacne gel with antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The antiacne gels were prepared by using polymer HPMC K15M by cold dispersion method. Unveiling the intricacies of gel design, our research harnessed the power of Design Expert 11 to optimize critical parameters—viscosity, spreadability, and permeability. In vitro characterization tests, including pH, spreadability, viscosity, permeability, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, and stability of the gels, were performed. The results of in vitro characterization tests showed that the gels had a mint-like odor, a pH of 6.8, and a spreadability of 21.5 g cm/sec. The gels had a viscosity of 34.2 Pa s and drug content ranging within 90%-110%, as per USP standards. Notably, in vitro permeation assays reveal an exceptional 86% drug release, showcasing the efficacy of our formulation. The uniqueness of our study lies not only in the robust optimization process but also in the multifaceted characterization. Our gel emerges as a promising candidate, exhibiting not only desired antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against acne vulgaris but also demonstrating stability under varied conditions. As we advance toward in vivo studies, our research paves the way for a nuanced understanding of the safety and efficacy of this distinctive antiacne gel.

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence and type of microbial colonization of the pseudo-capsule (PC) that forms around sacral nerve stimulators (SNS) and consequently the significance of surgical excision of this PC at time of SNS revision or removal. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 31 patients who underwent SNS revision or removal from January 2018 to June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The baseline demographics, rate and type of PC microbial colonization and development of SNS insertion site infection were reported. Results: A cohort of 31 patients who underwent “InterStim device (Medtronic)” revision or removal were included. The majority were females (93.5%). The most common indication for SNS insertion was refractory overactive bladder (67.7%). Nine patients (29.0%) underwent SNS revision due to malfunctional device, and 9 patients had SNS removal for the need of MRI procedures. Four patients (12.9%) had positive tissue culture growing Coryneform bacillus (50.0%), Cutibacterium acnes (25.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.0%). Conclusions: PC colonization was uncommon at the time of SNS explant. However, more research is needed to better understand the role of PC-positive culture in increasing the risk of SNS device infections if strict adherence to sterile techniques is adopted.

Background: A multitude of treatment options have been used in dealing with enlarged facial pores. However, there is a lack of studies assessing the effectiveness of oral isotretinoin, which is commonly used to treat acne, as a treatment option for enlarged facial pores in such patients.Aim of the work: To assess the effectiveness of oral isotretinoin in reducing the size of enlarged facial pores in patients with moderate and severe acne vulgaris.Patients and Methods: Forty cases with moderate and severe acne vulgaris, characterized by the presence of multiple to numerous inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and scarring, as well as enlarged facial pores, were prescribed oral isotretinoin. The daily dosage ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg/day, with a total cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg administered over a 6-month treatment period. For each patient, dermoscopic photos were taken of the enlarged facial pores located on the tip of the nose, where sebum production is high and the pores are clinically visible. These photos were captured both before and after the 6 months of treatment. The total surface area of all facial pores was measured using Fiji software, and a comparison was made between the measurements before and after treatment to determine any differences.Results: All of the treated patients exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the size of their facial pores after treatment [0.46 ± 0.2 mm2], as compared to the size of their facial pores before treatment [0.67 ± 0.3 mm2], with a p-value < 0.05.Conclusion: In our study, Isotretinoin has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective treatment modality for managing enlarged facial pores in patients with moderate and severe acne vulgaris.

Abstract Background Conventional ultrasound is used as an imaging modality for differentiation between benign and malignant lymph nodes, but with different accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity between different studies. A biopsy is the gold standard diagnosis modality but has a drawback due to its invasive nature. In general, metastatic lymph nodes present with a higher stiffness than benign lymph nodes, so ultrasound elastography could be used as an imaging modality for lymphadenopathy differentiation based on its ability to assess tissue stiffness. However, more studies should be done to assess its accuracy. Therefore, we aimed to assess the accuracy of B-mode, Doppler ultrasound, strain elastography, and 2D shear wave elastography criteria in differentiation between benign from malignant lymph nodes. Methods A cross-sectional study included 60 patients with lymphadenopathy. B-mode, Doppler ultrasound, strain elastography, and 2D shear wave elastography criteria were assessed for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity compared to the final histopathological diagnosis, whether by core biopsy, fine needle aspiration, or excision biopsy. Results We assessed 60 patients in our study (20 benign and 40 malignant). Of these ultrasound criteria that achieved statistical significance, the highest accuracy was for elasticity ratio 88.9%, followed by strain ratio 83.8%. Also, the highest specificity was for an elasticity ratio of 80%, followed by strain score and strain ratio of 75% and 70%, respectively. Cortical asymmetry achieved the highest sensitivity, 100%, followed by strain ratio and elasticity ratio, with a sensitivity of 90% and 87.5%, respectively. However, cortical asymmetry had an extremely low specificity of 25%. Conclusions Ultrasound elastography criteria achieved higher accuracy compared to conventional ultrasound. So it can be used as an effective imaging modality to differentiate between benign and malignant lymph nodes.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disrupted the delivery of elective surgery in children. We introduced guidance to mitigate this impact. By reviewing the outcomes for inguinal herniotomies, we aimed to determine if this guidance has enabled us to prevent an increase in the elective surgery wait time and therefore the need for emergency surgery for incarcerated hernias. This report aims to share our learnt lessons about responding to a crisis limiting accessibility to elective surgery. Results We performed a retrospective review of all elective and emergency herniotomies performed between April 1 and September 30, 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and the same period in 2020 (post-COVID-19). We compared the data on wait time from referral to clinic review/elective surgery and incarceration rates. During the study period in 2019, 76 elective herniotomies were performed compared to 46 in 2020. We did not observe a simultaneous increase in emergency herniotomies in 2020 (27 [2020] vs 25 [2019], OR [95% CI] = 1.53 [0.79–2.9]; p = 0.2). The median time from referral to elective surgery in 2019 compared to 2020 did not differ (56 vs 59 days, respectively; p = 0.61). In 2020, 72% of children that required emergency surgery had not been previously referred to our service and the median age (interquartile range) at which they presented with an incarcerated hernia was 2.8 months (2.1–13.7 months). Conclusion By adhering to local guidelines for resumption of elective activity, the pandemic did not result in children waiting longer to be seen by a surgeon for a suspected inguinal hernia. As a result, we did not perform more emergency herniotomies. Urgent prioritisation of hernias in infants, from birth up to 3 months old, was a beneficial strategy. Public health education on childhood hernias will improve outcomes.

Abstract Bioenergy is one of several renewable energy options derived from biomass that can help satisfy our energy needs. Anaerobic digestion is a viable method for producing bioenergy in the form of biogas from biomass. The anaerobic digestion process is challenged with low biogas recovery, and low-quality effluent or CO2 emission, which contribute to environmental pollution and the carbon footprint in the atmosphere. Computational process modelling and simulation can provide realistic information for dealing with the technological challenges involved with anaerobic digestion. In this study, modeling and simulation of the simplified anaerobic digestion process were done using SuperPro Designer software fed with biomass feedstock containing carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as yeast, at 37 °C mesophilic temperature. The anaerobic digestion process yielded 89.655% of CH4 and 10.345% of CO2 and confirmed that the carbohydrate feedstock produces more CH4 composition in the biogas. Mineralization of CO2 using MgO yielded 0.23% MgCO3, consuming > 99% of the CO2 produced during the anaerobic digestion process. Environmental impact assessment of the effluent discharge yielded 0.142 kg Slds/L volatile solid with 6.01% COD reduction per batch of the anaerobic digestion process in an anaerobic digester with 90% (1.925 kg/batch) feedstock dosage. The data indicate that single-batch effluent cannot be discharged into the environment, hence indicating the possible recycling for multiple anaerobic digestion processing. The results are a significant guide for the realistic scalable production of high-quality biogas for bioenergy application, CO2 mineralization, and environmental remediation.

IntroductionEfficient water resource management in irrigation systems relies on the accurate estimation of seepage loss from lined canals. This study utilized machine learning (ML) algorithms to tackle this challenge in seepage loss prediction.MethodsFirstly, seepage flow through irrigation canals was modeled numerically and experimentally using Slide2 and physical models, respectively. Then, the Slide2 model results were compared to the experimental tests. Thus, the model was used to conduct 600 simulation scenarios. A parametric analysis was performed to investigate the effect of canal geometry and liner properties on seepage loss. Based on the conducted scenarios, ML models were developed and evaluated to determine the best predictive model. The ML models included non-ensemble (regression-based, evolutionary, neural network) and ensemble models. Non-ensemble models (adaptive boosting, random forest, gradient boosting). There were four input ratios in these models: bed width to water depth, side slope, liner to soil hydraulic conductivity, and liner thickness to water depth. The output variable was the seepage loss ratio. Seven performance indices and k-fold cross-validation were employed to evaluate reliability and accuracy. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the significance of each input in predicting seepage loss.Results and discussionThe findings revealed that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was the most dependable predictor, achieving the highest determination-coefficient (R2) value of 0.997 and root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 0.201. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) followed the ANN model closely, which achieved an R2 of 0.996 and RMSE of 0.246. Sensitivity analysis showed that liner hydraulic conductivity is the most significant parameter, contributing 62% predictive importance, while the side slope has the lowest significance. In conclusion, this study presented efficient and cost-effective models for predicting seepage loss, eliminating the need for resource-intensive experimental or field investigations.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the likely defensive impact of Ajwa date aqueous extract (AJDAE) in alleviating the nephrotoxicity generated by doxorubicin (DOX) injection in rats. Sixty male Wister albino rats were randomly and equally separated into six groups (n = 10), and they were treated as follows: untreated control group, extract groups administered with 0.75 and 1.5 mg kg bw of AJDAE, toxicant control group administered with DOX, and prophylactic groups were treated with 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg of AJDAE and 15 mg/kg DOX. Biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, renal functions, DNA integrity, and histopathology were studied to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of AJDAE. Furthermore, bioactive compounds were utilized for in silico molecular docking. AJDAE treatment resulted in significant improvements in the amended renal biomarkers (urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, and uric acid), antioxidative markers, and MDA. Noticeable histopathological improvements supported this result. Results of in silico studies revealed that d‐Mannitol, 6TMS derivative, palmitic acid, and TMS derivative had a higher docking score with human soluble epoxide hydrolase (−10.9 kcal/mol) and NF‐κB‐DNA (−7 kcal/mol). The present findings indicated that AJDAE could decrease ROS generation and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and repair the DOX injection‐related DNA damage.

This paper presents the results of twelve shear tests carried out on simply supported rectangular beams, with a shear span to depth ratio (a/d) of 2.4, under a single concentrated load. Six of the beams contained conventional stirrups and six beams were reinforced with steel fibers as web reinforcement. The parameters were: the effect of fiber volume content (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%), fiber type (end-hooked or corrugated), and the presence of minimum stirrups. The beam span, beam dimensions, shear span to depth ratio (a/d), and percentage of longitudinal reinforcement were all kept constant. Beam deflection, steel strains, crack propagation, and failure modes were recorded for all the tested beams. The test results showed that the stress at shear cracking and the ultimate shear stress increased with increasing the fiber volume content. When steel fibers with a content of 1.5% were added to the beams with minimum stirrups, the brittle shear failure was changed to ductile flexure failure. The test results were used to evaluate existing empirical equations estimating the shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. The evaluation indicated that the equations proposed by Narayanan and Darwish 1987 and Kara 2013 provided the most accurate estimation when compared to the test results.

Abstract Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the clinically aggressive variant of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hippo pathway dysregulation can contribute to NASH development and progression. The use of probiotics is effective in NASH management. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of kefir Milk in NASH management via modulation of hepatic mRNA-miRNA based panel linked to NAFLD/NASH Hippo signaling and gut microbita regulated genes which was identified using bioinformatics tools. Firstly, we analyzed mRNAs (SOX11, SMAD4 and AMOTL2), and their epigenetic regulator (miR-6807) followed by validation of target effector proteins (TGFB1, IL6 and HepPar1). Molecular, biochemical, and histopathological, analyses were used to evaluate the effects of kefir on high sucrose high fat (HSHF) diet -induced NASH in rats. We found that administration of Kefir proved to prevent steatosis and development of the inflammatory component of NASH. Moreover, Kefir improved liver function and lipid panel. At the molecular level, kefir down-regulated the expression of miR 6807-5p with subsequent increase in the expression of SOX 11, AMOTL2 associated with downregulated SMAD4, resulting in reduction in the expression of the inflammatory and fibrotic markers, IL6 and TGF-β1 in the treated and prophylactic groups compared to the untreated rats. In conclusion, Kefir suppressed NASH progression and improved both fibrosis and hepatic inflammation. The produced effect was correlated with modulation of SOX11, SMAD4 and AMOTL2 mRNAs) – (miR-6807-5p) – (TGFB, IL6 and, HepPar1) expression.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is an emerging technology that is vital for the future of cellular networks, including 5G and beyond. Its potential lies in enhancing system throughput, offloading the network core, and improving spectral efficiency. Therefore, optimizing resource and power allocation to reduce co-channel interference is crucial for harnessing these benefits. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of meta-heuristic algorithms, employing Genetic Algorithms (GAs), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Bee Life Algorithm (BLA), and a novel combination of matching techniques with BLA for joint channel and power allocation optimization. The simulation results highlight the effectiveness of bio-inspired algorithms in addressing these challenges. Moreover, the proposed amalgamation of the matching algorithm with BLA outperforms other meta-heuristic algorithms, namely, PSO, BLA, and GA, in terms of throughput, convergence speed, and achieving practical solutions.

Infectious diseases have long posed a significant threat to global health and require constant innovation in treatment approaches. However, recent groundbreaking research has shed light on a previously overlooked player in the pathogenesis of disease—the human microbiome. This review article addresses the intricate relationship between the microbiome and infectious diseases and unravels its role as a crucial mediator of host–pathogen interactions. We explore the remarkable potential of harnessing this dynamic ecosystem to develop innovative treatment strategies that could revolutionize the management of infectious diseases. By exploring the latest advances and emerging trends, this review aims to provide a new perspective on combating infectious diseases by targeting the microbiome.

Technological development, the modern scientific revolution in electrons, and optical devices that depend in their use on the idea of wave transmission, this idea was employed in the field of plastic art, and it developed at a tremendous speed in Europe and America due to the uses of technological applications of this science. The various light technologies have supported the concepts, language and methods of many artists, and have become means for creating works of light art, by linking the characteristics and techniques of light and defining what is the aesthetic perception of light. Forming material at work, technology has become an important component of the creative process And the relationship between it and art is as old as man on the surface of the earth, where art is the product of interaction between man and society, and technology affects the artist’s thought and philosophy, as the experimental aspect developed in his works, which led to a great development in the arts of drawing, sculpture and photography, or in other words in the arts in general to the emergence of New materials for construction and manufactured alternatives to media, whether they are two-dimensional or three-dimensional.

Abstract Background Fatal blast injuries are generally reported as a consequence of explosions, mainly in terrorist events, work-related detonations, or domestic settings. Although quite rare, blast injuries of high kinetic energy can be seen in tyre blowouts and are very dangerous and potentially lethal because of their unpredictability. This phenomenon is rarely reported in the existing forensic literature. The aim of this study was to report two cases of fatal truck tyre bursts and to discuss the mechanisms leading to the burst and the pattern of injuries. Case presentations Case 1 was of a 58-year-old truck driver man who was standing nearby a detached tyre that was being inflated in a repair shop when the burst occurred. The tyre struck him in the face and threw him. The medicolegal autopsy showed a right periorbital haematoma, a large wound of the left parietal scalp, a diffuse subarachnoid haemorrhage, an atlanto-occipital dislocation, a fracture of the hyoid bone, multiple rib fractures, and lacerations of the ascending aorta and the pulmonary arteries. Case 2 involved a young man of 24-year-old, a worker in a tyre repair shop, who was inflating a truck’s tyre when it burst violently. The injuries sustained included bleeding from the right ear, fractures of the facial bones, a left hemispheric subdural haematoma associated with the fracture of the skull base, a rib fracture, and diffuse areas of contusions to the lungs. Toxicological analyses were negative in both cases. Conclusion Fatalities related to tyre blowout accidents are uncommon. The mechanisms leading to a blowout can be mechanical or chemical in origin, and the main danger of a burst often occurs when air enters the tyre during inflation. Internal damage caused by the pressure waves of the blast often exceeds what would be expected based on external signs alone.

Purpose: To evaluate racial/ethnic disparities in patient care experiences (PCEs) among prostate cancer (PCa) survivors. Methods: This retrospective study used 2007–2015 National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry data linked to Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys. First survey ≥ 6 months post-PCa diagnosis was analyzed. We performed multivariable linear regression, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates, to evaluate the association of race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic Black (NHBs), Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian (NHAs), and other races) with PCE composite measures: getting needed care, doctor communication, getting care quickly, getting needed prescription drugs (Rx), and customer service. Results: Among 7319 PCa survivors, compared to NHWs, Hispanics, NHBs and NHAs reported lower scores for getting care quickly (ß = −3.69; p = 0.002, ß = −2.44; p = 0.021, and ß = −6.44; p < 0.001, respectively); Hispanics scored worse on getting needed care (ß = −2.16; p = 0.042) and getting needed Rx (ß = −2.93; p = 0.009), and NHAs scored worse on customer service (ß = −7.60; p = 0.003), and getting needed Rx (ß = −3.08; p = 0.020). However, NHBs scored better than NHWs on doctor communication (ß = 1.95, p = 0.006). No statistically significant differences were found between other races and NHWs. Conclusions: Comparing to NHWs, Hispanics and NHAs reported worse experiences on several PCE composite measures, while NHBs reported worse scores on one but better scores on another PCE composite measure. Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind these disparities and their influence on healthcare utilization and health outcomes among PCa survivors.

Abstract Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital malformation of the diaphragm, resulting in the herniation of the abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity. If not properly diagnosed before or at birth, CDH represents a life-threatening pathology in infants and a major cause of death. We present a fatal case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia corresponding to Bochdalek hernia, discovered incidentally during a sudden death’s autopsy of an infant. To achieve a better view of the range of these anomalies, we also conducted a literature review on this subject describing the pathogenesis, manifestations, diagnosis, and autopsy contribution to addressing these CDH. Case presentation The case involved a 4-month-old female infant who presented sudden respiratory difficulties after breastfeeding. External examination found marked cyanosis with no evidence of trauma. Upon opening the chest cavity, the stomach, markedly distended, was occupying much of the left pleural cavity. The left lung was compressed and displaced superiorly, and the heart was also compressed and deviated to the right. This mediastinal deviation was due to an ascension of the stomach into the chest cavity through a 2 × 1.5 cm defect in the posterior left hemidiaphragm. Further examination remarked an ecchymotic appearance of the stomach portion entrapped in the hernia defect suggesting recent strangulation of the stomach. The lungs showed atelectasis with signs of pulmonary infection in the histology study. Conclusions CDH might be considered uncommon and not always mentioned in the list of sudden death in infant causes. Forensic pathologists should know of this malformation in order to apply the best autopsy techniques and thus allow positive feedback to pediatricians considering the possible legal implications.

The conventional hydrodenitrogenation method is expensive and involves the use of catalysts and harsh procedures. In the last few years, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained attention as a promising alternative solvent for fuel oil extractive denitrogenation. In this work, the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to screen 173 potential ILs as solvents for fuel oil. Two ILs (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([EMIM][N(CN)2]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ([EMIM][MeSO3])) were selected for experimental investigation. The experimental liquid–liquid extraction of pyrrole (taken as the model nitrogen compound) from n-hexadecane (the model fuel) was conducted at 298 K and 1 atm with feed concentrations of pyrrole ranging from 10 to 50 wt%, using either the two pure ILs or their mixtures with dimethylformamide or ethylene glycol. Moreover, the NRTL model was effectively used to correlate the experimental tie lines. This work shows that the use of a binary mixture of ILs with a conventional solvent results in good selectivity, but has a low capacity for extracting pyrrole compounds. On the other hand, using an IL-IL mixture exhibits good results for both capacity and selectivity. All the ternary systems tested showed positive slopes, indicating that the nitrogen compounds had a higher affinity for the IL and binary mixture extract phase. In fact, the extraction efficiency for all the systems shows promising results. This characteristic is advantageous, as it requires less solvent to remove nitrogen compounds.

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a widely used corticosteroid for various ophthalmological indications. We report a case of a 27-year-old female presented with upper eyelid edema and punctate corneal erosions and haze of the left eye, 1 week after pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil (SO) tamponade and intravitreal TA for diabetic tractional retinal detachment. The condition persisted despite topical and systemic therapy. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbits was obtained to exclude postoperative SO migration. The scan showed a hyperintense lesion in the vitreous cavity of the left eye with no SO migration. The radiographic appearance of the lesion mimicked a foreign body; however, history and recent operative note excluded this possibility. A CT scan of various TA preparations revealed that the lesion’s density is similar to those of TA. Improvement of corneal haze confirmed that the lesion was consistent with intravitreal TA. The patient developed eyelid edema of the right eye and later was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome after further investigation. In conclusion, it is important to be familiar with the radiographic appearance of TA on CT to avoid incorrect diagnosis.

Nanotechnology encompasses a wide range of devices derived from biology, engineering, chemistry, and physics, and this scientific field is composed of great collaboration among researchers from several fields. It has diverse implications notably smart sensing technologies, effective disease diagnosis, and sometimes used in treatment. In medical science, the implications of nanotechnology include the development of elements and devices that interact with the body at subcellular (i.e., molecular) levels exhibiting high sensitivity and specificity. There is a plethora of new chances for medical science and disease treatment to be discovered and exploited in the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. In different sectors, nanomaterials are used just because of their special characteristics. Their large surface area of them enables higher reactivity with greater efficiency. Furthermore, special surface chemistry is displayed by nanomaterials which compare to conventional materials and facilitate the nanomaterials to decrease pollutants efficiently. Recently, nanomaterials are used in some countries to reduce the levels of contaminants in water, air, and soil. Moreover, nanomaterials are used in the cosmetics and medical industry, and it develops the drug discovery (DD) system. Among a huge number of nanomaterials, Cu, Ag, TiO2, ZnO, Fe3O4, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are extensively used in different industries for various purposes. This extensive review study has introduced the major scientific and technical features of nanotechnology, as well as some possible clinical applications and positive feedback in environmental waste management and drug delivery systems.

Drug repurposing is the finding new activity of the existing drug. Recently, Albendazole’s well-known antihelmintic has got the attention of an anticancer drug. Plausible evidence of the interaction of Albendazole with one of the types of tyrosine kinase protein receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is still not well understood. Inhibition of the VEGFR-2 receptor can prevent tumor growth. The current study investigated the interaction of Albendazole with VEGFR-2.It was found that the said interaction exhibited potent binding energy ΔG = -7.12 kcal/mol, inhibitory concentration (Ki) = 6.04 μM, and as positive control comparison with standard drug (42Q1170A) showed ΔG = -12.35 kcal/mol and Ki = 881 μM. The key residue Asp1046 was formed involved hydrogen bonding with Albendazole. The molecular dynamics simulation study revealed the stable trajectory of the VEGFR-2 receptor with Albendazole bound complex having significant high free energy of binding as calculated from Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born and Surface Area study ΔG = -42.07±2.4 kcal/mol. The binding energy is significantly high for greater stability of the complex. Principal component analysis of molecular docking trajectories exhibited ordered motion at higher modes, implying a high degree of VEGFR-2 and Albendazole complex stability as seen with the standard drug 42Q. Therefore, the current work suggests the role of Albendazole as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor as ascertained by its potential interaction with VEGFR-2. The findings of research will aid in the future development of Albendazole in anticancer therapy.

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is common among children. It is alarming when it is a magnetic foreign body as it can cause interloop attraction resulting in perforation, fistulas and or volvulus. This case report presented 2 cases of magnetic FB ingestion by children. The first child had a history of FB ingestion and presented with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. The parents of the second child gave no history of FB ingestion which might have caused the delay in diagnosis and treatment. The FB ingestion was confirmed by abdominal radiography in both cases and the patient recovered well after the reparation of perforation sites in an exploratory operation.

Characterizing heterogeneity in reservoir rocks at the pore scale is crucial to understand the flow patterns better, and estimate reservoir petrophysical properties such as porosity and permeability. This study introduces multifractals as descriptors for rock samples’ heterogeneity at the pore scale. We analyzed twenty rock samples from sandstone and carbonate reservoirs using their 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography images. In addition, we simulated porosity and permeability properties and examined their correlation with multifractal parameters. The results show that the capacity dimension $D_{0}$ and the information dimension $D_{1}$ correlate with porosity and permeability simulated from images, respectively. Finally, we calculated several multifractal parameters such as the width of the spectrum, the asymmetry degree of the spectrum in the horizontal direction and the value of the vertical difference between the two branches of the spectrum. Results illustrate the ability of multifractal parameters to classify groups of rock samples according to their degree of heterogeneity.

Abstract Background Esophageal varices (EV) is the most common apprehensive complication of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhotic liver. Guidelines recommend Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopic screening for EV in patients with newly diagnosed chronic cirrhosis (Imperiale et al. in Hepatology 45(4):870–878, 2007). Yet, it is invasive, time consuming and costly. To avoid unnecessary endoscopy, some studies have suggested Doppler ultrasound examination as simple, and noninvasive tool in prediction and assessment of severity of EV (Agha et al. in Dig Dis Sci 54(3):654–660, 2009). Our study was to assess the role of different Doppler indices of portal vein, hepatic and splenic arteries as a noninvasive tool for prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Results This prospective case control study was conducted on 100 cirrhotic liver patients and 100 of healthy volunteers as control group. Patients were subjected to clinical examination, upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy, abdominal ultrasonography with duplex Doppler evaluation of different portal Doppler hemodynamic indices were done for each patient. The results revealed that portal vein diameter, hepatic artery pulsatility index, portal hypertensive index, portal vein flow velocity, portal congestion index have high sensitivity for prediction of EV. However, Splenic artery resistance index, hepatic artery resistance index HARI, liver vascular index and platelet count/spleen diameter have less sensitivity for prediction of EV. Conclusion Measuring the portal hemodynamic indices can help physicians as noninvasive predictors of EV in cirrhotic patients to restrict the need for unnecessary endoscopic screening especially when endoscopic facilities are limited.

The present study identifies the Acanthamoeba genotypes and their pathogenic potential in five marine waters in Malaysia. Fifty water samples were collected between January and May 2019. Physical parameters of water quality were measured in situ, whereas chemical and microbiological analyses were conducted in the laboratory. All samples had undergone filtration using nitrocellulose membrane and were tested for Acanthamoeba using cultivation and polymerase chain reaction by targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. The pathogenic potential of all positive isolates was identified using physiological tolerance tests. Thirty-six (72.0%) samples were positive for Acanthamoeba. Total coliforms (p = 0.013) and pH level (p = 0.023) displayed significant correlation with Acanthamoeba presence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 27 samples belonged to genotype T4, four (T11), two (T18) and one from each genotype T5, T15 and T20. Thermo- and osmo-tolerance tests signified that three (8.3%) Acanthamoeba strains displayed highly pathogenic attributes. This study is the first investigation in Malaysia describing Acanthamoeba detection in marine water with molecular techniques and genotyping. The study outcomes revealed that the marine water in Malaysia could be an integral source of Acanthamoeba strains potentially pathogenic in humans. Thus, the potential risk of this water should be monitored routinely in each region. HIGHLIGHTS First report on Acanthamoeba genotypic distribution in marine water, Malaysia.; Highly pathogenic Acanthamoeba strain T4 was attributed.; Total coliforms and pH level displayed a correlation with Acanthamoeba presence.;

The aim of this work was to assess the effects of beeswax supplementation on growth rate, feed intake, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and economic sustainability in Assaf lambs. Eighteen growing Assaf (5 months old) lambs were separated into three experimental groups (n = 6 lambs/group). The lambs were fed a basal diet without supplementation (G1) or supplemented with 2 and 4 g beeswax/head/day in G2 and G3 groups, respectively. Zootechnical performance was evaluated over a 90 day period. Feed digestibility was assessed in faeces through the acid insoluble-ash method, and rumen liquor was collected to measure ammonia (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) levels. Blood samples were obtained for the titration serum metabolites by colorimetric tests. The findings showed that G3 had an improved performance compared to the other groups (p < 0.01). The lambs in G3 revealed the highest nutrient digestibility and feed use, followed by G2, and G1. G3 recorded the highest economic efficiency followed by G2 and G1 (p < 0.01). The TVFA, acetate, and propionate concentrations were higher and the pH values, NH3-N, and butyrate concentrations were lower in G3 compared to G2 and particularly to G1 (p < 0.01). The concentrations of total protein, globulin, and glucose were significantly higher with 4 g beeswax (p < 0.05). However, albumin, cholesterol, total lipids, urea, creatinine, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) concentrations as well as the albumin to globulin ratio decreased significantly with both levels of beeswax (p < 0.05). The addition of beeswax at the level of 4 g/head/day for growing Assaf lambs significantly improved the growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood serum parameters in addition to the economic efficiency.

One of the primary challenges for sustainable development in semi-arid regions like Egypt, is the scarcity of freshwater, making it critical to assess groundwater potential. The purpose of the current study is to predict spatially potential groundwater zones in Suez Governorate (SG), Egypt using (relative frequency prediction rate) integration and Shannon entropy (SE) bivariate statistical models. Sixteen causal factors affecting groundwater instances were assessed in terms of geo-environmental. The results obtained from the current study revealed that these two models can be effectively working for spatial prediction modeling. Furthermore, the RF-PR model results have shown that most paramount factors in groundwater instances in study region were observed in soil units, depth to water table, LU/LC and drainage density whereas SE model reflects LU/LC, lithology, Distance to stream, soil units, and depth to water table respectively. Following by validation analysis of AUCs for both relative frequency-prediction rate and Shannon's models are 0.749 and 0.745, correspondingly, representing that RF-PR outperforms the Shannon's. Finally, groundwater potential zones prediction maps (GPZPm) obtained from both models were categorized into five classes. Current research results are useful for multi-criteria decision makers such as water resources authorities and decision architects to broadly assess the groundwater investigation for future planning

Objective: To evaluate the early and late outcomes of continent and incontinent external urinary diversion in management of patients with refractory non-malignant lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Materials and methods: The charts of patients with refractory non-malignant LUTD who underwent continent or incontinent external urinary diversion at University of Cincinnati hospitals in the period between March 2012 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The demographic and baseline characteristics, surgery indications, operative data, early and late outcomes were collected, analyzed, and compared. Results: A total of 78 patients including 55 patients with neurogenic bladder (NGB) and 23 patients with non-neurogenic bladder (non-NGB) refractory non-malignant LUTD were included. Fifty-three patients underwent incontinent urinary diversions (IUD), while 25 patients underwent continent urinary diversions (CUD). During the first 4 postoperative weeks, 53.85% (n=42) of patients developed complications, and the incidence was nonsignificantly higher in patients with NGB than those with non- NGB (56.36% vs 47.83%, p-value=0.490). Fever was exclusively encountered in patients with NGB earlier, while stomal retraction occurred only in patients with non-NGB later. More non- NGB patients had early wound infection. There was an overall improvement of urological symptoms in 52 patients (66.67%), and the rate was non-significantly higher in non-NGB patients than NGB patients (78.26% vs 61.82%, p-value=0.160). Late complications were reported in 47 patients and were more encountered in those with non-NGB than those with NGB (65.22% vs 58.18%). Stomal leakage and stenosis occurred more with CUD than with IUD (52% vs 0% and 28% vs 3.77%, respectively). Conclusions: External urinary diversion can achieve a reasonable level of urological symptoms control in patients with refractory non-malignant LUTD, but with associated adverse outcomes. Although non-significantly, these complications tend to be higher in patients with IUD and/or NGB during the early postoperative period and higher with CUD and/or non-NGB on the long-term.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world, affecting an estimated 50 million individuals. The nerve cells become impaired and die due to the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Dementia is one of the most common symptoms seen in people with AD. Genes, lifestyle, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, obesity, infections, and head injuries are some of the factors that can contribute to the development and progression of AD. There are just a few FDA-approved treatments without side effects in the market, and their efficacy is restricted due to their narrow target in the etiology of AD. Therefore, our aim is to identify a safe and potent treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. We chose the ursolic acid (UA) and its similar compounds as a compounds’ library. And the ChEMBL database was adopted to obtain the active and inactive chemicals against Keap1. The best Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was created by evaluating standard machine learning techniques, and the best model has the lowest RMSE and greatest R2 (Random Forest Regressor). We chose pIC50 of 6.5 as threshold, where the top five potent medicines (DB06841, DB04310, DB11784, DB12730, and DB12677) with the highest predicted pIC50 (7.091184, 6.900866, 6.800155, 6.768965, and 6.756439) based on QSAR analysis. Furthermore, the top five medicines utilize as ligand molecules were docked in Keap1’s binding region. The structural stability of the nominated medications was then evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations, RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and hydrogen bonding. All models are stable at 20 ns during simulation, with no major fluctuations observed. Finally, the top five medications are shown as prospective inhibitors of Keap1 and are the most promising to battle AD.

Cordia rothii Roem. & Schult. possesses various beneficial effects and is traditionally used in folk medicine against liver diseases but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Cordia rothii methanolic fraction (CRMF) were investigated in CCl4-induced liver injury. Antioxidant effects were evaluated using DPPH assay, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay, and HepG2 cells. A qualitative analysis of phytochemicals was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The hepatoprotective effects of CRMF were assessed against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. Our results showed that CRMF significantly increased cell viability against CCl4-induced HepG2 cells. The in vivo results showed that CRMF significantly reduced the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and increased glutathione level. Normal hepatocyte integrity and microstructures were observed in histopathological results. Furthermore, the mRNA level of inflammatory mediators including interleukon (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB), IL-10 and nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NrF2) were reverted in CRMF pretreatment groups. Thus, CRMF exhibited strong antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities, which may involve Nrf2–NFκB pathways.

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC is a highly valued medicinal herb that has been used in traditional medicinal systems for its remedial effects. Owing to the over-exploitation and unethical trade of N. jatamansi, the accelerating global demand of herbal products from this plant cannot be satisfied by the conventional extraction approach. In view of the progressive demand and incredible biological potential of herb, the present research was designed to optimize various extraction parameters for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The extracts obtained from the traditional and green approach were also assessed for the recovery of secondary metabolites and anti-Alzheimer’s potential. Various parameters like microwave power, temperature, and time of irradiation were optimized for MAE using Box Behkhen Design (BBD) The scanning electron microscopy of different plant samples was also done to observe the effect of microwave radiations. Further, the metabolite profiling of different extracts was also done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also the different behavioral and biochemical parameters along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential were assessed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer’s potential. Optimized parameters for MAE were found to be as microwave power 187.04 W, temperature 90°C, and irradiation time 20 min. The extract yield in MAE was significantly enhanced as compared to the conventional method. Also, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC) were improved pointedly from 32.13 ± 0.55 to 72.83 ± 1.1 mg of GAE/g of extract and 21.7 ± 0.85 to 39.21 ± 0.7 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively. Later, the GC-MS analysis of various extracts confirmed the enhancement in the concentration of various sesquiterpenes like jatamansone, spirojatamol, valerenal, valeric acid, globulol, nootkatone and steroidal compounds such as sitosterol, ergosterol, stigmastanone, etc. in the optimized extract. A significant improvement in anti-Alzheimer’s potential was also observed owing to the better concentration of secondary metabolites in the optimized microwave extract. From the current findings, it could be concluded that the MAE could be a successful and green alternative for the extraction and recovery of secondary metabolites from the selected medicinal herb.

Groundwater contamination through potentially harmful metals (PHMs) is an environmental hazard in Pakistan with significant human health risk reports. The current research was conducted in Sheikhupura District, which is a major industrial site in Punjab, Pakistan. According to the Punjab Directorate of Industries in Pakistan, there are a total of 748 industries in this area. These industries produce a lot of waste and effluent, which contaminate the environment with harmful and toxic materials. Continuous irrigation with industrial effluent and sewage sludge may make groundwater sources vulnerable. Therefore, we collected 243 groundwater samples from community tube wells to investigate the groundwater quality cconcerning PHM contaminations in the study area. This research presents the values of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and potentially harmful metals (PHMs) like arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). PHMs such as As (91%), Mn (14%), Pb (97%), Fe (45%), Zn (15%), in these samples were beyond the permitted limit recommended by the world health organization (WHO). Principal component analysis (PCA) results with total variability of (60%) reveal that the groundwater sources of the study area are contaminated about 30.9, 31.3, and 37.6% of contaminations of groundwater sources of this study are resulted from geogenic sources, anthropogenic sources, or both geogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. Such sources may include rock-water interaction, mining actions, agricultural practices, domestic sewage, and industrial effluent in the study area. Saturation indices show that the aquifers of the study area are saturated with lead hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, and goethite minerals, indicating that these minerals have a vital role in the contamination of groundwater. Health risk assessment results predicted that the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of PHMs were found within the permissible limit (

This study aims to increase the aqueous solubility of ciprofloxacin (CPN) to improve oral bioavailability. This was carried out by formulating a stable formulation of the Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) using various ratios of lipid/oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was designed to find an area of emulsification. Eight formulations (F1-CPN–F8-CPN) containing oleic acid oil, silicone oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, myglol oil, polysorbate-80, polysorbate-20, PEO-200, PEO-400, PEO-600, and PG were formulated. The resultant SEDDS were subjected to thermodynamic study, size, and surface charge studies to improve preparation. Improved composition of SEDDS F5-CPN containing 40% oil, 60% polysorbate-80, and propylene glycol (Smix ratio 6: 1) were thermodynamically stable emulsions having droplet size 202.6 nm, charge surface -13.9 mV, and 0.226 polydispersity index (PDI). Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) studies revealed that the optimized formulation and drug showed no interactions. Scanning electron microscope tests showed the droplets have an even surface and spherical shape. It was observed that within 5 h, the concentration of released CPN from optimized formulations F5-CPN was 93%. F5-CPN also showed a higher antibacterial action against S. aurous than free CPN. It shows that F5-CPN is a better formulation with a good release and high antibacterial activity.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the visual and anatomical outcomes associated with treat-and-extend (TAE) regimen of intravitreal (IVT) aflibercept in eyes with treatment naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD). Methods A retrospective chart review of eyes that underwent IVT aflibercept injections for nvAMD between May 2014 and March 2018 was performed. The primary outcome was the change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included the change in central retinal thickness (CRT), subretinal fluid (SRF) and intraretinal fluid (IRF). Results Data from 213 eyes of 213 patients (138 female, 65%) met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 80.4 (± 9.2) years. The mean baseline BCVA (0.92 ± 0.50 logMAR, improved by 0.20 (± 0.40) logMAR units at 12 months (p < 0.001). Seventy-two (34%) eyes gained ≥ 0.3 logMAR and 47 (22%) eyes achieved BCVA ≤ 0.3 logMAR at 12 months. Baseline BCVA, patient age, and the number of aflibercept injections received were predictors of the change in BCVA at 12 months. Mean CRT improved from 347 (± 117) µm at baseline to 246 (± 55) µm at 12 months (p < 0.001). The percentage of eyes with SRF and IRF on SD-OCT declined from 63 to 21% and from 60 to 26% at 12 months, respectively. Conclusion A TAE regimen of IVT aflibercept in treatment naïve nvAMD is associated with good visual and anatomical outcomes in routine clinical practice. Resolution of exudation occurred in about half of nvAMD cases at 12 months. Individualized administration of IVT aflibercept may reduce injection burden.

Abstract This study intends to give qualitative results toward the understanding of different slip mechanisms impact on the natural heat transfer performance of nanofluids. The slip mechanisms considered in this study are Brownian diffusion, thermophoretic diffusion, and sedimentation. This study compares three different Eulerian nanofluid models; Single-phase, two-phase, and a third model that consists of incorporating the three slip mechanisms in a two-phase drift-flux. These slip mechanisms are found to have different impacts depending on the nanoparticle concentration, where this effect ranges from negligible to dominant. It has been reported experimentally in the literature that, with high nanoparticle volume fraction the heat transfer deteriorates. Admittingly, classical nanofluid models are known to underpredict this impairment. To address this discrepancy, this study focuses on the effect of thermophoretic diffusion and sedimentation outcome as these two mechanisms turn out to be influencing players in the resulting heat transfer rate using the two-phase model. In particular, the necessity to account for the sedimentation contribution toward qualitative modeling of the heat transfer is highlighted. To this end, correlations relating the thermophoretic and sedimentation coefficients to the nanofluid concentration and Rayleigh number are proposed in this study. Numerical experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed two-phase model in approaching the experimental data, for the full range of Rayleigh number in the laminar flow regime and for nanoparticles concentration of (0% to 3%), with great satisfaction.

The flow via needle has prominent applications in the modern world such as nano-wires, microstructure electric gadgets, microsensors, surgical instruments and biological treatments. The present investigation focuses on boundary layer heat, flow, and mass transfer of MHD tangent hyperbolic fluid (conveying tiny particles) via a thin needle under the impacts of activation energy, non-constant thermal conductivity, heat source, and nonlinear thermal radiation. In the description of the Buongiorno model, the significant features of Brownian motion and thermophoresis have been included. Adopting appropriate transformations to the given problem specified by the set of partial differential equations yields the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations After that, these obtained ODEs are solved numerically via MATLAB bvp4c. A comparative result with previous findings is conducted. Physical parameters’ impact on flow rate, heat, and concentration is exhibited and explained in depth. The main findings of this study are that flow patterns reduce as the magnetic parameter and the Weissenberg number grow. Higher values of Brownian motion, heat source/sink, nonlinear radiation, and thermophoretic parameter improve the thermal profile. Moreover, the rate of heat transfer for the variable property case is significantly improved. Concentration profiles reduce as the thermophoresis parameter and chemical reaction parameter grow but improve as the activation energy and Brownian motion parameter rise. The percentage increase in Sherwood number is 35.07 and 5.44 when the thermophoresis takes input in the range 0 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.2 and activation energy parameters 0 ≤ E ≤ 0.2. The Weissenberg number and power-law index parameters are all designed to boost the Sherwood number.

Abstract Background The anatomical variation of the frontal sinus and its intimate relation to the skull base and orbit makes its surgery demanding. The extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery allows wide better drainage and preventing the recurrence of the disease. Fourteen patients underwent EEFSS from May 2017 to May 2019. These patients are nine patients presented by chronic recurrent frontal sinusitis, three patients presented by chronic recurrent fronto ethmoidal mucocele and two patients with chronic recurrent external frontal fistula. Draff III done for ten patients of them and Draff IIB done for four patients of them. This study is designed for evaluating the efficacy of the extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (E E F S S) in management of chronic and recurrent frontal sinus diseases. Results The neo opening of the restored frontal sinus was remained opened with Draff III with high success rate; two patients from four patients with Draff IIb were with closed nasofrontal duct. The main follow-up was 12 months; the patients were followed up post-operatively for many office visits without any other manifestations. Conclusion The chronic recurrent frontal sinus diseases can be treated successfully with extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (E E F S S). The extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (Draff III) provides good results with low morbidity and less post-operative care.

Abstract Background In some localities of the Mediterranean coast and the Nile land region, the gall midge Schizomyia buboniae Frauenfeld, 1859 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induce small barrel-shaped galls on the stem of Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC. (Family: Apiaceae). Host plants interact with several insects in a different manner. The current work studies the interaction of S. buboniae with D. tortuosa. Furthermore, the present work predicted the distribution of S. buboniae and its host plant D. tortuosa in Egypt by using MaxEnt modeling, in addition to the effect of elevation and vegetation cover on its distribution. Results The predominance of S. buboniae occurred during late winter to spring. The S. buboniae larvae are occasionally attacked by endoparasitoids of the genus Inostemma (Platygastridae). There was a significant positive correlation between the number of galls per plant and the plant cover within the study localities. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the number of galls per plant and the altitude within the study localities. Also, the high temperature and altitude were the most important predictors for the habitat distribution of S. buboniae and its host plant D. tortuosa. The predicted distribution range size for S. buboniae is less than the total predicted distribution range size for D. tortuosa. Conclusions The current study suggests that the gall inducer prefers large plants more than small ones. The present study suggests that the habitat distribution patterns of S. buboniae and its host plant D. tortuosa in Egypt can be modeled using a small number of occurrence records together with environmental variable layers for the study area through the maximum entropy modeling technique.

Objective(s): The present study determines the chemical constituents of Persea americana using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its different activities. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of Persea americana were extracted by 95% methanol and fractionated consecutively with petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The saponifiable matter, EtOAc and aqueous fractions were subjected to GC-MS. The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic properties of extracts, different fractions, and crude polysaccharide were determined by hot plate, carrageenan-induced paw edema, yeast-induced pyrexia, and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia methods, respectively. Results: Fourteen fatty acid methyl esters were identified in GC-MS-based profiling of the saponifiable matter. Alongside, 13 compounds were determined from EtOAc fraction and 6 compounds from the aqueous fraction of P. americana leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction and total stem extract displayed high anti-inflammatory potential with percentage of paw edema reduction by 48.99 and 47.54 %, respectively, compared with that of indomethacin (42.90 %). The ethyl acetate fraction and total stem extract revealed the highest analgesic activity with 137.95 and 137.12 % percent of protection against external stimulus, respectively. Investigation of antipyretic efficiency showed the total stem extract and crude polysaccharides attained normal temperature after 3 hr, which was very close to that of acetylsalicylic acid. The total leaf and stem extracts displayed significant antihyperglycemic activity with significant reduction in the level of blood glucose by 76.67 and 59.05 %, respectively.Conclusion: P. americana had analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antihyperglycemic properties, which refer to its bioactive metabolites.